Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of … (Final Report) CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC May, 2011...
Transcript of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of … (Final Report) CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC May, 2011...
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(Final Report)
CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
May, 2011
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
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Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
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Table of Content
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...................................................................................................... 10
2.1 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROJECT .............................................................. 14
2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development ............................................................................................. 14
2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems ....................................................................................................... 14
3. NATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 16
3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ..................................................................... 16
3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy ........................................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 18
3.1.4 Water Resource Policy ................................................................................................................................ 19
3.1.5 National Health Policy ................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy ...................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002) ................................... 21
3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ............................................................. 22
3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002) ................................................................. 24
3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management ........................................................................ 24
3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005) ............................................. 25
3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs ....................................................................................................... 26
3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) .................................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources ...................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level ............................................................................. 28
3.3.5 Woreda administrations ............................................................................................................................. 28
3.4 SUMMARY OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THIS PROJECT .......................................... 29
4. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT STEPS ...................................................................................................................................... 36
5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................................... 41
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................ 41
6.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.1 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.2 Topography of the project area .................................................................................................................. 42
6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area ............................................................................................... 42
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6.1.4 Land Use Patterns ....................................................................................................................................... 43
6.1.5 Water Resources ......................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation................................................................................................................................. 44
6.2.2 Wildlife ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
6.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................... 46
6.3.1 Population and settlement ......................................................................................................................... 46
6.3.2 Social services ............................................................................................................................................. 47
6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment .......................................................................................................... 51
6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services ........................................................................................................ 52
6.3.5 Drainage system ......................................................................................................................................... 54
6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites ............................................................................................... 54
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS ...................................................... 55
7.1 APPROACHES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 55
7.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................... 55
7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation ............................................................................ 55
7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna ....................................................................................................... 58
7.2.3 Impacts on soil ............................................................................................................................................ 59
7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure .................................................................................................................. 61
7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation .................................................................... 61
7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance ................................................................................................................. 62
7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals ............................................................................................ 62
7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities......................................................... 63
7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs ................................................................................................................................... 64
7.3 IMPACTS ON SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................. 64
7.3.1 IMPACT ON SETTLEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 64
7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values .......................................................................................... 66
7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification ............................................................................................................. 66
7.3.4 Impact on Women ...................................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.5 Impacts on health ....................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism ................................................................................................ 67
8. MAJOR IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................. 75
8.1 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS IN CROP GENERATED INCOMES ......................................................... 75
8.2 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS OF PERENNIAL CROPS (PRIVATE PROPERTY) ......................................... 77
8.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION ...................................................... 77
8.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING WATER QUALITY ................................................................................... 78
8.5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN RATES OF EROSION, SILTATION AND SOIL STRUCTURE ................... 78
8.6 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN DISEASE VECTOR POPULATION ................................................ 79
8.7MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING DUST AND NOISE NUISANCE ..................................................................... 79
8.8 IMPACT OF SPILLAGE AND DISINFECTING CHEMICALS ...................................................................................................... 79
8.9 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES (BOREHOLE WATER USE) ............................ 79
8.10 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON RESERVOIRES ................................................................................................ 80
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9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .......................................................................... 84
9.1 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP .................................................................................... 84
9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change ................................................. 84
9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase ................................................ 84
9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase .................................................... 86
9. 2 COST ESTIMATE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................. 91
9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ................................................................................................................. 92
ANNEX IA: CENSUS TABLE OF AFFECTED PARTIES. ................................................................................................ 96
ANNEX II ..............................................................................................................................................................119
SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ....................................................................................119
ANNEX III .............................................................................................................................................................129
LIST OF CONSULTED INSTITUTIONS .....................................................................................................................129
ANNEX IV ............................................................................................................................................................131
MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...........................................................................................................131
ANNEX V .............................................................................................................................................................136
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS ..................................................................136
ANNEX VI: ENVIRONMENTAL SCORES AND RANGE VALUES ................................................................................147
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ACRONYMS
TOR Terms of Reference
I/s litre per second
ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
ºC Degree Centigrade
Mm millimetre
M meter
M² Meter square
M³ Meter cube
M³/s Meter cube per second
T Tone
Km kilometre
Km² kilometre square
T/km²/yr Tone per kilometre square per year
WHO World Health Organization
Mg/ l milligram per litre
Ha Hectare
BH Bore Hole
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
MoWR Ministry of Water Resource
EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
Masl Meters above sea level
CSA Central Statistics Authority
IRE Immediate Rehabilitation and Expansion
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RTI Respiratory Tract Infection
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
VIP Ventilated Pit Latrine
ESIA Environmental and Social impact Assessment
HH Household
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TL Taste Less
SL Smell Less
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
REA Regional Environmental Agency
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
OP Operational Programme
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
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List of tables
Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes
Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.
Table 3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city
Table 4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city
Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007
Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007
Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office
Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city
Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation
Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project
Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures
Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
List of figures
Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo
Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes
Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover
Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.
Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site
Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure
Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil
Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations
Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way
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1. Introduction
In order to ensure sustainability of future development projects it is essential to integrate
environmental and social concerns into the development process. Social and environmental
assessment and management have been recognized as an effective tool for facilitating the
inclusion of the principles of sustainable development into development projects.
For this particular case an environmental consultant has been assigned to carry out environmental
and social impact assessment study of the Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation project. The
consultant has carried out the assignment as per the TOR provided to him by the Mekelle Water
Supply Enterprise. In carrying out the assignment the consultant determined the scope of the
ESIA study by completing the ‗screening form’ as provided in Annex II.
The study is expected to meet the requirements indicated in the Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF), the Project Implementation Manual (PIM), the Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF) and other relevant operational policies of the World Bank.
This EIA report outlines assessment of the baseline environment, prediction of significant
environmental impacts and their mitigation measures for the project. Chapter one deals with a
general introduction and provides background information regarding the water supply shortage
problem of the city which underlies for the need of the Mekelle WSS project. A detailed
description of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is presented in chapter two which
is followed by the description of the overall policy, legal, and institutional issues that will either
directly or indirectly affect the proposed project in the next chapter. The major environmental
impact issues that will arise from the activities of the project are analysed in chapter seven and its
proposed mitigation measures narrated in chapter eight. The Environmental and social
management plan for the proposed project is presented in the last chapter.
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1.1Background
Mekelle city is one of the regional capitals in Ethiopia which are experiencing huge expansion
and transformation in the past decade and half. Its population size has doubled from 98,825 in
1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 (CSA, 2007). Correspondingly the city has experienced rapid
growth and development in all social, economic, political and cultural spheres. Remarkable
investments in construction of buildings, hotels, residential houses, higher education and health
facilities, access roads and other marketing infrastructures and services have been undertaken.
However, in spite of the rapid expansion and transformation, the water supply provision of the
city has not proportionally developed to support the ever increasing demand. According to the
assessment reports of the Tigray Water Resources, Mines and Energy Bureau the present daily
water demand of the city is estimated to be about 41,000m3, whereas the daily water production
is only 14500m3. It is apparently clear that the present daily water production accounts for 35%
of the daily water demand of the city. Consequently, the city is presently found under severe
shortage of water supply provision. As a result residents of the city and other members of the
community have been expressing the problems they are facing in relation to shortage of water
supply. The present Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is designed to respond to the
current situation and it is driven by the urgent demands of the community.
1.2 Objectives
The main objectives of the ESIA study is to describe the existing bio-physical and socio-cultural
features of the proposed project environment, assess the potential positive and negative effects,
and recommend appropriate mitigating measures that will avoid or minimize any undesirable
effects expected to result from the construction and operation activities of the project. The study
is aimed to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the project activities are adequately
and appropriately addressed before decisions are made to implement them.
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2. Description of the Proposed Project
2.1 Project Location
The project is located within the Enderta woreda and Mekelle Zone administration areas.
Whereas the two important well fields (i.e. Dandera and Chinferes) are situated in the rural
kebele‘s of Enderta woreda, the third well field is located in quiha town which by itself is part of
the Mekelle zonal administration. Chinferes and Dandera are tiny villages found at a distance of
about 20kms north and south of Mekelle city respectively. Quiha is also another small town
found about 7kms south of mekelle. The project will install transmission mains and will build
reservoirs to convey the water up to the distribution networks of Mekelle city. The final
destination of the project is thus Mekelle city. Mekelle is located at about 13030‘ north and 39
0
east longitudinal. The specific geographic locations of the selected sites for drilling deep wells in
each of the stated localities are shown as below.
Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes
Name of the locality Borehole Identification Northing Easting
1 Chinferes BH - 1 1506128 547130
2 Chinferes BH - 2 1505818.7 546178.4
3 Chinferes BH - 3 1506128.00 547130
4 Dandera Dandera well 1485676.00 564353.00
5 Quiha FPW-9 1487641.79 560164.23
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is one of the sub- projects that are financed by
the World Bank. The overall objective of the WSS project is to increase access to sustainable
water supply and sanitation services, for rural and urban users, through improved capacity of
stakeholders in the sector and better management of water resources. Accordingly the Mekelle
sub – project is aimed at improving the severe shortage of water supply prevailing in the City.
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The objective of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to improve the critical shortage of
water supply of the city in the short term. Upgrading of the water supply systems of Mekelle city
by adding more deep well groundwater sources will result in the improvement of the provision of
adequate and safe water and will enhance its management capacity, while the installation of new
transmission mains to the distribution network from Chinferes direction will considerably
improve service delivery in the town.
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five
boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, two booster statios, a collection chamber,
installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house,
guard house as well as generator houses in each of the borehole sites.
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Map 1: Location of BH-1, BH-2, BH-3 at Chinferes wellfield and Sketch of the transmission lines and
reservoirs (North Mekelle)
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Map 2: Location of FPW-9 and Dandera borehole and sketch of the transmission line and reservoirs
(South Mekelle)
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2.2 Description of the proposed water production and distribution project
2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development
The water supply project of Mekelle city involves drilling of five deep boreholes. These include
the three boreholes drilled in Chinferes site, one borehole in Dandera and another one in Quiha
well field. The three borehole sites in chinferes area are clustered within a radius of less than one
kilometre. The drilling and development of these deep boreholes is expected to provide an
aggregate of 185 l/s additional water to the city. This in turn is expected to raise the current water
production from 14,500 m3/day to 27,500 m3/day accounting for 68% of the daily water demand
of the city.
Besides drilling, development of the groundwater source also includes installation of submersible
pumps into the boreholes, installation of surface pumps to transfer the water to the reservoirs,
extending power supply from the grid to each of the boreholes, and installation of stand-by
generators. In addition, construction of Electro-Mechanical and Guard house will be conducted in
each of the borehole sites.
2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems
The new groundwater sources will be connected to the existing water supply distribution system
of the city in two directions. The deep boreholes developed on the Chinferes well field will be
connected to the main water reservoir found in the head office of the regional water bureau on the
northern side of Mekelle. The boreholes developed on Dandera and Quiha sites will be finally
connected to the existing 2000m3 reservoir located near the air force camp on the southern side of
Mekelle.
The transmission main that will connect the deep boreholes on Chinferes well field will have two
sections and a total length of 20kms. The first section constitutes the rising transmission main
which conveys the water up to the 5000m3 reservoir which will be located at the top of Messebo
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hill. This first section rising transmission main is estimated to have a length of 10kms. In addition
to the 5000m3 reservoir a booster station will be built nearly halfway between the boreholes and
the 5000m3 reservoir to push the water up to the mesobo hill. This first section of the
transmission main will have two parallel lines which will transfer the water from the three
boreholes. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first pumped into a collection chamber that
will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. Then the water will be pumped again to
the booster station through a transmission main dedicated to it. On the other hand, the water from
BH-3 will be pumped to the booster station using another transmission main that will be installed
parallel to the first. The water from the three boreholes will be pumped up the hill from the
booster station to the 5000m3 reservoir.
The second section of the transmission main starts from the mesebo 5000m3 reservoir and
extends up to the existing reservoir at the head office of the regional water bureau in Mekelle
city. This section of the transmission main essentially uses gravity to convey the water into the
existing distribution system. Whereas most of the areas crossed by the second section of the
Chinferes transmission main are reported to be incorporated in the Master plan of Mekelle city,
its first section passes through rural areas that have no access road. The absence of access road in
this section is particularly noticeable in the areas between St. Marry Church of Mariam Dehan
Village and the 5000m3 reservoir. The stretch without access road is estimated to be about 6 -
8kms.
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will install another 10km long transmission
main to connect the Dandera and Quiha (FPW9) boreholes to the existing distribution system.
The water from Dandera borehole will be first conveyed by a separate transmission main to a
100m3 reservoir built near the FPW9 borehole at Quiha. The water from FPW9 borehole, which
is only about 50m away, is also conveyed to the same reservoir. The water collected from the two
boreholes will be transferred via single transmission main to the existing 2000m3 reservoir found
near the air force camp. Two additional reservoirs and booster stations will be constructed at
intermediate sites to facilitate the transmission of the water up to the 2000m3
reservoir. The total
length of the transmission main to be installed is about 10kms long.
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The route of the transmission main which starts from Chinferes well field follows its own course
that is not adjacent to the existing access roads/paths. Most part of that route crosses through
open communal lands, farmlands, protected areas, and through peri-urban villages such as
Gembella which are consisted in the master plan of Mekelle city. On the other side, the route of
the transmission main that starts at Dandera well field also follows its design course which is
more or less not in parallel with the existing access road but in close distance from it. The later
transmission main also similarly crosses through farmlands and open communal lands.
3. National policies and regulatory framework
3.1 Policy framework
3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions must be complied with by
all other policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE
(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources
and environmental management.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the
Constitution of the FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to
development and right to live in clean and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution
states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected
as a result of state programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance . The government shall pay fair
compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not take into
account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to
private property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to
payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8).
Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the
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right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to
policies and projects affecting their community.
Economic objectives of the Constitution states that Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of
the people, land and other natural resources and to deploy them for their common benefits &
development. Government shall all the time promote the participation of the people in the
formulation of national development policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to
support the initiatives of the people in their development endeavours (Article 89 5&6).
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and
development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to
be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental
policies and project.
The Constitution as a measure of achieving decentralization provides legislative, executive and
judicial powers and responsibilities to the Federal Government and nine Regional States (Article
47 &50)
3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy
Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives
that aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the
environment. Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996).
This document provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing
policies, programs and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views
environmental management as an important component of development. It recognizes the
importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset.
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as
well as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as cross-
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sectoral interventions for the management of Ethiopia‘s natural, man-made and cultural
resources. The most important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:
Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural
production.
Management of forest and woodland resources.
Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply.
Rangeland management and pastoral development.
Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial
and cultural resources, and environmental protection.
Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and
environmental management.
Development of environmental education, public Awareness and human resources.
3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is
to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable
social and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made
and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The
policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various sectoral and cross-sectoral policies for
sustainable environmental management.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their
organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public Awareness and
promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and development. In
addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross sectoral environmental
issues.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral
environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental issues
in project planning at all levels of administration. The principal features of the Environmental
Policy in this area are:
Provides for protection of human and natural environments.
Provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and program
design.
Recognizes public consultation.
Includes mitigation plans and contingency plans.
Provides for auditing and monitoring.
Establishes legally binding requirements
Institutionalizes policy implementation
The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize
sectoral development plans and implement environmental management programs for the country.
3.1.4 Water Resource Policy
Ministry of Water Resource prepared water resources management policy of Ethiopia. The
overall goal of the policy is to enable and promote all national efforts towards the efficient,
equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of Ethiopia for significant
socio-economic development on sustainable basis. The policy ensures water allocation for water
supply and sanitation as the highest priority while apportioning the rest for uses and users that
result in highest socio-economic benefits. The policy also recognized the allocation of water for
livestock as well as for environment reserve as the highest priority in any water allocation.
The Water Resource Management Policy also promotes a comprehensive and integrated water
resources management towards optimal utilization of the available water resources for socio-
economic development on a sustainable basis. The policy calls for conservation and protection of
the resources as an integral part of water resources planning and development. For this purpose,
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conducting an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is set to be mandatory in all water
resource development projects. The Ministry of Water Resources is entrusted with broad powers
for planning, management, utilization, administration and protection of water resources,
including the promotion and implementation of medium- and large-scale irrigation projects
3.1.5 National Health Policy
Ethiopia has a low level of health coverage even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries.
This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of education,
nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to health services.
The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care
and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main principles:
Democratization and decentralization of the health care system.
Promotion of disease preventive components.
Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population.
Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment.
Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care.
Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectoral activities through a national self-reliance
program.
Strategies and programs have been designed to implement the stated health principles within a
defined period of time. The strategies include raising the Awareness of personal and
environmental health care and sanitation through information, education and communication
(IEC); control of disease; and promotion of primary health care through community participation.
3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) states that the right to
ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the
State and People of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the Constitution indicates that land is a common
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property of the Nations, Nationalities and the People of Ethiopia, and shall not be subjected to
sale or to other means of transfer.
The Constitution of FDRE retained land under the control of the people and government of
Ethiopia thus, prohibiting its buying and selling. Also article 4(5) of the Proclamation 94/1994
deals with provision of land for the conservation, development and utilization of state forests or
protected areas. However, this can be effective only after the consultation and consent of the
peasantry and subject to the assurance of their benefits.
In general, all legal provisions cited above, make rural lands the property of the People and
Government of Ethiopia, and buying and selling of land is prohibited but leasing rights is
allowed. Moreover, it is the right for existing land owner to be compensated fully and
satisfactorily if land is expropriated by the state.
The Land Policy of Ethiopia strongly support that project plans must include attractive and
sustainable resettlement strategies to the people who are going to be displaced as a result of the
development plan, and they have to be fully convinced, compensated and have to participate in
all phases of the project implementation.
3.2 Legislative Framework
3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and
decision-making of sectoral agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental
units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental
agencies at the regional level.
This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectoral co-
coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the
Council includes: (i) reviewing environmental polices, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA
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and issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate advice on the
implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii) reviewing and
approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.
3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of
projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and
activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the
project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then
review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. The
Proclamation requires, among other things:
Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization
from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received
prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a
business organization.
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects supposed to have an insignificant environmental impact.
A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where
the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels
environmental authorization.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact
assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as
follows:
Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse
impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental
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impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant
regional environmental agency.
Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency for review.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental
issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals.
To put this Proclamation into effect the EPA issued guideline Documents, which provide details
of the EIA process and its requirements. According to this EIA guideline projects are categorized
into three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus
requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to
cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA
study
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA
However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to erosion;
desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously
important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the project.
According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the country
should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating measures are
designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on the environment.
This in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared by project
proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.
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3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)
Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the
right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of
the country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste, municipal waste, and
establishment of environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of
pollution. In this connection the Proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant
environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning violation of
these standards as criminally punishable offences
Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority or the Regional
Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and responsibilities
of controlling environmental pollution. In order to ensure implementation of environmental
standards and related requirements, inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency are empowered by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court
order, any land or premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from
Ethiopia's serious concern and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management
Water resources management and administration in the country is based on Ethiopia's Water
Resource Management Policy and the water resources Proclamation No. 197/2000. MoWR is
entrusted with broad powers of "planning, management, utilization administration and protection
of water resources". This includes promoting the implementation of medium and large
multipurpose dam projects. According to Proclamation No. 197/2000, MoWR's duties include
inventory of water resources, allocation of water resources, establishment of standards for design
and construction of waterworks, issuance of guidelines and directives for the prevention of water
resources pollution as well as water quality and health standards, establishment of water users'
associations, and settlement of disputes. Water Resource Utilization Proclamation No. 92/2002 is
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another important proclamation put in place with a view to proper management of the country's
water resources.
3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) defines the
state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to
"property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of
exchange land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and
certification of tenure rights. Part Three of the Proclamation presents regulations relating to the
use of rural land, particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed
management. The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the
regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it
and, while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to
acquire property thereon, by labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The
Proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives
on environmental protection.
Article 7(3) of the Proclamation reinforces the rights of land users to compensation for the
development they have made on the land. It also states that when the land holder is evicted by
federal government, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the federal land
administration law. When the rural land holder is evicted by regional governments, the rate of
compensation would be determined based on the rural land administration laws of regions.
It is envisaged that the Proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of
the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental
management activities.
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3.3 Institutional Framework
3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs
Environnemental Protection Proclamation (Proc. 295/2002) is aimed to assign the responsibilities for
environmental management to various entities in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental
resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also intended to
establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental
protection offices at a federal and regional level.
At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of formulating policies,
laws, regulations and standards. Enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and
environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the Federal
Government also falls within the responsibilities of the EPA.
Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or economic
development is required by law to have its own environmental unit. The Ministry of Water
Resource is one of the few federal institutions that indeed have an Environment Unit.
According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are required
to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal, among others,
with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities.
3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
The EPA is an independent authority, acting outside the main ministerial structures and reporting
directly to the prime minister. The federal EPA is the key national level environmental agency,
with a mandate to address environmental issues. The environmental legislation gives the EPA
powers to fulfil its role, support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units, and
develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and public instruments. The EPA is
involved in the development of environmental policy and legislation, setting environmental
quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring pollution, establishing EIA procedures and
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an environmental information system, and undertaking capacity development in relevant agencies
to ensure the integration of environmental management in policy development and decision
making.
The mandate and duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of
Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/2002). The federal EPA is
responsible for:
Establishment of a system for environmental assessment of public and private sector
projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and
programs of federal level functions.
Review, decision-making and follow-up implementation of environmental impact study
reports for projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where
they are subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision; also proposed activities
subject to execution by a federal agency, likely to entail inter- or trans-regional and
international impacts.
Notification of its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time
specified in the appropriate law or directives.
Auditing and regulation of implementation of the conditions attached to the decision.
Making its decisions and the EIA report available to the public.
Resolution of complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time.
Development of incentives or disincentive structures required for compliance with
regional environmental agency requirements.
3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources
MoWR is responsible for overall inventory, monitoring, planning and management of surface and
groundwater resources in the country. This includes aspects of watershed management, water
supply and water quality management that affect rural development programs. MoWR has a
department responsible for watershed management that bears directly on environmental concerns.
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The structure of MoWR is replicated within the regional governments. The regional water
bureaus are directly involved in assisting woreda and other agencies in various water resource
development projects.
3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level
At the regional level, the Bureau of Water, Mines and Energy is mandated to, among other
things, supervise the balanced distribution and utilization of the region‘s water resources for
various types of service, grant permits to and supervise waterworks engaged in the construction
of dams and other works for the use of the water resources of the region, and collect charges for
water use.
3.3.5 Woreda administrations
Administrative structure of the Woredas is similar all over the country. The Woreda
administration is a major decision-making government organ. The Woreda administration has the
following duties and responsibilities, among others:
Implementation of the policies, laws and directives of the state.
Coordination of the activities of various offices in the woreda.
Maintenance of peace and security in the woreda, directing the police and security forces.
Planning and implementation of projects.
Supervision of development programs within the woreda.
Proper use and accounting for the annual budget.
At the district level, the woredas are the key focus of the government's commitment to
decentralized delivery of services. The various departments at woreda level have specialists who
advise development agents (DAs) working at the village level. They are called upon to provide
inputs and management controls relating to soil and water conservation, small-scale irrigation
development, rainwater harvesting, road development, water supply, sanitation and waste
management associated with schools and clinics. The woreda administration in the direct area of
influence of the project involves Rural Enderta Woreda.
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The kebele is the lowest administrative level structure. It generally comprises sub-kebeles and is
headed by an elected chairman. The main responsibilities of the kebele administration include
preparation of an annual kebele development plan; ensuring the collection of land and
agricultural income tax; organizing local labour and in-kind contributions for development
activities; and resolving conflicts within the community through the social courts.
3.4 Summary of the World Bank’s safeguard policies and their relevance to this project
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound
and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions
and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have
potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers
impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical
cultural resources; and Trans-boundary and global environment concerns.
The Bank undertakes environmental screening for each proposed projects to determine the
appropriate extent and type of EA. It classifies a proposed project into one of the Categories,
depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude
of its potential environmental impacts:
Category A: Proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse
environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented.
Category B: Proposed project is classified as category B if it‘s potential adverse environmental
impacts on human population or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests
grasslands and other natural habitats –are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These
projects are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation
measures can be designed more readily than for Category A Projects. The present Mekelle
Emergency Water supply and sanitation project falls under this category.
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Category C: a proposed Project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no
adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a category
C Projects.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of Bank
funds through a financial intermediary, in sub projects that might result in adverse environmental
impacts.
Disclosure: OP 4.01 also requires that EA reports are (I) reviewed and cleared by the responsible
national agencies and the Bank and (II) made available by the government in the publicly
accessible places in the country as well as the Banks Info shop. This report should also be made
available to the project affected groups and local NGOs. If the borrower objects to the Bank's
release an EA report through the World Bank Info shop , Bank staff (a) do not continue
processing the project or (b) or submit the issue for further process to the Executive Directors of
the Bank.
A screening exercise on the present project was conducted by applying the screening format of
the World Bank (see Annex II). Accordingly, it was found that most of the likely significant
environmental impacts that will arise from the project implementation are site specific, temporary
and reversible impacts which can be mitigated by employing appropriate mitigation options. As a
result the project falls under Category B. As per the environmental and social screening the
present project is further classified as B2 which indicates that a separate EA will need to be
prepared for this sub-project.
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat
This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their
unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and
for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management,
and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and
economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary
approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable
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development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant
and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial,
freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human
activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.
The Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields are located in open land areas that are not
designated for wildlife habitats. The Chinferes well field is situated adjacent to a protected area
(i.e. hills and mountains designated for area closure) on the side of Enderta woreda. But the
grounds for the well field are located at the foothills which are outside the area closure. The
transmission mains and reservoirs are going to be installed on farm lands, grass lands and open
hilly sides. All along the project site there are no designated natural parks, sanctuaries and lakes
that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing the project. Therefore, this policy will
not be triggered under the present sub-project to ensure project sustainability.
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce
poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic
development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests.
Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the
Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and
ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists borrowers with the establishment of environmentally
appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing
demands for forest goods and services.
There is no forest land that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing this project. But
few shrubs and trees that are of no major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the
installation of transmission lines. The shrubs, bushes and trees that will be lost are not under
protected zone or are not planned to be protected. Moreover, the tree species are not classified as
―endangered species‖.
This policy under the sub-project will not therefore be triggered to ensure project sustainability.
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OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of
development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, ―physical
cultural resources‖ are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of
structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical,
architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may
be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The
cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international
community.
The existing physical cultural resources in the area are outside the reaches of the project sites.
One of the prominent historical sites in the area is Emperor Yohannes IV National Palace (i.e. a
Nineteen Century Palace) and it is situated at the Centre of Mekelle town itself. A little known
archaeological site that bear remains of a church or a palace claimed to had been built during the
periods of King Amdetsion (1313 – 1334) is found on the south-eastern suburbs of Quiha town.
Both of these sites are identified to be outside the reaches of the project. In the event that the
contractor is encountered with physical cultural resources during the excavation he should
contact the Culture and tourism resources development bureau of Tigray National regional state.
Further, the contractor should also contact the Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
As far as our assessment goes this policy will not be triggered under this Sub-Project.
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for
the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse
effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are
minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally
appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive social and economic benefits. The
objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible,
exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their
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former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring
them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and
(iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.
This policy covers not only physical relocation but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i)
relocation or loss of shelter: (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; (iii) loss of income sources or
means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This
policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and
protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. In the
event that there are differences between national legislation and OP 4.12, the provision of the
later will prevail during project implementation.
The Mekelle emergency water supply project will have to install more than 20kms of
transmission main and an estimated 3kms of access road. During implementation of the project,
construction activities will cause temporary disruption on farming activities taking place on the
fields. Some valuable fruit trees will also be cut. As a result the project will impact the farmers by
causing loss of income and assets. Thus, this policy will be triggered by the loss of income, asset
and land that will occur during implementation.
OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters
The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international
waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states
(whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of
international waterways. The policy applies to the following types of projects: (a) Hydroelectric,
irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects
that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways; and (b) Detailed design and
engineering studies of projects under (a) above, include those carried out by the Bank as
executing agency or in any other capacity.
The requirements of this policy have been met during the preparation phase of the Water Supply
and Sanitation Project.
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OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas
The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the
earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member
countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and
(c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.
The project is not located in a disputed area. This policy is not therefore relevant and will not be
considered under this Sub-Project to ensure its sustainability.
4. Methodology
The methodology adopted for conducting the Social and environmental impact assessment study
includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below.
Field Surveys: The method of field surveying is second to none in understanding the
likely impacts of a given development project on the particular environment around the
project site. An EIA study team has been mobilized for field survey to the project site.The
team travelled twice to Mekelle for one week field work each time. The team has made
observations in and around the project sites at Chinfertes, Dandera, Aynalem and Mekelle
to gather essential field data. During site observation information on physical, biological
and socio-economic environment has been collected. In addition base line data collection
was also done through field investigations.
Interviews with specialists: Project alternatives, designs and processes were discussed
with the project engineers with particular emphasis on the reasons establishing the form
and scope of the proposed project. Extensive discussions were also made with the project
engineers stationed at the regional water bureau and mekelle WSS service, the surveyors,
and with the project management to define the main components of the project to develop
the project description chapter.
Literature review: Information on existing environmental conditions was obtained from
review of various published and unpublished sources. In addition review of studies
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including the Appraisal and Design Documents prepared by Tigray Water Resources,
Mines and Energy Bureau, the World Bank Safeguard Policies, ESMF and the mid- term
guidance.
Competent authority guidelines: The Federal and regional legislative and institutional
framework, policies, procedures, guidelines etc. has also been reviewed. Sociological and
environmental data was also gathered by consulting, discussing and filling questionnaires
with the experts in concerned government agencies.
Sampling and Monitoring: Data from recent monitoring exercises were used to
establish bench mark situations as part of the assessment.
Consultation with relevant regional and local authorities: Interviews and discussions
with several local authorities and stakeholders have been carried out in the project area.
The local authorities consulted include the Enderta Woreda administration and Mekelle
city administration which are hosting the well fields and the final destination of the water
supply project respectively. Moreover, five relevant bureaus in each of these
administrations were consulted and made to provide desired data. These bureaus include
the Agriculture and Rural Development bureau, health, education, tourism, as well as the
water supply and sewerage services bureaux.
Community consultation: Community participation and consultation is an important
step in the ESIA methodological process. Public consultation is instrumental in assessing
the socio-economic impact. Community consultation meetings have been convened at two
different places to draw together the issues and concerns of stakeholders and affected
parties. The people who participated in the consultation meeting were jointly identified by
the Consultant and the Mekelle WSS manager. The first session of community
consultation meeting was held under a tree shed in Messebo area. Participants in this
meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and community elders
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coming from the small villages of Chinferes area that include Mariam Dehan, Romanat,
and Mahbere Genet villages. The second session of the community consultation meeting
was held near the Aynalem Well field pumping station in Gergenbes village. Similarly the
participants in this meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and
community elders coming from the Dandera and Quiha side. The participants of both
consultation meetings were briefly introduced to the Mekelle water supply and sanitation
project and the likely significant positive and negative impacts of the project were
explained to them. The meeting was used by the participants to air their issues of concern
in relation to the proposed development project (see fig 1 and 2).
Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes
4.1 Impact Assessment Steps
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process incorporates a number of Key
steps. The assessment process constitutes a systematic approach to the evaluation of a project in
the context of the natural, regulatory and socio-economic environments of the area in which the
project is proposed to be implemented.
The process adopted to undertake the ESIA study for the above indicated project is summarized
below.
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Step 1 Scoping
The first step in the ESIA is to define the proposed project activities and the natural, regulatory
(i.e. legal) and socio-economic environments in which these activities will occur. This is
achieved through Scoping. Scoping identifies which of the activities has a potential to interact
with the environment. Scoping is conducted early in the ESIA process so that a focus on the
priority issues (i.e. those that have the greatest potential to affect the natural and/or socio-
economic environment) can be established for the rest of the ESIA process. There are a number
of key elements to the Scoping exercise as follows:
Gather and review existing environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the
proposed development project
Gather and review existing engineering design definition with respect to the proposed
water supply and sanitation project. All project elements including construction,
installation, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning will be
considered.
Assemble and review relevant legislative requirements, environmental standards and
Guidelines associated with the proposed development.
Consult with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties.
Step 2 Detailed data gathering and review
Following step 2, engineering, environmental and socio-economic data will be assessed in greater
detail to ensure all of the proposed activities and their consequences will be considered in all
stages of the development.
Step 3 Existing environmental conditions
In order to identify any potential impact on and potential change to the natural and socio-
economic environments, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the existing
environment prior to commencement of the proposed activities. In this regard there is a need to
characterize the existing baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions including
establishing the prevailing conditions for a range of media as follows:
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Natural environment media such as air, water, soil and groundwater, flora and fauna;
Socio-economic media such as demographics, economic activity and service provisions
Definition of the existing environmental conditions will be achieved by completing two
main tasks as follows:
Conducting a detailed review of all secondary data sources (i.e. existing documentation
and literature).
Undertaking physical observation to supplement and build upon the existing information
base.
Step 4 Project alternatives
The initial step in defining a project is to identify, at a conceptual level, viable alternatives to the
project so that a viable base-case design may be realized. Consideration of project alternatives
occurs at two levels as follows:
At the initial stage where we consider the ―no development‖ option
At the design stage where we will explore engineering alternatives within the selected
project design definition.
Once project alternatives are defined in the Project Concept stages, they are assessed and
compared on financial, logistical, technical design, safety and environmental/socio-economic
criteria. The project alternative that is determined to likely result in the best balance against these
criteria will be typically the one that moves forward into the detailed design phase.
Step 5 Consultations
Project stakeholder consultation is a vital component of the ESIA process. The consultation
process focuses on providing information on the proposed water supply and sanitation project in
a manner that can be understood and interpreted by the relevant audience, seeking comment on
key issues and concerns, identifying potential impacts and offering the opportunity for
alternatives or objections to be raised by the potentially affected parties and other stakeholders.
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All relevant stakeholders will be identified and consultations at all levels of the ESIA study will
be conducted. By conducting such consultations the people that will be affected by or have an
interest in the proposed project will have an opportunity to express their opinions and concerns.
Step 6 Identification and analysis of the environmental impacts
Key, potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the physical, biological and socio-
economic environment associated with the construction and operation phases of the project will
be identified with the help of checklists, site survey and consultations with stakeholders and
affected parties. In addition environmental impact analysis will be carried out in three stages:
Identification- This includes description of the existing environment, determination of the project
components and definition of the environment that will be modified by the project
Prediction- forecasting of the quality and/or spatial dimensions of the changes and estimation of
the probability that the impact will occur
Evaluation- determination of the incidence or magnitude and significance of the impact before
mitigation
For this study an effective methodology that will identify an environmentally preferred option
and/or clears all development options from environmental perspective is required. The methodology
selected is the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The RIAM bases its analysis on a standard
definition of the assessment criteria to provide accurate and independent score for each condition.
The impacts of the project activities are evaluated against the environmental components and for
each component a score using the defined criteria is determined. This score then provides a measure
of the impacts against the components. The final environmental assessment score is achieved by
adding up individual scores for performance, reversibility and Cumulative and multiplying their sum
by individual scores for importance and magnitude. This is then compared against the numerical
ranges to give a final Range Value (RV) that in turn corresponds to level of significance of changes.
A combination of these parameters will be summarized in an all encompassing measures of
significance which will be the basis for identifying and prioritizing major impacts and
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recommending mitigating measures. The predicted environmental and social impacts are
characterized as follows:
Nature of Impact: Direct, indirect or cumulative;
Type of impact: Positive, negative or both
Duration of impact: Short term, medium term or long term;
Spatial scale of impact: Localized, or widespread
Extent of baseline change: Low, medium or high
Finally, the magnitude and significance level of the identified impacts will be evaluated as major,
high, medium or low significance impacts.
Step 7 Environmental Mitigation and Benefit Enhancing Measures
Based on the impact assessment feasible and cost effective mitigating and benefit enhancement
measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable
levels will be recommended under this step.
Step 8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
It will be necessary to monitor and audit project development and operation. Monitoring will
provide the information necessary for feedback into the environmental management process and
will assist in identifying where additional mitigation effort or where alteration to the adopted
management approach may be required.
The monitoring plan will describe the various environmental management strategies and generic
procedures for their implementation. Further, it will identify the management roles and
responsibilities for ensuring that monitoring is undertaken and that the results are analyzed and
any necessary amendments are identified and implemented in a timely manner.
Step 9 Preparation of ESIA Report
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The final step is the preparation of the social and environmental Impact assessment report. This
report is expected to address the key issues and impacts affecting overall environmental
performance of the project.
5. Project Alternatives Shortage of water supply in the city has been a long standing problem. As a result it has been
forcing the concerned bodies to look into the possibilities of solving the problem. In this process
all available alternatives were examined. Developing an alternative source from surface waters
existing at a fairly good distance from the city is an option under study. However, the option to
drill deep wells in selected sites of the existing Aynalem well field was another option which was
assessed as mid-term solution. New deep wells were proposed to be drilled near the existing boreholes.
But it was critically argued that this option will affect the existing ones as the gradient might be
changed. As a result it was concluded that new well fields should be developed in another areas
around the city. For hydrogeological and other interrelated reasons Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha
localities become the focus for the development of new well-fields. Preliminary hydrogeological
assessments done by experts from the region‘s buraeu of water resources, mines and energy on
the proposed sites indicates the availability of ground water in the stated sites.
6. Description of the project environment
6.1 Physical environment
6.1.1 Climate
The monthly rainfall pattern in the project area reflects the effects of the seasonal movements of
the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone north and south of the equator, modified by altitude and
topographic effects. The altitude of Mekelle varies from 2150 to 2500 masl. Owing to its altitude
Mekelle is located in the woyna dega climate zone. It experiences mild climatic condition with
annual average maximum temperature of 24.1 0c and annual average minimum temperature of
11.1 0c. There are two main seasons, rainy and dry. Rainfall is often un-reliable and has an
uneven distribution. The city has annual average rainfall of 618.3 mm. Out of this, the months of
July and August in combination accounts for some 436.7 mm or 70.6 %.
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6.1.2 Topography of the project area
Mekelle is situated on the northeast part of Ethiopia‘s central plateau just to the west of the rift
valley. The Mekele Plateau is the eastern-central portion of the northern uplands of Ethiopia,
which is known as the Tigrean Plateau. The Mekele Plateau is an upland plateau with elevations
ranging between 2000 and 2800 m.a.s.l. The terrain is composed of an undulating and rolling
plateau, steeply dissected hills and pediments, and flood plains. The eastern side, Enda-Eyesus
ridges are the highest peaks of the city. The major land form of the city territory can be classified
into four categories namely: flat to gently sloping, gently sloping to rolling, sloping to moderately
steep and steeply to very steeply sloping type.
The drainage pattern is characterized by the scarcity of deeply incised river valleys. The
underlying geology is dominated by Jurassic Agula shale and Hintalo limestone and Mekele
dolerite sills in the Agula shale. The Plateau lies in the semi-arid zone with an average annual
rainfall of 550 mm. Mekelle proper is located at the foot of a low escarpment at an elevation of
2000m a.s.l. The Aynalem, quiha and Dndera well fields are on the top of the escarpment about
100m above the town.
6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area
The city of Mekelle is located near the edge of lowland with steep bluffs on the east side. Steep
bluffs at a distance of about 10km also face the city on the north. The lowland is underlain by
Mesozoic – age sediments. The upland immediately to the east is underlain by the same
sediments which have been intruded by irregular bodies of dolerite; the dolerite tends to be more
resistant to weathering than the sediments and forms irregular hills and ridges.
The sediments are part of the Antalo group; the Agula shale is the dominant member. The Antalo
group ranges in age from possible middle Jurassic to upper Jurassic, the Agula shale is upper
Jurassic in age. The Antalo group is intruded by dark, medium to fine – grained basic rock –
called dolerite which is tertiary in age. The dolerite which forms sills, dykes and irregular bodies,
has a tendency to orbicular or spheroidal weathering. Because of these fields of dark, rounded
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boulders are found where weathering has occurred. The thickness of Alluvium in the city is
small, and outcrops are common. Alluvium is exposed along the Illala River which is down-
cutting along its present course.
Lithology of the region is mainly composed of the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and igneous
intrusions of tertiary period. The main rock formations which cover extensive area around
Mekelle are the Agula Shale which is the upper most formation of the Antalo Group igneous rock
known as Mekelle Dolerite which has intruded into the Agula Shale and forms extensive platue
and ridges. The Adigrat sandstone and Antalo limestone which are older than the Agula Shale are
known to exist under the Agula shale. But they are exposed further to the northwest and to the
west of Mekelle. The upper most and youngest Mesozoic sediment known as Amba aradom
sandstone (or the upper sandstone) is exposed to the south of Mekelle at a plateau close to the
village of Antalo.
6.1.4 Land Use Patterns
Mekelle is generally well planned except for small sections at the foot of the escarpments where
the houses are highly clustered and with narrow streets. In the eastern part there is a natural
boundary sharply ending the periphery of the town. In 1984 the area of the city was estimated to
be 16 km2, growing to 23.04 km
2 in 1994. Showing a dramatic expansion, the city had reached
more than 100 km2 in 2004 by engulfing a large extent of agricultural lands, villages and towns
(Tadesse, 2006). In 2006 (1998 E.C), the areas known as Quiha (also Qwiha or Kuha) and
Aynalem were incorporated within Mekelle City limits. Villages recently incorporated include
Lachi, Adikenfero, Feleg Daero, Endamariam Dehan, Adi Daero, Adi Kolomey, Serawat, Adi
Wolel, Adi Ha and May Alem. Currently, Mekelle City is one of the fastest growing cities in
Ethiopia with a total area of 150 km2 (Mekelle Water Supply Service Office, 2008). The town is
presently rapidly expanding towards the North, Northwest and west. The layout of utility services
in Mekelle generally follows the town plan.
The land use pattern outside Mekelle proper is mainly dominated by farmlands, grazing areas,
residential villages, and protected areas for soil and water conservation. Indead the landuse
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pattern in Chinferes and Dandera areas are mainly characterised by the aforementioned types of
landuses.
6.1.5 Water Resources
Mekelle lies in the upper part of the Tekeze River basin. The main eastern divide of the Tekeze
River basin is not far from Mekelle. The headwaters of rivers flowing into the rift valley are
located only about 15kms southeast of the town. Surface water resources are comparatively
scarce in the areas around Mekelle city. Mekelle is drained to the south by the Messanu River
which joins the Tekeze River. The nearest major river is Ghiba River which has a southerly flow
direction 12 -15 km west of Mekelle. Two tributaries of the Ghiba come within a distance of 5km
from Mekelle: the Messanu River on the northern side and the Chaq River on the southern side of
the town. This river joins the Maskila river 14km southwest of Mekelle, further entering the
Ghiba about 10km downstream. The city is dissected in the north by the drainage system of river
Illala that used to have several all year round rivers but now they become full only during the
rainy season. The rivers that drains in and around Mekelle included Mai Degene, Mai Zagra, Mai
Ansti, Mai Atsgeba, Mai Fakar, Mai Baekel, Mai Ayni, Mai Gafuf, Mai Liham, Mai Kikuto,
Gereb Bubu, Mai Ataro etc.
6.2 Biological Environment
6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation
The surrounding of Mekelle represents dry evergreen montane forest ecosystem type. Due to
climatic and anthropogenic impacts the catchments of the town are degraded and as a result the
development of the vegetation is very much stunted in the surrounding terrains. There are
ongoing efforts of catchment rehabilitation through terracing, reforestation and area closure.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an example of better established species in the degraded catchments.
Representative species of the dry evergreen montane vegetation such as Olea europa sub species
cuspidata and Juniperus procera are found in the old Church yards and Palace of Mekele. In
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addition to this in human settlement areas (homestead plantations) are covered with species such
Schinus mole, Neem, Opuntia, Jacaranda, Casuarina equisitifolia, Ziziphus mucronata.
The area outside Mekelle city has suffered considerably from over exploitation of natural forest
resources. The original vegetation has been significantly disturbed due to the expansion of
subsistence level agricultural practices that predominate in the area. The country side around
Mekelle is almost completely denuded of trees except along the stream banks. The landscape is
classified as savannah. Much of the upland plateau has been devastated by over exploitation of
the soils and vegetation, and the land‘s productive capacity has been reduced by overuse and
erosion. With the exception of few and scattered bushes & shrubs the vegetation coverage of the
area is insignificant. The expansion of Agricultural and grazing lands and the increasing demand
of fuel wood in the area can be cited as the major factors that made most of the areas devoid of
any vegetation. Among the few existing species Rumex nervosus, Aloe species, Carissa edulis,
Salix subserrate, Maytenus arbutifolia, Carissa edullis & Acacia etbaica are the major ones
observed in the area.
Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover
Ethiopia has issued a number of regulations aimed to conserve and protect the remaining natural
ecosystems of the country in National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Controlled Hunting Areas.
However, the project area is neither contiguous with nor in close proximity with any of these
nationally protected areas.
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6.2.2 Wildlife
Human intervention in the area, consisting of expansion for agriculture and grazing practices and
encroachment for fuel wood and construction has significantly affected the vegetation cover in
the area. Hence, it couldn‘t provide a good habitat to support diverse wildlife species. However,
according to the Wereda office and local enquiries, species that are common in many parts of the
country like spotted hyenas, hare, Fox, duiker, warthog, jackal, baboons, Dikes etc. are seen in
the area. These are very common in many parts of the country. There are no rare or endemic
animal species known to be in the Project Area. The population and diversity of Fauna in the
study area is expected to be very low mainly because of the decline of their natural habitat.
There are birds in the project area. However, according to Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History
Society (EWNHS, 1996), none of the 76 nationally designated Important Bird Areas are found
anywhere in or near the project area. The migration route of birds from the northern hemisphere
to Africa follows the rift valley zone and the project area is not within this rift system.
6.3 Socioeconomic Environment
6.3.1 Population and settlement
Mekelle is one of the fast growing cities in Ethiopia. Over the past two decades, Mekelle has
experienced rapid growth as the capital of Tigray Regional State. In parallel with its growth the
population size of Mekelle was also increasing. Its population has also grown from 98,825 in
1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 of whom 51% were women. It can be seen clearly that the
population size of the city has doubled in the last two decades. The general trend of population
growth in the city during the past decades is shown in table 2. The ethnic composition of
Mekelle town is homogenous and is made up of predominantly tigreans. Christianity and Islam
are the principal religions in Mekelle.
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Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.
Ser No. Years Population size
1 1965 22230
2 1970 28014
3 1978 42130
4 1986 62650
5 1992 84129
6 1994 100000
7 1997 111473
8 2000 128974
9 2002 150000
10 2003 175000
11 2005 200000
12 2006 230000
Source: Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project (MCPPP).
6.3.2 Social services
Social services encompass various facilities and establishments needed for social development
and well-being of the city. It mainly includes education, health and recreation facilities. In this
document focus will be given to the education and health services of the town. As it is self
evident, the service provided to the public by these facilities could be directly influenced by the
availability and efficiency of water and sanitation services of the town.
6.3.2.1 Education
The city of Mekelle hosts various educational establishments ranging from Kindergarten up to
higher education institutions. The city has about 57 primary schools (grade 1-8th
), 11 elementary
and secondary schools (grade 1 -12th
), and about 7 senior secondary schools (grade 9 -12th
).
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These schools are run both by public and private organizations. The total number of students
attending classes in the public and private schools are in the order of 68,111 pupils. Moreover
the city is home to one of the largest Universities in the Country, Mekelle University. The
University alone has more than 12,000 student and seven faculties. Other higher education
establishments present in the city includes Mekelle Institute of Technology, Middle level health
professionals training institute, art school, and college of teachers education. There are also about
eleven private higher education institutions in the city which include: Sheba Info –tech and
Business College, New Millennium College, Micro- link College, e.t.c.
Table .3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city
Table.4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city
Type of Educational Institutions Quantity
Kindergarten 58
Primary (1-4) 18
Primary (1-8) 39
Secondary (9-10) 7
Preparatory (11-12) 11
Technical and Vocational Education and Training 3
Colleges 14
University 1
Year of School enrolment ratio
2000 131.34
2001 124.32
2002 114.76
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A major concern in many of the educational establishments is access to clean drinking water. Of
the 33 public primary schools, 21 had either a tap or well water source in 2007 and 12 had no
available water source (Tigray Region Education Bureau, 2008). Overall only 73 percent of
schools (public and private) had water taps in 2007, meaning that 15 of 56 schools lacked any
connection to a water tap. This suggests that as more schools are built, there is a need to ensure
access to safe water.
Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007
Public Private
Schools with Water (Tap or
Well)
21 20
Schools with No Water Source 12 3
Total Schools 33 23
The availability of latrines is also another concern in the primary schools. Table 6 illustrates the
total number of toilets, the number of schools without toilets, and the number of schools with
separate toilets for girls and boys. Regarding government primary schools, where the total
enrolment is 42,054 and the total number of toilets is 96, the ratio of students per toilet is 438:1,
an alarming number. Approximately half the public primary schools (16 out of 33) in Mekelle
lack latrines; of the 17 schools with latrines, only 10 have separate toilets for girls and boys. Lack
of toilet facilities in schools can negatively affect attendance (especially in the likely case of a
parasitic illness). It is common for female students not to attend class during menstruation if no
facility is available for the disposal and/or changing of sanitary napkins during school hours.
Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007
(Source: Tigray Region Education Bureau: Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2008)
Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office
Public Private
Total Schools 33 23
Total Toilets 96 135
Schools without Toilets 16 5
Schools with Unisex Toilets 7 0
Schools with Separate Toilets 10 18
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6.3.2.2 Health
Health care is one of the crucial components of basic social services that have a direct linkage to
the growth and development of a country as well as the welfare of the society. In Mekelle, there
is one referral hospital, three regional hospitals, one zonal hospital, one military hospital, five
private medium hospitals, nine health centres, twenty higher and lower private clinics, three
private dental clinic, five diagnostic laboratory centre, three physiotherapy centre and two eye
/optics/ clinics. Reports indicate that the existing health service coverage of Mekelle city has
reached 95 percent and these health facilities provide their services to an estimated 10,000
patients on daily basis. The patients treated are not only from Mekele city, but also from other
parts of the region.
The top ten diseases in mekelle city which occurred in the last five years are shown in Table 8
below. The table shows the five year average of the top ten diseases. Among the reasons for the
occurrence of the top ranking diseases are found lack of personal hygiene and environmental
sanitation which are closely linked with availability of water supply and sanitation services.
Year (E.C) School dropout
ratio
1998 4.59
1999 2.96
2000 3.63
2001 3.6
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Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city
Rank
Type of diseases by rank Percentage of
occurrence
1st Eye Inflammatory 22
2nd
Infective and parasitic 16.5
3rd
All other respiratory diseases 12.6
4th
Helminthes 11.6
5th
All other ill defined causes 9
6th
Skin infection 7
7th
Acute upper respiratory infection 6.5
8th
Gastritis, duodenities 5.8
9th
Dysentery other unspecified 5.3
10th
Tonsillitis 3.9
6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment
Mekelle is one of northern Ethiopia‘s primary economic centres. Due to long-term business
development plans aimed at creating optimal market conditions, the city has become the home for
many industries, agro-processing companies and educational centres. There are more than 500
food shops, an extensive public transport network and an active urban—rural exchange of goods in
the city. Mekelle has 30,000 micro and small enterprises. With an educated work force and a
significant manufacturing base, the city is poised for sustainable economic growth.
The city was able to attract a lot of investors in recent years. A total of 899 investors who are
interested to invest in different sectors including industry, trade and commerce, hotels, real estate,
social services, and construction were issued with investment licenses. So far about 462 of them
have gone operational and are delivering their services and products in the market. About 32 of
the investors who started operations are industrial projects which have started productions. The
city has also issued additional investment licenses for about 242 investors with a total capital
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outlay of 1.7 billion birr. Some of the later investment licenses are issued to investors who want
to expand their investments in the city.
It is important to note that Mekelle is the primary economic hub in the Tigray region. Within a 100
km radius of the city, there are rich and fertile farmlands to the south, significant mineral deposits to
the east and west, and over one hundred rock-hewn churches throughout the region that serve as
important tourist destinations. The Mekelle markets are reputed to be the largest vendors of livestock
and salt in Ethiopia. In recent years, Mekelle has experienced increased agricultural production
due to improved farming techniques and a transition from subsistence to cash crop farming. This
growth has improved agro-processing opportunities for fruits and vegetables. The region is also a
notable producer of high quality honey, and high value/low volume items such as spices, natural
gum, and colour additives. In addition, Mekelle maintains a reserve area for floriculture that
should help attract greater investment into the city.
Mekelle is also well situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of
cultural, historical, religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few
active volcanic lakes, lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock-
hewn churches that rival the more well-known rock temples.
6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services
The city‘s water supply at present is totally dependent on underground water sources. Currently
the main water source of Mekelle city is from Aynalem well field. The water is abstracted from
17 Boreholes with depth ranging from 65 up to 250m. The water that is produced from these
Boreholes is lifted by submersible pumps to different reservoirs with capacities ranging from 200
m3 to 2000 m
3, and then after chlorinating process; the water is delivered to various parts of the
distribution network through gravity. The Aynalem well field was developed in 2002/2003 with
the expectation that it will provide sufficient water supply for the city for about twenty years. But
the yield from the wells was deteriorating from time to time and half of the boreholes have failed
to work. The daily water demand of Mekelle city is 41000 m3, whereas the production is only
limited to 14500 m3 per day. The current production is about 35% of the total demand. As a
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result, the city is experiencing severe shortage of water supply. During the dry season, water is
distributed on a shift basis in order to supply the available water to residents in all areas of the
city. In some areas water is supplied ones in a weak. Shortage of water supply in the city is one of
the critical impediments for expansion of the city, its economic activities and in attracting more
investors.
In order to alleviate the existing sever water supply shortage problem in the city, the
administration is working on a medium and long term solutions. The focus of the current water
supply project is to provide medium term solutions by developing additional groundwater sources
in Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields which are all found within 15 to 20km radius from
the city. As a long term solution, reports indicate that studies are underway to develop a dam on
the river Giba.
The water supply distribution network of Mekelle city constitutes five sub-systems. These
include the main system, zone four system, Quiha system, Mekelle university system, and Lachi
system. The main system is responsible for providing water to most parts of the Mekelle proper
excluding the north eastern part of the city which is provided by the separate zone four system.
The main system is completely fed by the Aynalem well field and is distributed from the 2000m3
reservoirs found at Enda Gebriel area. The Quiha and Mekelle University systems are two
independent systems devoted to supply water to Quiha town and the University respectively. The
University system obtains its water from two dedicated boreholes which are controlled by two
150m3 and 250m
3 capacity reservoirs. The Lachi system is responsible for supplying water to the
areas in the northern parts of the city. Unlike the other systems, the later system is fed by its own
borehole which is not part of the Aynalem well field.
Like many other towns in the country, Mekelle does not have a sewerage system and the majority
of its residents use dry pit latrines. Sewage is collected by vacuum trucks from pit latrines. The
Mekelle municipality, Red Cross and few other private firms provide sewage collection services
to the residents. The city is building new wastewater treatment facility at a cost of 4million birr.
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6.3.5 Drainage system
The city as such does not have wide coverage of modern drainage systems. However, along with
the recent upgrading of the city streets, closed and open drainage ditches are being built in
different parts of the town. Reports indicate that the city have 29kms of closed drainage so far.
But more are being built along with the new road projects being undertaken. Natural drainages
follow the topographic patterns of the town to join the streams and rivers. The city is dissected in
the north by the drainage system of river Ellala. The Illala River is joined by several other small
non- perennial streams which drain the city during the rainy season
6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites
Mekelle have a number of important historical sites. One among them is the 19th
Century Atse
Yohannes IV palace which is located at the heart of the city. The Dejat Abraha palace at Feleg
Daero and the Abraha Castle (Hotel) are other important historical sites found in the area. The
Italian cemetery found at Endayesus which relates history to the periods of Ethio – Italian wars
conducted in the 1930s is also registered as the site of historical significance by the Tigray region
culture and tourism bureau. Most importantly, there is a site of potential archaeological
significance located at the outskirts of Quiha town. There are Altars of a building which is
claimed to be the remains of a church or the palace of the 13th
Century King Amdetsion near the
Cherkos church in Quiha town. This site is not yet studied by archeologists and it is registered as
one fully undiscovered archaeological site in the region.
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Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.
7. Environmental Impacts identification, prediction and analysis
7.1 Approaches for Environmental and Social Impacts Analysis
The Implementation of the Water Supply will have impacts on the natural and socio-economic
environment in which it is set and the impacts might be of positive or negative nature. Each
positive and negative impact will vary in extent to which it can be enhanced or mitigated. For the
purpose of this assessment, impacts and /or benefits that will mostly occur during the
construction and operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will therefore
attempt to screen out the insignificant impacts and bring the critical elements into the attention of
decision makers.
7.2 Impacts on the physical environment
7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five
boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, a booster station, a collection chamber,
installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house,
guard house as well as generator houses for each of the borehole sites.
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The specific land spots on which drilling of the boreholes were conducted mostly lay on
communal lands. For example two boreholes at chinferes site are drilled at the river banks of
Ruba wushti. The borehole in dandera is developed on a communal land found outside the
premises of Dandera elementary school. Even though the third borehole in chinferes site is
located inside a quarry area which used to supply raw material for Messebo Cement factory, the
site was abandoned for use as well field. Therefore, the borehole sites have no major impact on
land use that results in loss of income to the farmers or other former users. An exception for this
is the quiha borehole site (FPW9), where it is located at the middle of a farm land. The borehole
site has consumed an estimated 400m2 of land permanently. This land was used by farmers to
grow crops and hence its permanent change to borehole site will negatively affect the income
generation capacity of the farmers.
The construction of reservoirs at different locations is another project activity that can cause an
impact on land use type by taking up land that was either being used for farming or grazing.
Conveying water from the Chinferes well field will require the construction of a collection
chamber, booster stations and 5000m3 reservoirs. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first
collected in a collection chamber that will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. The
site on which the collection chamber will be built is an open communal grazing space on a river
bank. The specific site where the booster station is going to be built is a communal land which is
not used by farmers. It is a rocky hill side ground which was not used for other purposes. The
5000m3 reservoir is going to be built at the top of the Messobo hill found right behind the
Messebo Cement factory. The specific reservoir site is again a land which was not used for other
purposes. Therefore, the construction of the collection chamber, booster station and the 5000m3
reservoir will not have any significant impact on income generation capacity of the farmers in the
locality. However, since the hilly grounds in the area are generally categorized in the ‗Protected
land/area closure‘ zones, the construction and operation activities will have an impact on the flora
and fauna which will be discussed in later sections.
On the other side conveying the water from Dandera and Quiha sites will involve construction of
three 100m3 reservoirs at three different locations between the quiha well field and the existing
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2000m3 reservoir. The specific sites used for building 100m
3 reservoirs are farm lands that were
tilled by farmers. An average of 600m2 of land is permanently changed from farm land for each
reservoir site totalling 1800 m2
for the three. This will impact the farmers significantly by
reducing their annual harvest from the fields and hence affect their incomes. Moreover, the farm
lands in quiha reservoir and borehole site is greatly disturbed by the access road and construction
excavations which temporarily affects the farming activities of the farmers.
Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site
The major project activity that will have an impact on land use and that can bring about loss of
income generation capacity to the farmers is the construction of access roads and installation of
transmission mains. It has been stated in sec 5.1.2 that the project is going to install transmission
mains from two directions to connect the boreholes with the existing distribution systems.
Accordingly, the project will install 20km of transmission lines by excavating a trench that will
have about 1.5 meter width and between 0.75 – 1m depth to connect the Chinferes boreholes with
the existing system. All along its course, the transmission line will pass through farm lands and
protected areas (area closures). Along with the first 10kms of the transmission line a second
parallel line will be installed to connect BH-1 and BH-2 boreholes with the 5000m3 reservoir at
Messebo. The parallel transmission line will be installed by undertaking new excavations at six
meter distance from the other line. This implies the impact of the project activity on the farm
fields will be twice. The largest diameter of the pipes to be installed for the transmission line is
300mm and the one meter width trench excavation is assumed to be sufficient. The total size of
cultivated land that will be affected during construction of the first and second parallel
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transmission line is estimated to be 10.21Ha and 0.67Ha respectively. On the other hand, the
13kms transmission line from dandera and quiha boreholes will be installed by excavating a
trench of similar diameter. The total size of cultivated land that will be affected during
construction of the later transmission lines are estimated to be 2.2Ha These figures do not
include the communal lands for which private land use entitlements are not given to individual
members of the community. The list of farmers whose land will be impacted by the transmission
line installation activities of the project is given in Annex IA. The pipe installation work will
interrupt the farming activities until the construction is finished. During such time the farmers
will be affected by losing their crops and hence their income. However, it will become possible
to use the land for the same purpose after the construction is finished. As a result the impact is
only temporary and it will last up to completion of the project.
Moreover the project will have to build a new access road to have an all weather access to the
booster station and to the 5000m3 reservoir at messobo hill. The design and study of this access
road is not yet in place and hence predicting the type and magnitude of the likely impacts is quit
formidable. However, it is clear that any access road that may be built along the transmission
lines will definitely affect the farmlands and closure areas present in the area.
7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna
The activities of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not generally cause a
significant impact on fauna and flora of the area. On the one hand the project activities are mainly
carried on areas that do not have dense vegetation cover. Indeed most of the sites on which the
boreholes are drilled and the areas through which the transmission lines will pass are simply open
farm lands or protected areas with sparse bushes. Therefore, the construction and installation
activities of the project are anticipated not to cause the cutting of important trees or bushes that
have timber value. However, owing to the prevalent land degradation in the area, most
uncultivable lands, hills and valleys are designated as area closure to enhance the revegetation
and conservation efforts. Because of this, some activities of the project are going to have a
limited impact on the revegetation and conservation efforts of the area closures. For example the
project will construct access road to the Chinferes borehole sites, starting from the existing gravel
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road which was used to transport raw material from the former quarry. The access road that
connects BH -3 and BH -1 to the gravel road has an approximate length of about 300m and it
passes through a protected land (area closure). This access road has the impact of disturbing the
re-vegetation and conservation effort by clearing the bushes. In a similar way, the construction of
new access road up to the booster station and the 5000 m3 at messebo hill will affect the
revegetation and conservation effort going on in the area closures.
Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure
The only perennial crops that will be affected by the project construction activities are, however,
found at the river banks of Illala River. The right of way for installation of the transmission line
requires the removal of some of the Guava and Banana trees found on the farm located next to
Gembella village on the river banks of Illala River. The total numbers of Guava and banana trees
to be cut are estimated to be about 30 and 5 respectively.
7.2.3 Impacts on soil
Once again the project impacts on soil emanates from the works to be carried during construction
phase. Firstly, the construction of the access road will require filling with selected material. The
quarrying operations can expose the soil structure to erosion unless necessary precautions are
taken.
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Moreover an appreciable part of the excavation of trenches for installing the transmission lines is
going to be done on the cropping fields (cultivated lands) of individual farmers. The excavation
work will result in the displacement of the fertile top soil and this will affect the crop growing
capacity of the plot. As a result in addition to the immediate interruption of the farming activities
during the construction period, the farmers will be affected by lose of the top soil from the
excavated part of their farming land which will make it unproductive for quit sometime. It should
be noted that the soil of the cultivated lands in the area is fertile and farmers commonly grow
crops like wheat, teff, maize and sorghum during the regular summer seasons. In particular
among the farmers listed in Annex IA and IB those whose farming fields have shallow or thin
layer of top soil will be severely impacted by the displacement of top soil. The actual impacted
farmers could be determined later at the end of the cropping season by observing the failing crops
on the fields. It worth‘s to note that the list of farmers in Annex IB were not considered legible
for compensation due to lose of income caused by the direct excavation works, mainly because
the transmission line installation work was done during the dry season when the farming fields
were free of crops.
Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil
Besides displacement of the top soil, the farming fields of farmers could also be wasted for
definite seasons if the excavated soil and big boulders are not timely cleared from it. This is
especially important since the geology of the land underneath the farming fields is majorly rocky
and full of big boulders. As a result, the excavation work supported by heavy machinery will
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produce big boulders that will not be possible to remove from the fields easily. Thus parts of
certain farming fields could become unusable unless otherwise the boulders are promptly cleared
from the farming fields. This issue has been one of the impacts that were raised with great
emphasis by the participants of the public consultation meetings.
7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure
The main focus of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to develop additional water
sources and to supplement the daily supply of water of the city by connecting to the existing
distribution network. As a result the project will not have wide activities to expand the existing
distribution network within the urban setting of Mekelle city. Thus the project will not have any
significant impact on the public utility infrastructures in Mekelle. However, one minor exception
to this generalization is the transmission line to be installed from Dandera borehole to the 100m3
reservoirs near Quiha borehole (FPW9). The installation of this transmission line will require
crossing through the main Mekelle – Addis Ababa highway. Cutting and excavating the asphalted
highway along a specified point is one minor reversible impact that may arise during construction
of the project.
7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation
The project site covers more than 20kms of distance from source to destination. During
construction the project will mobilize machineries, light and heavy duty vehicles. The pathways
which lead to the boreholes at chinferes and Dandera sites are mainly off-road corridors literally
used by villagers and few other vehicles. As a result the additional noise that would be generated
by the machinery will not have a pronounced effect on the residents. The traffic volume in and
around Mekelle city is slightly greater but still not crowded. In all segments of the road the level
of traffic flow is low to moderate. Therefore, the impact of the project is predicted not to cause
any significant impact on traffic flow.
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7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance
The construction activities of the project will cause the formation of dust in the environment.
This will be specially so during the excavation work to install water mains, reservoirs, and while
building the access road. Mobility of machineries and vehicles will exacerbate the dust pollution.
Noise nuisance released by the construction equipments will also be another impact to be created
by the project. The dust and noise pollution will not be permanently localized at one place but
move forward along with the construction activities. The project will drill the boreholes using
drilling rigs. Noise released during drilling operations could be a source of impact to the
surrounding areas. However, since most of the borehole sites are located in rural areas where
there are no densely populated villages, its effect will be minimum.
7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals
Spillage of chemicals that will be applied for water treatment and disinfection will cause
undesirable impacts on the nearby water bodies. Used oils and lubricants from the booster station
and vehicles engaged during project construction as well as the solid waste generated at the
borehole sites can pose pollution risk to the nearby streams. Especially the borehole drilling
operations apply foaming chemicals to enhance the drilling efficiency and a soil sludge
contaminated with the chemicals is released from the operation. Since the borehole sites in
Chinferes well field are located at the river banks of Quawa and Ruba Wushti rivers, it is very
likely that the soil sludge from the drilling operations will impact the stated rivers. Direct
disposal of the sludge into the rivers will pollute them and it will also increase sedimentation. To
minimize such impacts introducing a mechanism for proper handling of chemicals, the soil
sludge and other spillages is essential.
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Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations
7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities
The implementation of the proposed project will allow connected houses to be provided with
sufficient water supply and more others to get connected to the water network. This will
obviously improve the chronic water supply and sanitation problem of the Mekelle city in many
ways. However, it will also pose stress on the existing sanitary facilities of the city. At present
Mekelle city has limited facilities to handle the liquid wastes.
Even though the expected yield of the boreholes developed by the Mekelle water supply and
sanitation project are not going to completely satisfy the gaps in the daily water demand of the
city, generally an increase in the water supply provision will also increase the liquid and solid
wastes volume to be generated. With the increase in volume the existing facilities will become
increasingly overwhelmed to cope up. Appropriate facilities such as liquid waste vacuum trucks
will need to be purchased and wastewater treatment plants or oxidation ponds will have to be
constructed if the liquid waste is to be treated and disposed in an environmentally safe manner. In
choosing the site for the Waste water treatment plant or Oxidation pond it is important to
investigate the hydro - geological condition of the proposed sites and it should be located in
permeable stratum to safeguard ground water contamination.
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7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs
The five Reservoires to be installed could also be negatively affected by uncontrolled disposal of
contaminating wastes nearby it. Unless safely guarded and controlled the reservoir sites can be
contaminated with solid and liquid wastes that could lead to contamination of the water supply
with pathogens. However, since the specific location of the new reservoirs and booster stations
are generally well outside of the urban settlement of Mekelle town the contamination may be
expected to arise from sparsely populated rural settlements.
7.3 Impacts on socio economic environment
7.3.1 Impact on settlements
In a small stretch along the 20km Chinferes – Mekelle route, the right of way for installation of
the transmission line is occupied by residential houses inside Gembella Village. Gembella village
is a tiny hamlet found on the right bank of Illala River between Messobo Cement factory and the
northern suburbs of Mekelle. The alignment of the transmission line will require clearing the
right of way which is now occupied by the houses whose owners are listed in table 9 below. The
design of the right of way is done based on the Master plan of Mekelle, which is reported to have
indicated a plan for 30m wide motorway that will pass through the middle of Gembella village.
Nonetheless, the street foreseen by the master plan is not yet built and the right of way for the
transmission line not cleared. Consequently, installation of the transmission line is going to have
an impact on the settlement houses. In order to avoid the relocation of these houses, the project
will devise alternative routes. The 5000m3 reservoir at Messebo hill creates excess pressure to the
head water which will be conveyed downstream to Mekelle. The presence of excess pressure
provides an opportunity to re-route the transmission line by bending it 900 at different points
without losing the necessary pressure to keep it flowing into Mekelle. This option of re-routing
and redesigning option can effectively avoid the need for clearing of the houses for the right of
way. Therefore relocation of these houses will not be necessary and relocation issues will not be
triggered by the project activity. The name of the house owners and its location are shown in
table 9.
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Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation
Name of house owner Town / village
name
Type of property
1 Ato Gebreslassie Tsegay Gembella Village Stone fence
2 Ato Gebrekiros Kassa Gembella Village House
3 W/ro Almaz Mamo Gembella Village House
4 Ato Mehari Amare Gembella Village House
5 Ato Seyum Desta Gembella Village House
6 Ato Amare G/slassie Gembella Village House
7 Ato Assefa G/tatyos Gembella Village House courtyard
8 Ato Gebreasya Hadush Gembella Village House courtyard
9 Almi Dairy Farm Association Mekelle Cattle farm / Ranch
10 Ato Tewedage W/slassie Mekelle House
11 Ato Tesfaye W/slassie Mekelle House
Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way
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7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not have any impact on the important
historical and archaeological sites found in the area. The King Amdetsion palace (church?)
archaeological site, the Palace of King Yohannes IV, the Dejat Abraha Castle and other important
sites are found away from the route of the main transmission lines. In addition, it is verified
through site survey that the booster stations, reservoirs and crossing structures will not affect any
of the known historical and archaeological sites in the area. The Romanat and Chelanqa
waterfalls are also found outside the reaches of the project construction and operation phase
activities. The project will not have any significant impact on other religious and cultural
resources in the area.
7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification
Formation of soil heaps from the excavation of trenches and reservoir foundations may form
stagnant water ponds and these ponds can be the source of health risks to the local people by
serving as a favourable mosquito breeding site and consequently intensifying malaria. This
problem can be minimized by draining out the stagnant water and appropriately filling back the
excavated trenches.
7.3.4 Impact on Women
Women generally have very different roles in water supply and sanitation activities. These
differences are particularly evident in the rural areas. Often women are the main users, providers
and Managers in the household. Women are the guardians of household hygiene. Hence women
tend to benefit most when the access, quality and quantity of water improve. Improvements in
water supply and sanitation infrastructure are likely to shorten women‘s and girl‘s time spent
carrying heavy containers to collect water thereby freeing up their time for income generating
activities and schooling.
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Given their long established active role in water supply and sanitation, women generally know
about current water sources, their quality and reliability, any restrictions to their uses and how to
improve hygienic behaviours. It is therefore essential to fully involve women in demand driven
water supply and sanitation programmes, where communities decide what types of systems they
want. Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructures will help increase women‘s
human capital, reduce their time constraints, allow for new income generating activities and
improve community health. This will in turn increase the productivity of the society there by
increasing incomes. In light of this, involving women during the construction and operation of
Mekelle water supply projects is very critical.
7.3.5 Impacts on health
The project will positively impact to all members of the communities who will be provided with
access to clean water supply. An examination of the top ten diseases of Mekelle city listed in
table 8 shows that water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases rank among the top disease of
the area. Therefore, provision of clean drinking water supply will enhance the efforts to sustain
good health of the community. Provision of clean water will also greatly improve the condition
for maintaining good hygiene and sanitation of each benefiting family. Public service facilities
such as schools, clinics, health centres and recreational areas will also positively benefit from the
availability of adequate water supply they need to render their services to the community.
7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism
Absence of sufficient water supply has been one of the impeding constraints for inflow of
investment into Mekelle city. Even though the town is a regional capital, its development and
expansion is challenged by shortage of water supply. It has become increasingly clear that one of
the factors that constrain the inflow of new and additional investment into the city is the
prevailing shortage of water supply. The commercial activities of the service sector, particularly
the newly built hotels and restaurants in Mekelle are affected by the prevalent shortage of water
supply, thereby affecting the tourism industry in the area. It should be noted that Mekelle is well
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situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of cultural, historical,
religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few active volcanic lakes,
lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock-hewn churches that rival
the more well-known rock temples. Therefore, the Mekelle water supply project will have an
enormous positive impact on the investment, trade and tourism activities of the town by solving
the water supply shortage problem and creating conducive condition for their operation.
69
Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Key
Comp
Impact/Issues Imp
orta
nce
(A1)
Magni
tude
(A2)
AT
(A1X
A2)
Per
man
ence
(B1)
Reversi
bility
(B2)
Cumulati
ve (B3)
BT
(B1+B2
+B3)
ES (AT
x BT)
Range
Value
(RV)
P/C1 Changes in Water Quality 1 +1 +2 2 2 2 6 +12 2
P/C 2 Changes in crop and Grazing Areas
(productive land)
1 -1 -1 2 2 1 5 -5 -1
P/C 3 Changes in Rates of Erosion and
siltation
1 -2 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2
P/C 4 Changes to surface water regime 2 -1 -2 2 2 2 6 -12 -2
P/C 5 changes to Ground water regime 1 -2 -2 3 3 3 9 -18 -2
B/E 1 Changes in Biodiversity 1 -1 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2
B/E 2 Changes in Aquatic Biota 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
B/E 3 Changes in Disease Vector Population 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1
B/E 4 Changes in Terrestrial Biota 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1
B/E 5 Changes to Wetlands 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
B/E 6 Changes to Areas of Natural Habitat
(Including protected Areas)
2 -2 -4 3 3 2 7 -28 -3
S/C1 Changes involving loss of private
property
2 -2 -4 3 3 2 8 -32 -3
S/C2 Changes involving loss of public 1 -1 -1 2 2 2 6 -6 -1
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infrastructure
S/C3 Changes involving loss of cultural
Heritage
3 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
S/C4 Changes involving Resettlement of
people
2 -2 -4 3 3 1 7 -28 -3
S/C5 Changes to social stability/Cohesion 3 +2 +6 3 3 3 9 54 4
S/C6 Changes involving loss of Access to
Natural Resources (spring water use)
0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
S/C7 Changes to Downstream water Users 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
S/C8 Changes in public status 2 +1 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2
S/C9 Changes to Availability of Water for
Domestic Use.
1 +2 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2
E/01 Changes in crop/Livestock Generated
Incomes
2 -3 -6 2 2 2 6 -36 -4
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Key
Comp
Impact/Issues Imp
orta
nce
(A1)
Magni
tude
(A2)
AT
(A1X
A2)
Per
man
ence
(B1)
Reversi
bility
(B2)
Cumulati
ve (B3)
BT
(B1+B2
+B3)
ES (AT
x BT)
Range
Value
(RV)
E/02 Changes in Wage Labour
Incomes/Opportunities
2 +2 +4 2 2 1 5 + 20 3
E/03 Change in trade/Commercial
Incomes/Opportunities
3 +2 +6 3 3 2 8 + 48 4
E/06 Changes in local skills Base 1 +1 1 2 2 2 6 + 6 1
Cumulative Range Value
Please refer the table in Annex VI for interpretation of the range values.
72
Keys for table 11:
Black dots represent adverse environmental impacts
• Major Significance impacts
• High Significance impacts
• Medium significance impact
• Low significance impacts
Circles represent positive and beneficial impacts in the same interpretation order of the
circle size as above
° Major positive impact
° Highly positive impacts
° Medium positive impacts
° Slightly positive impacts
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Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project
Environmental
components/Characteristics
Project actions
Construction Operation
Access road Drilling, Booster
station,
Transmission lines,
Reservoirs
Water treatment Distribution and
maintenance
Changes in local skills base ° ° ° °
Change in trade/Commercial
Incomes/investment
opportunities
° °
°
Changes in wage labour
incomes/Opportunities ° °
Changes involving loss of
perennial crops (private
property)
•
•
Changes in crop & grazing
/livestock/ generated
incomes
• •
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Changes involving loss of
access to natural resources
(spring water use)
- - - -
Changes in Terrestrial
Vegetation • •
- -
Changes in Water Quality of
rivers/streams
• • •
Changes in Rates of Erosion
siltation, and soil structure
•
Changes to surface water
regime
-
Changes in Aquatic Biota
-
Changes in Disease Vector
Population
•
Changes involving relocation
of houses (trench excavation
near houses).
•
Changes to Downstream
water Users
-
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Changes to Wetlands
-
Changes to Availability of
Water for Domestic Use.
•
Changes involving loss of
cultural Heritage (Relocation
of Cemeteries)
-
Changes involving loss of
public infrastructure
•
•
8. Major impacts and proposed mitigation measures
8.1 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss in crop generated incomes
The project impacts caused by disruption of farming activities on the cropping fields will result in
loss of income generation for each of the affected farmers. Depending on whether the farming
plots are covered by crops or being prepared for the next cropping season, the impact could take
place either through destroying the crops on the fields or disrupting the land preparation activities
for the next season. Both forms of the impact will result in loss of income generation for the
farmer. These impacts will be mitigated by paying out appropriate cash compensations to each of
the affected farmers. The estimated compensation cost that will be needed to mitigate this impact
is shown in table 14. Actual compensation costs should be calculated in line with Proclamation
No 455/2005 and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on Expropriation of
Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation as well as in line with relevant
regional regulations of the Tigray state. The total size of cropping fields that will be temporarily
affected and hence will subject the farmers for loss of income will be10.30Ha. It is evident that
the total size of cropping land to be affected by the project is generally small and this is
distributed over the land holdings of about 231 farmers shown in Appendix IA. The impacted
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land will account far less than 10% of their assets at individual farmer level. Therefore, it
appears that there is no need of preparing full or abrevated RAP. The census of farmers and the
estimated size of land to be affected from each farming plots is shown in Appendix IA. Final
delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by the compensation committees that include
affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. Valuation of
annual crops is based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest which is
established through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the area.
Apart from the direct loss of income caused by excavation activities during installation of
transmission lines, there are farmers who will continue to be affected by the displacement of top
soil from their fields. Since the income of such farmers is going to decrease due to failing crops
on limited parts of their fields, it needs to be compensated. The specific farmers who are affected
either by displaced top soil or uncleared boulders that waste their land could be identified later
towards the end of the cropping season. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service will
have to pay attention for proper settlement of the compensation for this group of affected people.
Apparently, during the construction of access road to the booster station, it will affect the
cropping and grazing lands of the farmers. It is difficult to have an estimate of the size of
cropping and grazing fields that will be affected during the construction of the access road at this
time, for the reason that it is not designed yet. These farmers are losing the usage rights they have
on the land permanently and it will subject them to permanent lose of income generation.
Therefore, the impact should be mitigated by providing a replacement land suitable to serve the
purposes as before.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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8.2 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss of perennial crops (private property)
The Perennial crops which are Banana and Guava trees are considered as highly valued private
properties in the project area. It is considered as one of the common cash crops. The project will
affect about 5 banana and 30 guava trees that belong to Gembella kebelle farmers association.
The impact of losing such private properties will be mitigated by providing appropriate
compensation to the owners of the perennial crops.
The valuation for compensation of the perennial crops will incorporate the income lost during the
value of the harvests lost during the period of re-establishment, value of the seedlings, and the
cost for agricultural inputs needed to re-establish the perennial crops.
8.3 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in terrestrial vegetation
The overall impact of the project on terrestrial vegetation will be mitigated by a mix of different
approaches. For the purpose of ensuring the sustainability of the ground water sources, it is
important to look beyond and work on conserving and enhancing the terrestrial vegetation in the
watershed embodying the well fields. The vegetation cover around the well fields is slack in large
areas. Therefore it is necessary to encourage a conservation work including reforestation by
organizing the local community to enhance the rainwater retaining capacity of the watershed. The
conservation work should initially focus on the immediate areas of the well fields and expand
through time to other selected sections of the watershed.
The project will also encourage the plantation of trees in the areas through which the transmission
main will pass. This will be done by providing seedlings for those farmers who are interested to
replant small trees and bushes removed. Moreover the project will arrange and provide seedlings
to the Rural-Enderta Agriculture and Rural development office for plantation of trees in the area
closures.
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8.4 Mitigation measures for impacts involving water quality
The borehole drilling activities carried out near by the rivers/streams will be made not to
unnecessarily contaminate the rivers by the soil sludge emitted from it. Efforts will be made to
minimize the temporary loss of water quality due to soil suspension. The soil sludge will be
collected and disposed in an appropriate landfill site away from the surface waters.
8.5 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in rates of erosion, siltation and soil structure
During the excavation and installation of the transmission mains necessary measures should be
introduced by the contractor to place the top soil back on the top layer of the farming fields. The
contractor should provide appropriate orientation and briefing to its workers on the procedures of
excavation and backfilling of the trenches in the farm fields. The contractor will also supervise to
ensure that the procedures are observed by its workers. Moreover the contractor should be
instructed firmly to clear the big boulders and other excavated materials from the farming fields.
Failure to do so timely will unnecessarily hamper the farming activities of the farmers and it will
waste their land. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service should pay proper attention to
confirm the site clearance by the contractor or devise other workable solutions to clear the
excavation materials and big boulders from the farm fields.
During the construction of access road, measures should be taken to prevent the acceleration of
erosion rates in the locality. Road side shoulder spaces whose soil surface will be cut deeply will
be made to be covered with grasses to minimize erosion. Quarries from which selected material
for the road is going to be taken will be rehabilitated by tipping the unwanted earth material
collected from the construction sites.
The project will prevent contamination of soil by used oil and lubricants that will be discarded
from construction equipment and machineries in the site. This will be implemented by
introducing appropriate working procedures for the collection and disposal of used oil that will be
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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applied by the operators and service men of the machineries. The contractor will be responsible
for introducing the working procedures and its implementation by the machinery operators.
8.6 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in disease vector population
The project will ensure that soil mass accumulated during construction will not form barriers for
the creation of stagnant waters and it will promptly remove the material from site. It will also
ensure that the backfilling of trenches is conducted properly with good compaction so that it may
not allow the stagnation of water on it.
8.7Mitigation measures for impacts involving dust and noise nuisance
The dust and noise nuisances predicted to occur in the construction sites will be mitigated by
applying the following measure. Re-suspension of dust in the construction sites will be prevented
by occasional sprinkling of water. This will be specially applied during the construction of the
access roads.
8.8 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals
The project should build appropriately designed storage for disinfecting chemicals. The store for
these chemicals must have good ventilation. In addition the project should develop operational
manual for storage and safe handling of disinfecting chemicals. The manual should also provide
guidance for safe procedures of chemical dosing operations. The spillage of chemicals that will
emerge during water treatment and disinfection should be minimized by training the workers to
follow the safe chemical handling and dosing procedures. The workers shall also be provided
with personal protection equipment such as hand gloves, masks, and respirators.
8.9 Mitigation measures for impacts involving access to natural resources (borehole water use)
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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During the public consultation meetings conducted at Mesebo and Gergenbes villages, it was
noted that some of the villages through which the transmission line will pass have problems of
drinking water supply. Accordingly the participants of the messebo consultation meeting reiterate
their request for availing water points to those villages that are in problem from shortage of
drinking water supply. These villages are mainly found along the route of the transmission line.
In response to this request the project management revealed that the design of the transmission
line that connects the chinferes boreholes to the existing system has indicated two points (T-
Shapes) from which water will be conveyed to the villages. Accordingly, it is recommended that
the Mekelle Water supply and sanitation project will have to identify those villages which have
severe problem of drinking water supply and incorporate in its design to provide water points for
few of them to the extent the available water budget can permit it.
8.10 Mitigation measures for impacts on reservoires
The water reservoir and booster station sites will have to be properly fensed leaving sufficient
open space to buffer seepage of pollutants and contaminants from easily and quickly reaching it.
Moreover, the overall sanitation of the reservoir area will have to be protected and properly
managed. Conducting a periodic and regular sanitary inspection on the reservoir sites in
particular and on the overall water supply system in general will be usefull to ensure consistent
sanitation of the facilities.
81
Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
No
Project
phase
Major Impacts Recommended Mitigation
measures
Anticipated
Residual
impacts
1 Construction
The cropping fields of farmers will be affected during
installation of transmission lines. Unharvested crops
on the field will be damaged or preparation of land for
next cropping season will be interrupted.
Compensate farmers with cash that
will offset for lost harvest.
None
2 Construction
Farmers will permanently lose far less than 10% of
their farming lands for the construction of access road
and reservoirs.
Arrange for land replacements of
equal size and suitable for the
purposes it was serving.
None
3 Construction Farmers will lose economic plants such as Guava and
banana trees during the installation of the transmission
mains.
Compensate farmers with cash that
will offset their losses.
None
4 Construction Small trees and bushes will be cleared during the
construction of transmission mains and access roads
affecting the terrestrial vegetation cover (green
canopy) of the project area.
Minimize impact by avoiding
unnecessary cutting
Conserve and enhance reforestation
on the watershed giving priority to
the immediate areas
Encourage tree plantation and
reforestation by providing
seedlings
Anticipated
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation
measures
Anticipated
residual
impacts
5 Construction Construction of reservoirs, booster stations, transmission
mains and access road will affect soil structure, accelerate
soil erosion and siltation.
Introduce work procedures to put
the top soil back on its layer during
backfilling of trenches.
Plant grasses to cover deeply cut
soil surfaces of the access road
shoulders.
Rehabilitate the site of selected
material quarry used for access
road by tipping construction waste.
Integrate soil and water
conservation in the Watershed
management programme to
enhance groundwater recharge.
Anticipated
6 Construction and
operation
Trenches and soil pile will create mosquito breeding sites
with stagnant water.
Backfill trenches properly and
promptly.
None
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation
measures
Anticipated
residual
impacts
7 construction The increase in vehicle flow during construction is
expected to Increase road accident
Take precautionary measures by
mounting road/ traffic signs
Availing first aid kit
None
8 construction Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage and booster
stations of the project may result in the pollution of the
nearby surface waters
Take precautions not to spill fuel,
oil & grease to the soil and the
streams nearby.
None
9 Construction Dust and noise will cause nuisance during construction
and operation impacting residents.
Sprinkle water occasionally to
prevent dust pollution. Limit late
night work to avoid noise
nuisance during sleeping hours.
None
10 operation Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle city is expected
to increase the volume of liquid waste generated.
Consequently overloading the existing sanitary facilities.
Put in place appropriate waste
water treatment and disposal
facilities.
Anticipated
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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9. Environmental and social management plan (ESMP)
9.1 Institutions responsible for the implementation of ESMP
The Environmental management plan gives mitigating measures and monitoring requirements, and
identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating measures for the impacts that
are likely to arise from implementing the project are given in the previous chapter.
For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for
implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project
proponent in this particular case, Mekelle water supply and sanitation service, the construction
contractor, construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take
the major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and
monitoring plans.
9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change
For mitigation measures related to design change, the consultant assigned to design the water
supply project will be responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the
design and into the technical specifications of the main project report.
9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase
Prior to the commencement of the construction period, the environmental and social impacts to be
mitigated by compensation will be implemented jointly by the regional office responsible for
environment, Mekelle city water supply and sanitation service, the administrations of Rural
Enderta woreda, representatives of the affected parties and community elders, as well as the
Agricultural office of the woreda mentioned above. Representatives of the affected persons will
participate in the compensation committees. The woreda administration representatives and
relevant offices will facilitate on land replacement arrangements in collaboration with the
communities and also facilitate refining of the initial censuses of affected persons and
compensation pays.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by forming local compensation committees
including affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. The
valuation shall be consistent with regional rules and practices, and with the World Bank
requirement that any lost asset be valued at replacement value. Valuation of annual crops will be
based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest, which will be established
using available rates or through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the vicinity of the
concerned location. Valuation of perennial crops will be the sum of the following factors:
Loss of income during the period needed to re-establish the crop
Value of the seedlings needed to re-establish the crop, and all the agricultural inputs
needed to re-establish the crops as it was
Value of any perennial developments required to cultivate the crop, if required.
Valuation of timber trees will be based on the market price of timber that could be sold when the
tree is fully grown.
During construction, the contractor will be responsible for implementing environmental mitigation
measures included in the present ESIA report. The construction supervisor will monitor the proper
implementation of mitigating measures at the right time. The Contractor will be fully responsible
for ensuring that all the work will be carried out as per the environmental requirements indicated in
the design and technical specifications and the present ESIA report.
It is also envisaged that environmentalist ,with a broad range of experience and knowledge in
environmental management of water supply and sanitation project should be intermittently
assigned by regional office responsible for the environment to supervise proper implementation of
the mitigating measures. The environmentalist will be responsible for the overall coordination of
the environmental management activities. He will advise the contractors, construction supervisors,
the project management unit of the enterprise and the local authorities regarding the
implementation of the environmental mitigating measures and monitoring of impacts.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase
During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the regional
office responsible for environment, Regional Water Bureau, and Mekelle city Water Supply and
sanitation service. In particular, the regional office in charge of environment will coordinate all
other organizations stated above. Mekelle city Health Office will be involved in the monitoring of
some of the parameters.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Potential environmental
& social impacts
Proposed mitigation measures
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Time Horizon
Mitigation Monitoring
The cropping fields of
farmers will be affected
during installation of
transmission lines.
Unharvested crops on the
field will be damaged or
preparation of land for next
cropping season will be
interrupted.
Compensate farmers with cash that
will offset for lost harvest.
The project
office
Regional office
responsible for
environment
Before
construction
phase
Before
construction
phase
Farmers will permanently
lose far less than 10% of
their farming lands for the
construction of access road
and capping structures.
Arrange for land replacements of
equal size and suitable for the
purposes it was serving.
Mekelle
emergency
water supply
project office,
Rural- Enderta
Woreda
administration
and
Agriculture
office.
Zonal agricultural
Bureau
Before
construction
phase
Before
construction
phase
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Farmers will lose economic
plants such as banana and
Guava trees during the
installation of the
transmission mains.
Compensate farmers with cash that
will offset their losses.
The project
office, Rural -
Enderta
woreda
administration
and
Agriculture
office.
zone agricultural
Bureau
Before
construction
phase
Before
construction
phase
Small trees and bushes will
be cleared during the
construction of capping
structures, transmission
mains and access roads
affecting the terrestrial
vegetation cover (green
canopy) of the project area.
-Minimize impact by avoiding
unnecessary cutting
-Conserve and enhance reforestation
on the watershed giving priority to
immediate areas of the well field.
-Encourage tree plantation and
reforestation by providing seedlings
Contractor
Project
management
Unit
Rural –
Enderta
development
and
Agriculture
office
Supervisor
Project
management Unit
Rural –Enderta
development and
Agriculture office
During
Construction
and operation
During
Construction
and operation
Construction of reservoirs,
booster stations,
transmission mains and
access road will affect soil
structure, accelerate soil
erosion and siltation.
Introduce work procedures to put the
top soil back on its layer during
backfilling of trenches.
Plant grasses to cover deeply cut soil
surfaces of the access road shoulders.
Rehabilitate the site of selected
material quarry used for access road
by tipping construction waste.
Contractor
Construction
Supervisor
Environmentalist
During
construction
During
construction
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Trenches and soil piles will
create mosquito breeding
sites with stagnant water.
Backfill trenches properly and
promptly.
Design and build public water
fountains with proper provision of
drainage.
Contractor Construction
Supervisor
Mekelle zone
Health Office
every year
during the
wet season
of the
project
operation
every year
during the wet
season
.The right of way for
transmission line installation
requires demolition of
houses and court yard
fences.
Redesign and re-route the
transmission main to avoid the
resettlement of house holds
Project
designer
Consultant
Project
management Unit
Construction
Supervisor
Before
Construction
Before
Construction
The increase in vehicle flow
during construction is
expected to increase road
accident
Take precautionary measures by
mounting road/ traffic signs
Availing first aid kit
Contractor Construction
supervisor
During
construction
phase
During
construction
phase
Spillage of fuel, oil, grease
from the garage and pump
house of the project may
result in the pollution of the
nearby rivers
Take precautions not to spill fuel, oil
& grease to the soil and the streams
nearby.
Contractor Contractor During project
construction
During project
construction
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Increase in the supply of
water to Mekelle city is
expected to increase the
volume of liquid waste
consequently overloading
the existing sanitary
facilities
Put in place appropriate wastewater
treatment and disposal facilities.
Mekelle
Town
Municipality
Environmentalist
from Tigray
environment
Agency.
Project
management unit
1St
year of
the operation
phase
1St
year of the
operation
phase
Dust and noise will cause
nuisance during
construction impacting
residents.
Sprinkle water occasionally to
prevent dust pollution.
Contractor Construction
Supervisor
During
Construction
During
Construction
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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9. 2 Cost estimate for the implementation of mitigation measures Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures
Impacts Mitigation
Measures
Unit
Quanti
ty
Unit
Cost
(Birr)
Cost in
Birr
Remark
Unharvested crops on the
field will be damaged or
preparation of land for
next cropping season will
be interrupted.
Compensate farmers
with cash that will
offset for lost harvest
that can be generated
from 13.08Ha
Yield of
teff
harvestable
/ hectare
20
Quintals
of teff
/ha for
three
harvests
848
225, 000
This estimate includes
the compensation that
could be paid for
those farmers who
lost income due to
displaced top soil and
failing crops.
lose of economic plants –
Guava and Banana
Compensate farmers
with cash that will
offset their losses.
No of
Guava
trees and
value of
harvest per
year from
single tree
30 trees
lost (each
tree
causing
lose of
income
for two
years)
1000
30,000
lose of economic plants -
banana
Compensate farmers
with cash that will
offset their losses.
No of
banana
trees
5 1000 5000
Small trees and bushes
will be cleared during the
construction of capping
structures, transmission
mains and access roads
affecting the terrestrial
vegetation cover (green
canopy) of the project
area.
-Encourage tree
plantation and
reforestation by
providing seedlings
No 2000 10 20,000
Construction of reservoirs,
booster stations,
transmission mains and
access road will affect soil
structure, accelerate soil
erosion and siltation.
Plant grasses to cover
deeply cut soil
surfaces of the access
road shoulders.
-
Will be
determin
ed on site
during
construct
ion
lump
sum
10,000
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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9.3 Environmental and social monitoring
Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project implementation. It helps to follow up
the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and to capture unforeseen environmental
impacts of the project.
It is necessary to establish and maintain environmental monitoring system to assess the efficiency of
different mitigation measures, to perceive possible environmental hazards or to detect unpredicted
impacts in time. Monitoring of environmental parameters will timely signal potential problems and
will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures.
Due to capacity and resource limitations monitoring should be scoped to those indicators that are
most relevant for evaluation of the performance of the environmental mitigating measures. The
selection of the issues to be monitored must be based on the severity, extent and intensity of the
impacts.
For this particular project the proposed environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of
measurement and reporting requirement are indicated in table 15.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
S
No.
Impact Performance indicators to be
Monitored
Frequency of
measurement
Frequency of
reporting
Budget per
year in Birr
I Construction phase
1 Construction of reservoirs, booster station,
transmission mains and access road will affect
soil structure, accelerate soil erosion and
siltation
- erosion rate
- formation of gullies
At the time of heavy
rain during
construction and
operation.
After every
rainy season
5,000
2 Dust and noise will cause nuisance during
construction and operation impacting
residents.
Sprinkle water occasionally to
prevent dust pollution.
Limit late night work to avoid
noise nuisance during sleeping
hours in residential areas.
any time as problem
occurs during
construction
Every three
months
5,000
3 Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage
and pump house of the project may result in
the pollution of the nearby streams.
Water quality analysis of the
nearby streams
Any time such
problem occurs
Every six
months
10,000
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 94
S
No.
impact Performance indicators to be
Monitored
Frequency of
measurement
Frequency of
reporting
Budget per
year in Birr
4 Small trees and bushes will be cleared during
the construction of booster station,
transmission mains and access roads affecting
the terrestrial vegetation cover (green canopy)
of the project area.
Restoration of vegetation that
compensate affected sites
Once a year Once a year for
five years
5,000
5 The increase in vehicle flow during
construction is expected to increase road
accident
Number of accidents per month Every quarter of a
year
Every quarter
of a year
2,000
6 Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle
town will promote investment and is expected
to proportionally increase the liquid waste
volume generated from the Town
monitor adequacy of the
existing solid and liquid waste
management system
Every year Every year 5,000
Note: -Monitoring reports from the various parties should be sent to the Mekelle city water Supply and Sanitation Enterprise for compilation and
reporting to the Regional office in charge of the environment
-The regional office in charge of the Environment will assign environmental inspector during project construction and operation
-Monitoring cost will be covered by the institutions assigned to undertake the monitoring
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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References:
1. AESL 1982, Feasibility Study for Water Supply (Mekele), NWRC WSSA
2. Berhie H.S. 2006. Groundwater Resources Potential Assessment in Alamata Sub-basin,
Northern Ethiopia., MSc Thesis (WSE-HY-06.06), UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water
Education, March,
3. Castro A., Maoulidi M., and MCI; 2009. A Water and Sanitation Needs Assessment for
Mekelle City, Ethiopia, MCI social sector working paper series N° 7/2009
4. Devecon Engineering and Architects, Five Towns WSS study, Phase 1, Volume 1, Mekelle,
NWRC
5. Gebreegziabher K., and Tadesse T., Household demand for improved water supply services
in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia, 2010, Water Policy Uncorrected Proof (2010) 1–18
6. Kelil Adhana Tekle, etal, 2004. Nitrate Concentration in Drinking Ground Water Wells of
Mekelle, Ethiopia , Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems Vol.10/No.1/pp 1 -5
7. Lopez J., Maoulidi M., and MCI 2009. Education Needs Assessment for Mekelle city,
Ethiopia, MCI Social Sector Working Paper Series N° 4
8. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. Summary of Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of
Mekelle City, 2006/2010
9. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. .Draft Strategic Plan of Mekele City, 2003 – 2007.
10. The Government of Tigray National Regional State Tigray water resources, mines and
energy bureau, Mekelle water supply development project 2009. Emergency project on
water source & supply system.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 96
Annex IA: Census table of affected parties.
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 97
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
1 Gebrehiwot Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1890 - - -
2 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
3 Kiros Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 210
4. Sibhatu Shimbahri Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500
5. Zenebe G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
6 Gebre Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260
7 Amare Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220
8 Asefa Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130
9 G/Medhin Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420
10 Qeshi Amare Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520
11 G/Giorgis Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
12 Abraha Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
13 Nigisti Gidey Tedla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180
14 Solomon Gebre Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160
15 Solomon Amaze Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160
16 Woldu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
17 Mileate Abera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220
18 Tsehay Baraki Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
19 Abadi Tekleab Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
20 Mihret Woldegebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650
21 Goitom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660
22 Yirgaw Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270
23 Haleqa Solomon G/Egziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 410
24 Kaleayu Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480
25 Amare Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
26 Misgina G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150 - - -
27 G/Kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520
28 Medhin Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
29 Hadush Alene Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570
30 Halefom W/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520
31 Halefom Gerima Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 890
32 Haleqa Fetuw Misgina Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
33 Halefom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880
34 Tsegay Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 610
35 Meuz Kiros Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570
36 Meresieet Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
37 Berhe Gebremariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510
38 G/Medhin Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600
39 Haleqa Abreha Gebrezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250
40 Birhanu Gebrekidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
41 Haleqa Gebre Gerasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
42 Reda Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130
43 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 170
44 Abraha Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
45 Takele Tareke Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
46 Hailu Teklecheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
47 Gebrihat Lema Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 50
48 Getachew Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
49 Amate Alemu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180
50 Wolecheal Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 99
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
51 Seged Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180
52 Goitom Equar Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
53 Solomon Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70
54 Leus Gizaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 860
55 Harife G/tsadkan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 110
56 Gebremedhin W/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270
57 Woldeslassie Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 550
58 Haleqa Mehari Kebedew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
59 Hadush Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360
60 Solomon Fitsum Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570
61 G/mariam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
62 Halefom Aredom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190
63 Negash Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240
64 Qeshi G/tsadkan H/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270
65 Berhe Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660
66 Tsadikan W/Gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880
67 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440
68 Kindeya Gerlasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
69 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280
70 G/egziher Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730
71 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280
72 Kindeya Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70
73 Woldu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190
74 Gebrekiros Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 780
75 G/slassie Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 100
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
76 Woldu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220
77 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220
78 Meresa G/mariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 80
79 Gebreziher Tadesse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500
80 Woldu Atsbeha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230
81 Haleqa Hagazi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440
82 Haleqa Hadush Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
83 G/tekle G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390
84 Woldu Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310
85 G/abiyezgi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260
86 G/Hiwot Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180
87 Gebremedhin Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1020
88 Hailu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2320
89 Gebre Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2340
90 Tieumay Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280
91 Haleqa Abreha Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1880
92 Qeshi Hailu Alem Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2160
93 Qeshi Mebrahten Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420
94 Hagos Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
95 Gidey Gesesew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 560
96 Kahsay Tegegn Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
97 Haleqa Adhane Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
98 Kassa Tela Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
99 Fiseha Sibhatu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480
100 Amete G/amlak Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 101
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
101 Mehari Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230
102 Qeshi Belete Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440
103 Qeshi Halefom Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540
104 Ataklti Mebrahten Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120
105 Tadele Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120
106 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240
107 Kindihafti Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420
108 G/medhin Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420
109 Birhanu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 590
110 Asefa Hadush Asay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
111 Qeshi Mebrahten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1050
112 Amaze Gebremedhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
113 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
114 G/egzher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
115 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 430
116 Berhe G/Yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
117 Kahsu Adane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
118 Fiseha G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
119 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440
120 Nigus Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
121 Birhat Tsiruy Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 330
122 Tsega Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150
123 Teka W/gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800
124 Tadele Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460
125 Haile Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 102
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
126 Woldu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650
127 Gebremedhin Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 960
128 Roman Gezahen Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250
129 Wolela Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520
130 Kiros Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
131 Akeza Eyasu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
132 Hailu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
133 Mehari Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280
134 Tesfakiros Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310
135 Desalegn Asmaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730
136 Tikui Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 530
137 Desta Gebrezher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
138 Tadelu Absa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360
139 Mengistu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
140 Abraha Bashay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660
141 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440
142 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260
143 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800
144 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1490
145 Raese Debri Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650
146 Qeshi Kiros Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1150
147 Gebryohanes Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650
148 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630
149 Kidanu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570
150 Qeshi Abadi Arafayne Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 103
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
151 Kiros Lewte Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630
152 Mebrat G/michael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 620
153 Girmay Eibla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
154 Girmay Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190
155 Fiseha Mebrahtu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700
156 Tesfay Nigus Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 640
157 Abraha Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
158 Kidanu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
159 Hailu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700
160 Alembirhan Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280
161 Fireweini Gezae Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
162 G/slassie Yirga Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360
163 Kidanu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
164 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
165 Gebrehiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460
166 Gebrehanes Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390
167 Hailekiros Sebeho Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390
168 Muez Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390
169 Girmay Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390
170 Reda Haregu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
171 Birhat Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
172 G/slassie G/tensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520
173 Alemu Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540
174 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
175 Hadush Mulu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 104
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit
trees
Gesho
Others
176 Tadesse Ashebir Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
177 Abrehet G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310
178 Letekiros Enun Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260
179 Tsegay Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
180 Gebremedhin Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
181 Teka Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
182 Tsegay Haileslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420
183 Ashareg Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250
184 Tesfay Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 750
185 Desta Gerencheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 940
186 Yitbarek Biru Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
187 Tsega Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
188 Meresaeta Gebretatios Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310
189 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660
190 Tsere Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880
191 Meleakemihret Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650
192 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160
193 Abreha Tadele Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800
194 Hailu Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250
195 Haleqa Seifu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730
196 Mesfin Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650
197 Hailu Gebremichael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250
198 Haleqa G/ania G/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
199 G/hiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150
200 Fiseha Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 105
No
Name of affected
person/land holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle)
Cause of impact Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M2
Permanent fruit and other trees
Eucal
yptus
Fruit trees
Gesh
o
Others
201 Haleqa G/kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160
202 Muez G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
203 Muez Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200
204 Haleqa Solomon
G/egziabher
Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 60
205 Lilay Zenebe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270
206 Qeshi Birhaten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 20
207 Amaze G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
208 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
209 G/ezgiher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
210 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 430
211 Birhanu Tsiruy Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 150
212 Yemane Abreha Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160
213 Kiros Girmay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 60
214 Desta G/micheal Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240
215 Nigisti G/slassie Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 130
216 Mengistu Mehari Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160
217 Woldu Gidey Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 80
218 Tesfay Reda Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 250
219 Meleake-mihret Hailu Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 600
220 G/eyesus Amare Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240
221 Belaynesh Adhana Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 750
222 Nigus Kahsay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 389
223 Gembela Farmers
Association
Gembela Transmission line Vegetable
farm land
300 - 5 banana trees
30 Gauva trees
224 Qeshi Kindeya Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 400
225 G/Michael Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 220
226 Qeshi Hailu Abera Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 770
227 Haleqa Moges Miruts Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 290
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 106
228 W/ro Timnit Tsige Quiha/Ashago Transmission line
+ reservoire
Farmland 638
229 Ato Halefom G/Kiros Quiha/Ashago Transmission line
+ reservoire
Farmland 951.6
230 Ato Desalegn Belay Quiha/Ashago Transmission line
+ reservoire
Farmland 333.2
231 Ato Berhe Halefom Quiha/Ashago Transmission line
+ reservoire
Farmland 49.04
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 107
Annex IB: Long list of farmers who may be affected by displacement
of top soil from parts of their farm lands resulting in partial failure of
crops
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 108
Name of affected person/land
holder/
Location
(Woreda/Kebelle) Cause of impact
Type of
property
affected
Size of
land
affected
in M
1 Berhe Hadush Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26
2 G/medhin Teferi Newro Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128
3 Amare Lomaw Geras Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128
4 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29
5 Tesfay Reda Hadgu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 220
6 Tsega Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37
7 Mulu Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 24
8 Tiuemay Hailu Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
9 Mulu Hailu Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
10 Abeba Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
11 Belay Gidey Arefaine Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34
12 Kidanu Hisha Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14
13 Tiru Meresa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14
14 Mergeta Tsegay Abadi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19
15 Qeshi Abraha Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 17
16 Birhan Zereabruk Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29
17 Alemnesh Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21
18 Belay Hailu Tella Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23
19 Girmay Euble Gelise Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10
20 Fiseha Kiros Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12
21 Hanesu G/hanise Hindeya Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19
22 Tesfay Abadi Arafayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10
23 Gebremedhin Birhanu Wune Messebo Transmission line Farm land 9
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 109
24 Amaze Hagos Arefayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13
25 Gebre Yirga Messebo Transmission line Farm land 32
26 Asefa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28
27 Abadi Gidey Mircha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 93
28 Hailu G/eziher Marsha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 16
29 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 76
30 Abeba Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 107
31 Birhane Asay G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 102
32 Gidey Hindeya Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 106
33 Harefa G/yohanes Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29
34 Emahoy Abrehet Debil Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 66
35 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13
36 Hailay Desta G/mariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 53
37 Hadush Teklu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50
38 Abadi Hadush Nega Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52
39 Endahafti Hadush Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50
40 Kiros Gebremichael Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50
41 Wolde Gebrezgi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
42 Alemu Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
43 Kiros Woldegebriel Woreta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 48
44 Hadush Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26
45 Mitslal Meresa Daye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26
46 Hadush Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26
47 Harfa Kahsay Ambaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28
48 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25
49 Kiros Tesfay Ketema Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
50 G/giorgis G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 110
51 Meselech Melese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
52 Harfa G/Yohanes Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25
53 Mehari Amare Negus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
54 Haleqa Mebrahtu Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
55 Haregu Teklay Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52
56 Hadush Mulu Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
57 Hailemicheal G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47
58 Qeshi Miruts Beyene Messebo Transmission line Farm land 46
59 Gebrekorkos Woldeabiyu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50
60 Qeshi Nigus Gebrehailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
61 Hailu Gebre Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
62 Hagos Kiros Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
63 Berhe Akelom Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
64 Gebrehiwot Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
65 Fitsumbirhan Gebremeskel Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23
66 Qeshi Tesfeu Enun Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28
67 Geremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37
68 Birhanu Kiros Geremichael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 81
69 Gidena Gebreyes Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
70 Solomon Belay Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
71 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 41
72 Tekle Eyasu Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47
73 Gesesew Meresa Hagos Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18
74 Abebe Amare Hishe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18
75 Qeshi Mebrahtu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
76 Solomon Woldegebriels Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
77 Kahsu Kidanu Teka Messebo Transmission line Farm land 70
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 111
78 Woldu Kidanu Gebrihanese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
79 Mulu Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
80 Woldegiorgis Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 35
81 Birhane Gebush Gebrehiwot Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34
82 Kassa Girmay Shiferaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 68
83 Aregawi Alemseged Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
84 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29
85 Gebreslasse Tsegay Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29
86 Zewdu Gashaw Adane Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31
87 Gebrekiros Kassa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 33
88 Hadush Kidanu's Sister Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28
89 Almaz Mamo Amare Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28
90 Elf Halefom Tadesse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8
91 Seyoum Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8
92 Tsige Medhin Biley Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
93 Woldebirhan Kiros G?kidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 64
94 Haile Kinfe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13
95 Shishay Tsiruy Kebedew Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
96 Gebreziher Abraha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14
97 Araya Entaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21
98 Tafesu Kidanu Woldegergis Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21
99 Gebrihet Teka Embaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
100 Enda Kiros Gerekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37
101 Woldu Gerekidan Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50
102 Yirga Gebremariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26
103 Haleqa Mehari Nigus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12
104 Belay Geres Gebrehanes Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 112
105 Amare Gebreslassie Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27
106 Desta Tadese Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
107 Gerecheal Asefa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
108 Tsehay Teferi Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
109 Tsegu Amare Asgedom Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13
110 Tadess Amare Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10
111 Teklehaimanot Hailu Shama Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
112 Gebremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20
113 Abreha Tadese Gebrihet Messebo Transmission line Farm land 67
114 Kinfe Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22
115 Almie Mahber (Association) Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150
116 The Monk's land Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150
117 Dandera Elementary School Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60
118 Gidey Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6
119 Kiros G/Tatios Dandera Transmission line Farm land 119.6
120 Qeshi Kahsay G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58
121 Abraha Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80
122 Haleqa Kahsu T/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 57
123 Dagnew Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
124 Kahsay Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58
125 Embaye Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46
126 Meresa Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44
127 Mesfin Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 18
128 Desalegn Fitsum Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39
129 Abreha Hiruy Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46
130 Mulu Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56
131 Hagezom Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 113
132 Qeshi Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74
133 Lilay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21.7
134 Teklit Goitana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44
135 Mulu Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 107
136 Mihret Amelmal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38
137 Askale Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 81.5
138 Hishe G/Kidan Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44
139 Meresa G/medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
140 Fitsumbirhan Tadele Dandera Transmission line Farm land 144.5
141 Qeshi Teka Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 66
142 Qeshi Tsige Arefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
143 Desaley Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75
144 Tsehaynesh Arefe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108
145 Tsehay Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 71.4
146 Ezgu Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6
147 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48.5
148 Hadgu Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62
149 Fitsum Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
150 Gebremedhin Abraha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
151 Berhe Bayray Dandera Transmission line Farm land 96.5
152 Mulu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 64
153 Tesfay Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 106
154 Niguse W/giorgis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23.5
155 Niguse Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63
156 Hailu Abera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25.4
157 G/slassie Gebre maryram Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41
158 Equar Hailu & Gidey Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 114
159 Yohanes Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 47
160 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49
161 Qeshi Gebreyohanes Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 77
162 Mihret Assefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 28
163 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23
164 Lemlem Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 111
165 Mehari G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49
166 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 53
167 Hiwot Aregawi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 114
168 Hishe Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 12
169 Qeshi Negese Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36
170 Kidanu G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170
171 Asefa Gergis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21
172 Tadese Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67
173 Kebede Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25
174 Girma Teweldemariam Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60
175 Mehari Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48
176 Baraki Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26
177 Gebrezghi Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23
178 Abreha Gebrehet Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67
179 Tieumay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 132
180 Yigzaw Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69.7
181 Geretekle Tella Dandera Transmission line Farm land 51
182 Kiros Zereu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62
183 Desta Gebremedhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
184 Haleqa Redaie Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
185 Dimtsu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98.6
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
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186 Mulu Lema Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69
187 Haregot Endalew Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63
188 Berhe Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 104
189 Zewdu Hadegu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 35
190 Kebede Tela Dandera Transmission line Farm land 139
191 Halefom Gebrekiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44
192 Berhe Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45
193 Asmelash Hagazi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 128
194 Hishe Lemma Dandera Transmission line Farm land 200
195 Zimam Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 86
196 Hadish Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74
197 Hagazi Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98
198 Kahsay Abadi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 189
199 G/medhin Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 250
200 Kiros Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 89
201 Berhe Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108
202 Teklu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46
203 Abadi Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36
204 Mahari Bashay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45
205 Gebrehiwot Hishe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100
206 Afera Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58
207 Hiluf Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 136
208 Araya Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 78
209 Gebre Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98
210 Tadese Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29
211 Woldebirhan Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58
212 Mebrat Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70
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213 Tiuemay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26
214 Belay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
215 Mulu Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40
216 Kassa Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
217 Abeba Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29
218 Berhe Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75
219 Birhanu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75
220 Gidey Atsbaha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80
221 Kahsay Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70
222 G/meskel G/hiwot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170
223 Lemlem Gezu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16
224 Hailemariam Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75
225 Hishe Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 82
225 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 65
226 Haleqa Kahsu Melese Dandera Transmission line Farm land 33
227 Hadush Belete Dandera Transmission line Farm land 125
228 Habe Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 19
229 Minas Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38
230 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 116
231 Redaie Gerecheal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 105
232 Barieu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 43
233 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
234 Woldebirhan Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 150
235 Kidanu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 8
236 Teklu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100
237 Haleqa Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40
238 Kahsay Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40
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239 Alene Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22
240 Asefa Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39
241 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 9
242 Qeshi Equar Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60
243 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 87
244 Hailu Hadush Fekadu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 54
245 Haleqa Gerase Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
246 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 52
247 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98
248 Gebrekiros Haileslassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22
249 Qeshi Hailu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 55
250 Tewelde Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
251 Kidanu Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
252 Birhane Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
253 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74
254 Tiuemay Habbo Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
255 Gebrekiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
256 Haleqa G/kiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
257 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27
258 Berhe Kebede Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25
259 Hailu Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25
260 Tesfay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25
261 Haleqa Araya W/gebriel Dandera Transmission line Farm land 11
262 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
263 Qeshi Mezgebe Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45
264 G/hiwot Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108
265 Aregawi Gebreyesus Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41
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266 Tsegabirhan Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58
267 Shige Solomon Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50
268 Belay Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46
269 Solomon Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80
270 Hailemariam Adihana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16
271 Qeshi Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36
272 Tadele Tsgay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30
273 Hadush Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40
274 Gerase Kidanu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56
275 Tesfay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 76
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Annex II
SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assist in the evaluation of sub-
projects of the Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Ethiopia. The form is designed to place
information in the hands of sub-project implementers and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation
measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be
determined.
The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the
prevailing local bio-physical and social environment with the aim to assess the potential sub-project
impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation
measures and/or resettlement and compensation.
Name of sub-project: Mekelle Emergency Water Supply S Project
Sector: Water Supply and Sanitation
Name of the Community/Woreda/Town in which the sub-project is to be implemented: Mekelle city,
Tigray Regional State
Name of Implementing Agency: Mekelle Water Supply Enterprise
Name of the Approving Authority: Ministry of Water Resource
Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:
Name: Tequam Tesfamariam and Zereu Girmay
Job title: ESIA Consultants
Telephone numbers: 0911-675791(mobile)/0911-347013
E-mail address: [email protected] / [email protected]
Date: July, 2010
Signature: TequamTesfamariam
Zereu Girmay
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PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB - PROJECT
Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (area, required land, approximate
size of total building floor area).
Provide information about actions needed during the construction/rehabilitation of facilities including
support/ancillary structures and activities required to build it, e.g. need to quarry or excavate borrow
materials, installation pipes/lines to connect to energy or water source, access road etc.
Describe how the sub-project will operate including support/activities and resources required to operate
it e.g. roads, disposal site, water supply, energy requirement, human resource etc.
PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Describe the sub- project location, sitting, surroundings (include a map, even a sketch map).
Project is located in Enderta woreda, Mekelle city, Tigray Regional state, 830 kms north of Addis Ababa.
Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area
The Land where the Dandera well field is located is flat to roll and land is predominantly used for
farming, grazing and rural residences. The Chinferes well field is located at the bottom of a mountain
valley on a flat river banks. The land use in the mountain valley is predominantly open grazing land with
parts of the mountain designated for area closure. The vegetation covers of the project areas are barely
thin.
Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.
The well fields and transmission lines to be installed mostly lie in open lands where the vegetation cover is
quite sparse. Therefore the project will not induce clearing of meaningful size of vegetation.
Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species
Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be
adversely affected by the project?
(i) Intact natural forests: Yes __________No ______X_____
(ii) Riverine forest: Yes _____________ No _____X______
(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs Yes ____________ No ______X_____
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(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes _______No __X___
(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)? The nearest river is about 50m beside the Chinferes wells.
(vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ___________ No ___X_______
(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required under Ethiopian national law/local law and/or international agreements.
Yes ___________ No ____X______
(viii) Others (describe). Yes _______-_____ No __-__________
Rivers and Lakes Ecology
Is there a possibility that, due to construction and operation of the sub-project, the river and lake
ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature,
productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time.
Yes _____X_________ No ______________
Comments: The wells on Chinferes site are to be drilled on the riverbanks of Qawa and Ruba-wushti
rivers. The well drilling and operation activities will impact the rivers.
Site Hydrogeology (according to available information): The Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers drain into the
Geba river which itself drains into the bigger Tekeze River.
Type of aquifer (continuous, fracture)/ fractured
Depth of aquifer/ 250 meters.
Seasonal fluctuations/ Medium
Known quality problems /None
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Surface Water
What is the water course in the surroundings of the site?
Nature (river, stream, spring, lake)/:
The main surface waters found in the Chinferes groundwater source areas are two small rivers named
Qawa and Ruba-wushti. These rivers flow into the bigger Geba (Gobay) river and further downstream it
join with the tributaries of Tekeze River. Mekelle city is not endowed with appreciable surface water
resource. There are few small perennial streams such as the Illala River at the suburbs of the city. Surface
waters on the Quiha and Dandera groundwater fields are also very scares.
Distance to site /
The Chinferes groundwater well fields are located at about 20kms distance northwest from Mekelle city.
The Dandera well field is about 5km off the main road from Quiha town. The Quiha well (PW9) is located
south of Mekelle city at a distance of about 10kms.
Downstream/upstream the site/:
The Dandera and Chinferes well fields are located South and Northwest of mekelle city at a distance of
about 15 to 20kms.The city as such is located at the middle of the two well fields with the chinferes side
being upstream and the Dandera side down stream of it.
Give an assessment of potential water course sensitivity to water point construction and operation:
The deep wells to be drilled on the Chinferes well field are situated along the immediate river banks of
Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers. The drilling activities will result in the disposal of drilling fluids that could
have hazardous nature into the rivers.
Drainage conditions on-site
Description of present drainage conditions on site (site topography, infiltration capacity of soil):
The topography of the Chinferes well field is dominated by mountain valleys that are hilly and rolling. The
valley floors where the well fields are situated are relatively flat and it forms the main drainage area for
the surrounding basin. The topography of the Dandera and quiha well field side is mostly flat with
sparsely distributed hills.
Risks of water retention (site in a low point): Over flooding of the chinferes well field.
Feasibility of simple drainage improvements to eliminate water retention problems: It can easily be
made feasible
Water Use and Water Users
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Describe the water use in the vicinity of the site
Nature of water point / the chinferes, Dandera and Quiha wells are deep wells. The villagers in the
locality use spring sources and shallow wells which has been dug and developed previously.
Distance: Mekelle city which is the ultimate user of the water from the deep wells have a distance of about
20kms from Dandera and Chinferes sites.
Downstream/upstream/: Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha villages are found in a radius of 1-3kms from
the deep well ground water points to be developed.
Type of usage/: The spring and shallow well waters previously developed are used by the villagers for
domestic use including drinking, bathing and also for cattle watering.
Give an assessment of potential water use sensitivity to water point construction and operation.
Apparently, the drilling of deep wells for groundwater development to lessen the shortage of water supply
in Mekelle city will not have any sensitivity in the respective areas. This is because the local villages are
dependent on previously developed shallow wells and springs and hence will not have special sensitivity
for the new developments.
Is there potential for conflict between users; if so, how should this conflict be solved?
No potential conflict is expected between users from the implementation of the project.
Protected areas
Does the sub-project area (or components of the sub-project) occur within/adjacent to any protected
areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site etc.)
Yes ___x______ No ___ _________
If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology
within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds).
Yes __________ No _______X_____
Geology and Soils
Describe the Site Geology (according to available geological map):
Describe the soil as follows:
Type of soil/ red Litosol (Mekelle)
Sensitivity to erosion / Medium
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Extent of erosion already taking place on site/ Medium
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability
(prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc)?
Yes ____ X ________ No ____ ________
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase
in soil salinity?
Yes _____x________ No _______ ______
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low-
lying, or in a depression or block run-off water
Yes _____ x ________ No ____ _________
Contamination and Pollution Hazards
Is there a possibility that the sub-project will be at risk of contamination and pollution hazards (from
latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges, drilling oils etc)
Yes _________ ____ No ______x_______
Landscape/aesthetics
Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local
landscape?
Yes __________ No ___X_________
Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site
Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations,
could the sub-project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred, ritual area)
site, cemetery, graves, or require excavation?
Yes ____ _______ No ____ X ________
In the event of a chance find, please contact the appropriate authorities:
- Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism for chance finds encountered at the regional level;
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) for chance finds encountered at the federal level. If
there is no Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism, contact MoCT direct.
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Resettlement and/or Land Acquisition
Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of
access to land and other economic resources be caused by project implementation?
Yes ______X _____ No _________________
If “Yes” Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is triggered. Please refer to the Resettlement Policy
Framework (RPF) for appropriate mitigation measures to be taken.
Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure
Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-
structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc)?
Yes ____X________ No ______________
Block of access and routes or disrupt normal operations in the general area
Will the project interfere or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock and wildlife) or traffic routing
and flows?
Yes ____ _______ No _______X_______
Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operations
Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits?
Yes ___________ No __X_____________
Will the construction result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?
Yes ____ _______ No ___ __ X __________
Will the operation result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?
Yes _______ ___ No __ ______ X _______
Degradation and/or depletion of resources during construction and operation
Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (construction materials,
water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation at points of
source?
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Yes ____X_______ No _______________
Will the quarries have to be rehabilitated?
Yes ________X____________ No_____ _______
Solid or Liquid Wastes
Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (Including human excreta/sewage, hospital waste,
asbestos)
Yes ________X_______ No ______________
If “Yes”, does the sub-project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal?
Yes _____ _________ No.__________ X____________
Are there guidelines for the safe disposal of asbestos?
Yes ________________ No ___X___________
Public Health
Will the sub-project contribute to an increase in malaria due to an increase in water supply?
Yes: ______ X_ _________ No.______________
Describe the current situation regarding malaria, assess potential impacts due to the sub-project, and recommend an appropriate mitigation measure
Malaria is not among the top ten diseases of the Mekelle area. However, the excavation of trenches for
transmission line installation can result in creating breeding grounds for Mosquito and hence will spread
malaria. Therefore, the trenches excavated and soils removed should be attended carefully not create
breeding ground for mosquito.
Occupational health hazards
Will the project require large number of staff and labourers?
Yes ______ X___________ No _________ ____
Will the project require a large/long-term construction camp?
Yes ________________ No _X_____
Are the project activities prone to hazards, risks and could result in accidents and injuries to workers during construction or operation?
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Yes ______X__________ No ______________
Could project activities result in accidents and injuries to third parties during construction or operation?
Yes _______X_________ No ______________
Will the sub-project require frequent maintenance and or repair
Yes _______ X__________ No ______________
Public Consultation
Has public consultation and participation been sought?
Yes _____X_________ No _______________
Document meetings in the Meeting Form and attach to this ESSF (Annex 3)
PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES
For all “Yes” responses above, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect.
Identified Impact Mitigation
the existing solid and liquid facilities will be
stressed due to increase in volume of solid and
liquid waste
construction of wastewater treatment or
oxidation pond and appropriate conveyance
system are recommended to be in place
due to the excavation of the transmission mains
farmers will lose some of their economic trees
and crops
adequate financial compensation is proposed to
be provided
Malaria problem will increase due to the
increase in stagnant water bodies and lack of
proper drainages
stagnant water bodies will be drained and
proper drainage will be proposed to be
constructed
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Sub-Project Categorization (tick applicable box)
CATEGORY A: This sub-project has been categorized as A (Schedule 1) due to one or
more major adverse impacts, and therefore cannot be funded under WSSP. It will be
either re-designed or re-submitted to the environmental screening process after re-
design, or abandoned.
CATEGORY B: This sub-project has been categorized as B (Schedule 2) due to
potential environmental issue identified which can be mitigated as follows:
CATEGORY B1: The application of simple mitigation measures will suffice (using the
Environmental and Social Checklist as a guide). No separate Environmental Impact
Assessment will be required;
CATEGORY B2: A separate Environmental Impact Assessment will be required:
Preparation of a separate EIA to get a better understanding of the potential
environmental and social issues that have been identified in the screening process
and develop a specific Environmental and Social Management Plan
CATEGORY C: No significant environmental issue identified, no specific mitigation
required; sub-project implementation can proceed. Environmental Guidelines for
Construction Contractors shall be appended to construction contract and applied.
Prepared by (name, position, signature): Tequam Tesfamariam
Date: June 2008
Reviewed by (name, position, signature): -------
Date: ---------
Cleared by (name, position, signature): ----------
X
X
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Annex III
List of Consulted Institutions
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No. Name of contacted
person
Title Institution Tel
1 Gidena Abebe General Manager, Mekelle water supply and
Sanitation Service
0914 300167
2 Ato Selomon Abera Core Process Owner Water Resources, Mines and
Energy Buraeu of Tigray
-
3 Ato Yibrah Tella Support Process Owner Mekelle water supply and
Sanitation Service
0914 734224
4 Ato Alene Birhane Civil Engineer Mekelle water supply and
Sanitation Service
0914 759654
5 Ato Hailu Seifu Water Supply Engineer Water Resources, Mines and
Energy Buraeu of Tigray
0914 761264
6 Ato Mengistu Surveyor Water Resources, Mines and
Energy Buraeu of Tigray
0914 727040
7 Ato Abreha Woldu Office Head Mekelle Zonal Health Office 034 40 66 88
8 Ato Zemenfeskidus
Fisseha
Officer, Teachers
development and
management
Mekelle Zonal Education office 0914 757839
9 Ato Fisseha Tadesse Officer, Education
Supervision
Mekelle Zonal Education office 034 401323
10 Ato Gebreegziabher
Naizgi
Core Process Owner TigrayCulture and Tourism
Buraeu
034 40 10 31
11 Ato Mehari Office Head Rural Enderta Agriculture and
rural development office
0914 106179
12 Ato Yirga Tadesse EIA Expert Tigray Regional state land use
administration and
environmental protection
Agency
0914 741256
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Annex IV
Minutes of the public consultation
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(I) Consultative Meeting with Stakeholders and Affected parties
Date: 9/10/2010 Sub-Project: Mekelle WSS
Location: - Mesebo and Gergenbes areas Kebelles: Romanat and Aynalem
Woreda: Rural Enderta Region: Tigray
Attendees:
Mekelle WSS Enterprise: - Ato Yibrah Tela, Head of support process of the
enterprise
- Ato Alene Birhane, Civil Engineer of the Enterprise
Other Stakeholders - Qeshi Mehari G/yohanes, Administrator of Mariam
Dehan kebele
- Reese Debri Debesay Atsbeha, town elder
- Gebreslassie Kiros, Dandera land Administration
- About 46 participants from the impacted kebelles in
Chinferes and Dandera areas (refer meeting minutes for
name list)
Meeting Agenda and Purpose:
The purpose of the meeting was to brief and discuss with the participants regarding the project
activities and the likely negative and positive significant impacts that will occur during its
implementation. The meeting was also aiming to collect the issues of concern and interests of the
various stakeholders and affected parties.
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Brief Summary of the Meeting:
The consultation meeting was attended by 46 participants representing stakeholders and affected
parties from the rural and peri-urban kebelles of Enderta woreda and Mekelle city in which
construction and operation activities of the project will be conducted. The participants came from
chinferes and Dandera sides including Mariam Dehan, Mahbere Genet, Shibta, Gergenbes and
Dandera rural and peri-urban kebelles. For the sake of convenience of the participants the
consultation meeting was conducted in two places. In the morning consultation was conducted in
Messebo area with the group of participants from the Chinferes side. In the afternoon
consultation meeting was conducted with the group from Dandera side.
The ESIA consultant made presentations to the participants that cover the objectives of the
project, the infrastructures to be built by each component of the project, and the positive and
negative impacts that will arise during construction and operation of the project. The purpose was
to create awareness and understanding of the project impacts among stakeholders and also to seek
solutions to the anticipated adverse impacts by proposing appropriate mitigating measures.
Following the presentations of the ESIA consultant, the floor was opened for discussion. Several
opinions, questions and comments were aired by the participants. Some of the issues raised in the
meeting include the following:
- Whether trenches excavated for installation of transmission lines will be refilled
timely to avoid unnecessary inconveniences and disturbances on the farming activities
and to the daily movement of the community around?
- Whether the project will clear the material that will be arising from excavation of
trenches for the transmission lines, so that the farming fields will not be spoiled by
boulders and big rocks?
- Whether compensation will be paid to those parties whose perennial and non-
perennial crops will be affected?
- Whether the project will compensate those farm lands with very thin and shallow top
soil which will not grow crops for some seasons after the disturbance and
displacement of the top soil by trench excavation?
- Whether the project can provide water points to those villages which have severe
water shortage and through which the transmission line crosses.
In response to the issues raised by the participants explanations were given. It was agreed that the
excavation works will disturb the farm fields and crops. For those farmers whose crops are
damaged by the excavation works will be compensated in cash by applying the appropriate
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legislations. But it was noted that if the excavation is conducted in the dry season when there are
no crops growing on the farming fields, compensation will not be paid for no crops are damaged.
Those farmers whose farming fields will be spoiled by the excavation material will be taken care
of. The contractor is obliged to clean the excavation sites by refilling the trenches with the
excavated material and to timely remove the left over‘s. Under a circumstance where that is not
done, farmers are requested to report in group to the Mekelle WSS for further action to be taken.
On the other side, those farmers whose farming fields have thin and shallow top soil and which is
disturbed by excavation will have to receive compensation after confirming the part of their
farming fields which failed to grow crops.
The meeting was very lively and discussions continued until 11:30am during the morning session
and up to 4:30pm in the afternoon session. The various stakeholders and affected party
representatives were finally satisfied by the compensation mitigation measure and by the
measures and actions to be taken for site clearing. As a result they endorsed the project and asked
for its rapid implementation.
Main Issues for Follow-Up:
Description of the Issue Raised by Proposed follow-up
action
To be done by Comments
Cropping activities on
certain farmlands will be
affected by excavation
material left unattended by
the contractor.
Affected
Farmers
The contractor should be
instructed firmly to clear
the transmission line
installation sites by
carting away excavation
material such as heavy
rocks and boulders from
the farming fields. Or the
WSS project should find
an alternative solution by
hiring necessary
machineries to do the
work.
Mekelle WSS
project
Affected farmers
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Farming fields whose
shallow and thin layer
top soil is scrapped by
excavation and as a
result of which couldn‘t
grow crops for one or
more seasons should be
compensated for the their
forgone incomes.
Affected
farmers
The Mekelle WSS project
in collaboration with the
local administrations
should see to it that those
farmers who missed
incomes by not being able
to grow crops on the
excavated part of their
farmland are listed out
and compensated.
Mekelle WSS
project
Local
administrations
and the farmers
association
All farmers whose
perennial and seasonal
crops are affected by the
excavation work should
be compensated
Affected
farmers
Most of the farmers,
especially on chinferes
side, whose crops were
affected by the excavation
activities of the project
were compensated for the
lost income. However,
there are few remaining
on the Dandera side
whose names are
indicated in the census
table in Annex IA. Also
farmers whose land is
used for building
reservoirs should be
compensated by giving
replacement land.
- Mekelle WSS
project
- Land use
administration
and
environmental
protection
bureau of Tigray
regional state.
-
Administrations
of local Kebelle
farmers
association
Prepared by: Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay SEIA Consultants
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Annex V
Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors
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Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors
GENERAL: APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND ESMP
1. These general environmental guidelines apply to any work to be undertaken under the
UWSS Project. For certain work sites entailing specific environmental and/or social issues, a
specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, including an Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP), has been prepared to address the above-mentioned
specific issues in addition to these general environmental guidelines. In addition to these
general environmental Guidelines, the Contractor shall therefore comply with any specific
ESMP for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall be informed by the Client
about such an ESMP for certain work sites, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully
take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the
approved ESMP after written instruction by the works supervisor to fulfil his obligation within
the requested time, the Client reserves the right to arrange for execution of the missing
action by a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall
implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social
impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any
environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP where such an ESMP
applies.
3. These Environmental Guidelines, as well as any specific ESMP, apply to the Contractor.
They also apply to any sub-contractors present on Project work sites at the request of the
Contractor with permission from the Client.
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES
4. In general, environmental protection measures to be taken at any work site shall include
but not be limited to:
(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the environment resulting from earth mixing sites,
lubricating equipment, construction related traffic on temporary or existing access roads, etc.
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to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity
of work sites and access roads.
(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction
activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) comply with Ethiopian standards and are generally kept
at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise
levels and nearby communities.
(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation
channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being
carried out. In the case of this particular project, the contractor when carrying out the
construction work around the spring source should giving due attention and care to minimize
and/or prevent disturbance of the spring formation
(d) Prevent any construction-generated substance, including oils, lubricants and waste water
used or produced during the execution of works, from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation
channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs.
(e) Avoid or minimize the occurrence of standing water in holes, trenches, borrow areas,
etc…
(f) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of
temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including
protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements.
Restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.
(g) Upon discovery of graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient
heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical
importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the Client so
that the Ministry in charge of Culture may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the
measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.
(h) Prohibit construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such
as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a
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negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. Prohibit
explicitly the transport of any bush meat in Contractor’s vehicles.
(i) Prohibit the transport of firearms in Project-related vehicles.
(j) Prohibit the transport of third parties in Project-related vehicles.
(k) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevent
siltation, etc.
(l) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction
workers camps.
(m) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of
foreign material and long distance transportation.
(n) Ensure public safety, and meet Ethiopian traffic safety requirements for the operation of
work to avoid accidents.
(o) Ensure that any trench, pit, excavation, hole or other hazardous feature is appropriately
demarcated and signposted to prevent third-party intrusion and any safety hazard to third
parties.
(p) Comply with Ethiopian speed limits, and for any traffic related with construction at UWSS
Project sites, comply with the following speed limits unless Ethiopian speed limits are lower:
- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h
- Open road: 90 km/h.
(q) Ensure that, where unskilled daily-hired workforce is necessary, such workers are hired
from neighbouring communities.
(r) Generally comply with any requirements of Ethiopian law and regulations.
5. besides the regular inspection of the sites by the supervisor appointed by the Client for
Adherence to the Contract conditions and specifications, the Client may appoint an
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environmental inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and
any proposed mitigation measures. State or Regional Environmental Authorities may carry
out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the Client’s supervisor, the
contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors.
PIPELINES
6. No trench shall be left open for more than 7 days, unless duly authorized by the
supervisor upon Contractor’s request. Trenches and other excavation works shall be
demarcated and/or signposted to avoid third party intrusion.
7. General conditions related with topsoil stripping, storage and restoration apply.
8. The Contractor will take measures to dispose of water used for pressure tests in a
manner that does not affect neighbouring settlements.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
9. All drums, containers, bags, etc. containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other
hazardous chemicals shall be stored at construction sites on a sealed and/or bonded area in
order to contain potential spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated
during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in
line with applicable Ethiopian government waste management regulations.
10. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops, housing quarters and generally
from camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage
system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.
11. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected, properly stored in sealed containers, and
either disposed of appropriately at designated sites or be re-cycled.
12. Entry of runoff into construction sites, staging areas, camp sites, shall be restricted by
constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as berms, drains, dams, etc. to
reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
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13. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and
reused or disposed of on a daily basis.
14. Where temporary dump sites for clean excavated material are necessary, they shall be
located in areas, approved by the Client’s supervisor, where they will not result in
supplemental erosion. Any compensation related with the use of such sites shall be settled
prior to their use.
15. Areas for temporary storage of hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and
solid materials shall be approved by the supervisor and appropriate local and/or relevant
national or local authorities before the commencement of work. Disposal of such waste shall
be in existing, approved sites.
QUARRIES AND BORROW AREAS
16. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to
operate quarries or borrow areas. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject
to review and approval by relevant local and national authorities.
17. New extraction sites:
a) Shall not be located less than 1km from settlement areas, archaeological areas, cultural
sites
– Including churches and cemeteries, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component,
or on high or steep ground.
b) Shall not be located in water bodies, or adjacent to them, as well as to springs, wells, well
fields.
c) Shall not be located in or near forest reserves, natural habitats or national parks.
d) Shall be designed and operated in the perspective of an easy and effective rehabilitation.
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Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with
grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.
e) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing
and safety hazards for third parties.
18. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of
construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance
of operations.
19. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees or other natural obstacles can act
as buffers to prevent dust pollution, and generally at a distance from human settlements.
Wind shall be taken into consideration when siting stockpile areas. Perimeter drains shall be
built around stockpile areas.
20. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of
these guidelines, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or
the supervisor.
REHABILITATION OF WORK AND CAMP SITES
21. Topsoil shall be stripped, removed and stored for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall
not be stripped when they are wet. Topsoil shall not be stored in large or high heaps. Low
mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.
22. Generally, rehabilitation of work and camp sites shall follow the following principles:
- To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or
impaired.
- Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with
soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.
- Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be stable, adequately drained and suitable for the
desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.
- Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.
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- Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions
dictate otherwise.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
23. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water needs of local communities.
To this effect, any temporary water abstraction for construction needs from either ground or
surface water shall be submitted to the following community consultation process:
- Identification of water uses that may be affected by the planned water abstraction,
- Consultation with all identified groups of users about the planned water abstraction,
- In the event that a potential conflict is identified, report to the supervising authority.
This consultation process shall be documented by the Contractor (minutes of meeting) for
review and eventual authorization of the water withdrawal by the Client’s supervisor.
24. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the
consultation of the local community as mentioned and after obtaining a permit from the
relevant authority.
25. Abstraction of water from wetlands is prohibited.
26. Temporary damming of streams and rivers is submitted to approval by the supervisor.
It shall be done in such a way as to avoid disrupting water supplies to communities
downstream, and to maintain the ecological balance of the river system.
27. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall
be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. Similarly, wash water from washing
out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. Washing bays
shall be sited accordingly. Unless site conditions are not favourable, it will generally be
infiltrated through soak pits or similar.
28. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system,
and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY SAFETY
29. Location of temporary access roads shall be done in consultation with the local
community and based on the screening results, especially in important or sensitive
environments. Temporary access roads shall not traverse wetland areas or other
ecologically sensitive areas. The construction of any access roads shall be submitted to a
prior consultation process with potentially affected communities that will have to be
documented (minutes of meetings) for supervisor’s review and approval.
30. Upon the completion of civil works, all temporary access roads shall be ripped and
rehabilitated.
31. Measures shall be taken to suppress dust emissions generated by Project traffic.
32. Maximum speed limits for any traffic related with construction at UWSS Project sites
shall be the following, unless Ethiopian speed limits are locally lower:
- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h
- Open road: 90 km/h.
SALVAGING AND DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE COMPONENTS FOUND BY REHABILITATION WORKS
33. Obsolete materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment,
pipes, accessories and demolished structures shall be salvaged and disposed of in a
manner approved by the supervisor. The Contractor has to agree with the supervisor which
elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused,
and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.
34. Any asbestos cement material that might be uncovered when performing rehabilitation
works will be considered as hazardous material and disposed of in a designated facility.
COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
35. Compensation of land acquired permanently for Project purposes will be handled under
Client responsibility based on the provisions of the RPF. However, in the event that the
Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damages property; he shall repair the property to the
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owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from
the owner/user a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to
indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.
36. In any case where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed
by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the supervisor.
CONTRACTOR’SHEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (HSE-MP)
37. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an HSE-MP to
ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of
the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any
specific requirements of an ESMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two
main purposes:
38. The Contractor’s HSE-MP shall provide at least:
- A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental
management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an ESMP;
- A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize
adverse impacts;
- A description of all planned monitoring activities and the reporting thereof; and
- The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
39. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of
the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSE-MP covers all of the
identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential
impacts.
HSE REPORTING
40. The Contractor shall prepare bi-monthly progress reports to the Client on compliance
with these general conditions, the sub-project ESMP if any, and his own HSE-MP. The
Contractor’s reports will include information on:
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- HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national
authorities;
- Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost
consequences, etc. as a result thereof);
- Non-compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
- Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE
aspects; and
- Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during
site meetings.
41. The reporting of any significant HSE incidents shall be done as soon as practicable.
Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. The Contractor should keep his
own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is
advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as Annexes to the
bi-monthly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client.
TRAINING OF CONTRACTOR’S PERSONNEL
42. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they
are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project ESMP, and his
own HSE-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training will
be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the
implementation of the HSE-MP. Training activities will be documented for potential review by
the Client.
43. Amongst other issues, training will include an awareness session for all employees on
HIV-AIDS addressing the following topics:
- What is HIV/AIDS?
- How is HIV/AIDS contracted?
- HIV/AIDS prevention.
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Annex VI: Environmental Scores and Range Values
Environmental Scores & Range Bands
Environmental Score
(ES)
Range
Value (RV)
Description Range Band
108 to 72 5 Major positive change/impact
71 to 36 4 Significant positive change/impact
35 to 19 3 Moderate positive change/impact
10 to 18 2 Positive change/impact
1 to 9 1 Slight positive change/impact
0 0 No change
- 1 to 19 -1 Slight negative change/impact
-10 to -18 -2 Negative change/impact
-19 to 35 -3 Moderate negative change/Impact
-36 to -71 -4 Significant negative change/impact
-72 to -108 -5 Major negative change/impact