Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan...

Prepared for National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

(Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India)

Final Report

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage

Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ of

Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad)

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© The Energy and Resources Institute 2014

Suggested format for citation

T E R I. 2014

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works

in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh

New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.

[Project Report No. 2010WM13]

For more information Project Monitoring Cell

T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111

Darbari Seth Block E-mail [email protected]

IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145

New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org

India India +91 • Delhi (0)11


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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ............................................................................................. 9

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ....................................................................................... 9

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ................................................................................... 10

1.3 Project Components ....................................................................................................... 10

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development .............................................. 10

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments .............................. 11

1.4 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................. 12

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 13

2.1 About the City ................................................................................................................ 13

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City ......................................................... 13

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) .............. 14

2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II .............................. 15

2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM ..................... 15

2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan ......................................................................................... 16

2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A ......................................... 19

2.3 Necessity of this project ................................................................................................ 19

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project ...................................................................... 21

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System .......................................................................................... 23

2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work .................................................. 23

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule .............................................................................. 25

2.5.3 Financing .......................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 27

3.1 Methodology................................................................................................................... 27

3.2 Project Screening ............................................................................................................ 29

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ................................................................................ 41

CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................. 42

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental................................................. 42

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India .................................................. 42

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ................................................. 42

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social ................................................................. 45

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP ................. 47

CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS ................................................................................................... 50

5.1 Baseline Environmental ................................................................................................ 50

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography .................................................................... 50

5.1.2 Climate .............................................................................................................. 50

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features ........................................................... 51

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................... 53

5.1.5 Noise Environment ......................................................................................... 55

5.1.6 Water Environment ........................................................................................ 57

5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage .................................................................................... 63

5.1.8 Waste Water Management ............................................................................. 64

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................. 66

5.1.10 Biological Environment ................................................................................. 68

5.2 Baseline Social Status ..................................................................................................... 71


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5.2.1 Public Consultation ......................................................................................... 76

CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ............................................................ 80

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ................................................................................ 80

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase ................................................................... 80

6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase .............................................................. 80

6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase ................................................................... 83

6.2 Potential Social Impacts ................................................................................................ 84

6.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 87

CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................. 89

7.1 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................... 89

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN ................................. 89

7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor .................................................................... 89

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................. 98

7.3 EMP Budget .................................................................................................................... 98

7.4 Social Management Plan ............................................................................................. 109

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase .................................. 109

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ....................................... 111

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of

project activities ............................................................................................. 111

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and

Implementation of Mitigation Plan ............................................................ 114

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for

Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures ..................................... 114

CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES .............................................. 118

8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ................................................... 118

8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be

provided by the project ............................................................................................... 119

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 120

ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................. 121

ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ......................................... 124

ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA ..................................................................................................... 129


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List of Tables

Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in

Allahabad* .................................................................................................................... 17

Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) ....................................................... 20

Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening .................................. 30

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations ......................................................... 42

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ................................................................................... 46

Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at

Allahabad ..................................................................................................................... 51

Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time ............................................................... 52

Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample ................................................................................................. 52

Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010

to April 2011) ............................................................................................................... 53

Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels

[Leq in dB (A)] ............................................................................................................. 56

Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ ........................................................... 57

Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) ......................................... 58

Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during

Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 .............................................................................. 61

Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored

during March 2010 to April 2011 .............................................................................. 61

Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage

district ‘A’ ..................................................................................................................... 65

Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A ....................................................... 66

Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex,

Allahabad ..................................................................................................................... 72

Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed

land use ......................................................................................................................... 73

Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad .......................................................... 74

Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table ............................. 78

Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan ............................................................................... 91

Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................... 99

Table 7.3 EMP Budget ............................................................................................................... 102

Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan ................................................................ 108

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan .......................................................................................... 112

Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation ....................................... 115


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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city ............................................................... 18

Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh. ........... 22

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment ..... 27

Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the

roads in District A ................................................................................................ 39

Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during

2008-2009 ............................................................................................................... 54

Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in

Allahabad .............................................................................................................. 55

Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 ............... 56

Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years ....... 59

Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years .......... 60

Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A ........................... 64

Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’ ............................................................... 68

Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city ................................. 70

Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate ......................................................... 71

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A .. 75

Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers ........................................................................................... 77

Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase .......................................... 77

Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width

less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units,

where the chances of traffic congestion could be high ................................... 85


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Executive Summary

Introduction

As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India

(GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February

2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World

Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through

several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at:

i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable

of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program

ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for

Allahabad sewerage district ‘A’ has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45%

sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework

(NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems.

Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of

proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI

has been working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment

with Management Plan (ESAMP).

Project Description

Allahabad city’s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions (North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year

1901. Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population,

absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide

sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘A’. Sewerage district A has 3 zones

and 27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are:

• 62”X 93” in Atala area

• 42”X 72” & 32” X48” in Darashah Ajmal area

• 39”X 57” on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road

• 39”X45” on GT Road

• 18”X24” on Lowther Road

• 18”X24” & 18”27” in Lukarganj area

Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising

mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master

plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat


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MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population

densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not

enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller

tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.

Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A

With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year

2040 would be 79.85 mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of

around 20 mld is needed.

District

Existing

STP

Capacity (MLD)

Required

STP in

2025 (MLD)

Required in 2040

(MLD)

Total STP Capacity by

2040 (MLD)

Proposed

Capacity for

Sub-project (MLD)

District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20

The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA

funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due

Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components:

• Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini;

• Expansion of SPS at Gaughat;

• Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala;

• Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and,

• Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer

The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major

components of the proposed project include:

• Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network

• Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),

Bargadghat SPS

• Sewer cleaning equipment

As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs. 28894.71 Lakhs i. e. Rs

288.95 Crores.

Approach and Methodology

The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary

data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion

with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these

outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format

provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter,


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environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was

developed based on the aforementioned.

The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various

activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included

environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project

area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent

areas, elevated noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included

factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood

and gender issues.

Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects

of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad

City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an

overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river

Ganga.

Environmental and Social Baseline status

As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district ‘A’ was prepared to understand

the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social

status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the

probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental

quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of

environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality,

waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater

generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is observed to be mostly from residential with limited

commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district ‘A’

area has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains.

Summary of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer

district ‘A’ indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the

general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20°C) is

32 mg/l at Chachar Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of

30mg/l. They may worsen the water quality, leading to direct impact not only on the

drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even

the recorded temperature as per DPR is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5

°C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28° C and Chachar nala recorded 29° C.

As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn’t fall under the identified list of

polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust

levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro

gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the

permissible standards of CPCB.

For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three

locations; Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem

Sarai comes in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for

residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area.


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With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is

dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the

entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and pose a serious threat to the

environment and to public health.

While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic

composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the

social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage

district.

Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social

impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health),

traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property,

possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public

infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further

classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding

and crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to

impacts of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources.

Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is

foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss

of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will

be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has

been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any

nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from

the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with

provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as

prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting

if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out

institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation

mechanism is also present.

Environmental Management Plan

For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not

included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The

table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan.

Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures

Environmental

Design Stage Accidental leakages/ bursts

in sewer

network

Due to accidental burst or

leakage of sewers, flooding of

the nearby areas

Backlogging due to unexpected

heavy flow rates

Designing sewers with adequate

capacity and flow velocity

Provision for Regular inspection

and maintenance of the sewers

Preparation of safety


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and Emergency

Preparedness plan

Construction Phase

Environmental sensitive areas

There are no environmental sensitive areas in the proposed

project area. Further the small

residential parks and road side

trees which will not be affected,

since the sewers are planned to

be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through

these areas.

-

Air quality

Probable increase in the dust

levels (RSPM and SPM), during

the construction due to

excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations.

Water sprinkling over excavated

areas, unpaved movement areas

and stockpiles.

Transportation of loose

construction material through

covered trucks.

Use dust curtains (polysheets/

sheets) around the construction

area for containing dust spread

at SPS building construction site.

Construction equipment must

comply with pollution norms

and carry Pollution Under Control certificate.

Noise levels Increased noise levels due to

construction activities like

plying of construction vehicles,

pumping machines, machinery

and disturbance to residents and business.

Providing curtains or sound

barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all

around the construction site.

Proper maintenance of

construction equipment and vehicles

Water resources

Contamination of nearby water

bodies via storm drains (during

rainfall) by un-managed

construction related material

like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease,

cement etc, There may also be

temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material

and construction debris.

Suggestion to ensure proper

handling and disposing off

construction wastes at identified

refusal sites.

Proper stock piling of excavated soil and not in any storm drains

or any other areas where water

would naturally accumulate causing flooding.

Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoons or

blockage of surface drain

Stockpiled areas to be bordered

by berms;

Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in storm

water run-off channels and

erosion


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Traffic

Inconvenience

Increased traffic inconvenience

(emissions, congestions, longer

travel times, blockage of access)

Alternate traffic routing must be

adopted in consultation with

concerned traffic police

authorities. Proper traffic

planning be made for narrow

lane areas.

Work should to be completed on

priority near business and

market place to minimize

business loss.

Care should be taken to

minimize congestion and

negative impacts at schools and

hospitals. Safe access shall be

maintained to these places

during construction.

General: safety during

construction

Accidents Safety hazards to labours and public

Comply with the Occupational

health and Safety regulations of

India

Ensure that the contact details of

the police or security company

and ambulance services nearby

to the site.

Ensure that the handling of

equipment and materials is

supervised and adequately

instructed.

Operation Phase

Noise air quality

Water quality

No air and noise problem from sewer line as they will be laid

underground.

Inappropriate handling at IPS

Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating

machines at SPS including

pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc.

Leakage and

overflows in

sewer line

Water pollution and possibility

of mixing with water supply

line

Regular monitoring of sewer line

and manholes for visible

leakages/ overflows.

Immediate repair shall be

carried out to plug the leakages.

Restore the sewer and other utility services if damaged due

to leakages.


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Waste handling

in Sewage

Pumping Stations

Bad odour, Health hazard and

public nuisance

Provision for regular clearance

of sludge and solid waste to

minimize odor nuisance

Ensure maintenance of Green

belt as planned

Periodic disposal of

accumulated sludge/solid waste

to disposal site as approved by

DBO engineer.

Sewage

Cleaning

Equipment

Extracted Sewage Sludge

handling and cleaning

equipment maintenance waste

handling

Ensure that extracted sewage

sludge collected during sewers

cleaning is disposed to disposal

site as approved by DBO

engineer.

Sewage solids shall not be

disposed on road sides or non-

designated areas.

Equipment cleaning waste shall

be disposed to public sewer or

STP inlet for treatment

General

Safety Workers

exposure to

toxic gases in

sewers and

hazardous

materials

during

sewer

maintenance work

Serious/health/ safety hazards

The toxic gases are likely to

contract communicable

diseases from exposure to

pathogens present in the

sewage.

During cleaning/ maintenance

operation, the sewer line will be

adequately vented to ensure that

no toxic or hazardous gases are

present in the line.

Ensure availability of PPE for

maintenance workers.

Social

Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no

impact on livelihood of any

permanent shop-owners, licensed kiosks

But suggested if noticed during

construction, then should be

compensated according to ESMF

Land

acquisition

No impact, as no fresh land is

required for any construction

-

Inconvenience

to public

There will be some minor

inconveniences to the public

due to construction like access to their premises, etc.

Public notice to be circulated,

construction should be

completed in the given time, debris should be cleared in time

Health issues-due to dust,

noise pollution

During construction dust and noise generated, can cause

nuisance to people especially

elderly and children, but

impact is very limited.

Use of acoustics and water sprinkling


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These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have

been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to

implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring an approximate budget of Rs.

90 Lakhs has been estimated and this is also integrated in the DPR cost.

Social Management Plan

Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance

from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible

entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out.

Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts, however they

are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social

management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the

implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these

impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that

currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder

of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.


9

Chapter 1 Introduction The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising

in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more

than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem accounts

for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per

cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural

and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin.

Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and

industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of

the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge

of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious

activities along the river, agricultural run off as well as poor municipal solid waste

management is the main causes of pollution in river Ganga.

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives

The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most

prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented

by a similar plan for the river Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These

programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing

the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main

shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions,

including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little

effort made in addressing weakness in water , urban wastewater and , municipal solid

waste management, environmental quality monitoring and reporting, regulatory

interventions (3) inadequate planning, scale, coordination and prioritization of investments,

with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay

sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the

importance of public consultation, participation and awareness-raising.

The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the

Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective

initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:

• Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the

river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);

• Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan,

implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,

• Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with

emphasis on sustainable operations and community support)

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project

As a major first step in achieving objective of cleaning river Ganga, the Government of India

(GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February


10

2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA is entrusted to adopt a

river-basin approach and has been given wider mandate to meet above objective. The

NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial

effluents will be allowed to be discharged into River Ganga within Indian Territory.

Considering the requirement of large investment to meet above objective, The World Bank

has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several

phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical

assistance and program development under the proposed initiatives will focus on the entire

Ganga, the initial emphasis of the specific investments will be on the main stem of river

Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand

and West Bengal. The priority is given to pollution abatement programs in cities located on

the banks of these States which would include investment for planning and construction of

city sewerage network and sewage treatment plants, industrial pollution control measures,

municipal solid waste and river front management.. This is expected to be achieved through

several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such

several phases of support aims at;

• Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable

of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement

program and;

• Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance

The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World Bank

to support the NGRBA in the long term. This assistance aims to support the NGRBA in

establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority infrastructure

investments.

1.3 Project Components

The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority

infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional

capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure

investments funded by the second component.

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development

1.3.1.1 Objective

The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s

operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to

associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under

this component are grouped under the following sub-components:

• Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management

• Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers


11

• Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments

1.3.2.1 Objective

The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to

reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.

1.3.2.2 Investment Sectors

The majority of investments are expected to be in following four sectors:

I. the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage

networks.

II. industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. construction of common effluent

treatment plants),

III. solid waste management (collection, transport and disposal systems for municipal

waste ),

IV. river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river

stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, conservation and

preservation of ecologically sensitive sites).

Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of above sectors.

1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach

In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused

on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under

the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the

NGRBA program.

The objectives of the investments framework are to:

a) provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected

investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the

pollution loads;

b) make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and

c) ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner

The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering

various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial

and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M

sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity1.

1 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National

Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.


12

1.3.2.4 Investment Execution

The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA level PMG and

state level PMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by

the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and

tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure

investments are also setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to

execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long

term.

1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure

Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be given priority due to

their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the

Ganga.

1.4 Structure of the Report

The Detailed project Report is prepared by UPJN. TERI has worked closely with them while

carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment

and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District

‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It provides baseline status of the existing sewage

management and expected situation post implementation of the proposed project with

associated environmental and social impacts. The Environmental and Social management

plan prepared for mitigating these associated impacts, as per the Environment and Social

Management Framework is also included in this report. The ESAMP report is presented in

in following 9 chapters:

Chapter 1: Provides an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and

various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of

the institutions involved in the project.

Chapter 2: Provides project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in

District A of Allahabad.

Chapter 3: Details out the methodology adopted for the environmental and social

assessment.

Chapter 4: Presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects.

Chapter 5: Presents detailed baseline scenario based on information available for city and for

sewerage district A from environmental and social aspects.

Chapter 6: Provides assessment of environmental and social impacts.

Chapter 7: Presents proposed mitigative measures for identified impacts.

Chapter 8: Present social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues.

Chapter 9: Presents conclusions of the study, which also concludes that it is low impact

project.


13

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 About the City

Allahabad city lies on the 25°28’ North latitude and 81° 52’ East longitude. Main land of the

city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east

direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river

Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among

the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam)

of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical

'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around

the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the

holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as

the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its

importance can hardly be over emphasized.

Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of

New Yamuna bridge (right)2

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City

The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year 1910. The facility

was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and

financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area

and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater

measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was

diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage

Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow

of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers

have outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt

deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in

most of the stretches.

2 Allahabad district government website, <http://allahabad.nic.in/PictureGallery.htm>


14

Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at

Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the

defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted

under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action

Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under

JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and

new DPR’s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar

Pradesh Jal Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for

sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment

plant. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and

collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-

going/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below.

Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I)

With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to

reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on

Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25

Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)

with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed

in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district

of Allahabad city are summarized below:

• Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station

• Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations

• Relieving sewer in Kydganj area

• Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station

• Relieving sewer in Daraganj area

• Tapping of Mumfordganj nala


15

• Tapping of Chachar nala

• Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala

• 60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process

2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II

In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started

in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of

Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken

up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs. 370.40

crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996,

this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently

covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed

under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below:

• Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS

• Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station

• 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition

• Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station

2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM

In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement

in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of

India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient,

equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned

works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of

the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in 2009. Completion period of the

approved works is 3 years.

• Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km

• Replacement of old Trunk Sewer 3.800 Km

• Lateral & Branch sewers 225.000 Km

• Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer 5.474 Km

• Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main

• Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main

• Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS

• Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS

• 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj

• 25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur

• 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur


16

2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan

As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into

seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G)

arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1.

• District A: District ‘A’ covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS

and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network

dating back to as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat

MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge

to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage

network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller

catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and

Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities

in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution

sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not

enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many

smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to

Gaughat MPS.

• District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of

Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A

from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river.

• District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP.

Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since

crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At

present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj

and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP

constructed under GAP II.

• District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This

zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities

will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before 2025.

• District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in

Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat

nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east.

• District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the

area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement.

• District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP.

Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present.

In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service

areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design

horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system

needs to be extended to FSAs in the future.


17

Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad*

Sewer

Service

Areas

Population

in 2001

Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow

in MLD

2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040

District

A*

304643 405176 479731 515155 62.80 74.36 79.35

District B 160416 179826 279169 343674 27.87 43.27 53.27

District C 147126 198473 267180 323679 30.76 41.41 50.17

District D 225846 314514 361352 496859 48.75 56.01 77.01

District E 164672 177845 223789 322577 27.57 34.69 50.00

District F 29628 36000 65196 129500 5.58 10.11 20.07

District G 160000 185121 232280 418000 28.69 36.00 64.79

Total 1192331 1496955 1908697 2549444 232.03 295.85 395.16

Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works

in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11

*Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela.


18

Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga


19

2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A

To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping

with sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009. The prime

objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce

pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to

exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and

implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to

Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs. 305.34 Crore, has been approved under the National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India.

Following sewerage works are going on in sewerage District A under the “Sewerage & Non

sewerage Scheme for Pollution abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad”. This scheme,

amounting to Rs. 305.34 Cr was approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May 2010.

1. Sewer Laying works

i On MG Marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing – 3.80 km

ii. On Attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc. 5.40 km

2. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer

3. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station.

4. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station.

5. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld.

The proposed work in District A has following major components:

• Approximately 240.627 km long sewerage network


Bargadghat SPS


2.3 Necessity of this project

NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest

(MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing,

controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking

measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated

municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river

Ganga by the year 2020.

Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many

part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage

District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage

generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is

discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the

river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be


20

cleaned periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance

and leading to unhygienic condition and health concerns.

With a view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide

sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –A. . By this

system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and

brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment

before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of

untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River. The expected

sewage generation by 2025 based on project population given at Table 2.1 is given at Table

2.2.

Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD)

District

Existing

STP

Capacity

(MLD)

Required

STP in

2025

(MLD)

Required

in 2040

(MLD)

Total STP

Capacity by

2040 (MLD)

Proposed Capacity

for Sub-project

(MLD)

District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20

**DPRs approved

Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013

• The state of existing sewers is summarized below:

• Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life

• The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor

• Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows

• All existing lines have heavy silt deposition

• Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste

• All lines have large variations in constructed slopes

• Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through

existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing

capacity of Gaughat MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power

cuts. MPS has a single supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the

pumps during long power cuts. MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of

solid waste being carried in with the wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the

MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at Naini STP and hence, large amounts

simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River.

• Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been

reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not

exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design

capacity of 80 mld with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is

around 45%. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to

Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is

at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.


21

Considering the existing situation, completed and ongoing works the proposed works is

essential to meet the objective of cleaning Ganga.

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project

Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to

existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

(refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating

back to as early as 1910. There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a

total population of 405176 as of 20103. The area is mostly residential with some main

markets, institutes and hospitals.

3 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by

U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11


22

Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh.

Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam


23

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System

The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the

sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this

present sewage projects of district A includes:



Bargadghat SPS


2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work

Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district ‘A’ to cover the

remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an

integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga

river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with

design year 2050. The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately

80 Kms each.

A. Sewer System

i. Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage

district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the

roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch

sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main.

The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The

provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the

congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The

table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones

of District A.

Size/ Dia in mm Zone wise Length (m) Total

Length

(m) Zone I Zone II Zone III

200 77132.5 75151.9 63495 215779.4

250 2015.8 2640.2 1149.1 5805.1

300 921.6 2465.5 1011.1 4398.2

350 894.2 1106.2 1090.1 3090.5

400 1271.1 736 411.5 2418.6

500 2631.3 2315.1 1115.5 6061.9

600 158.2 703 406.8 1268

700 0 0 712 712


24

ii. Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at

all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on

straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are

proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer

and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than

600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in

congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction.

iii. House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and

expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are

proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are

proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these

areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is

proposed to be achieved by year 2020.

B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations

i) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of 22.00 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad,

District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M2-6942.

From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be

ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for

treatment.

ii) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the sewerage

network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole

no. M2-66500. From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network

which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to

Naini STP for treatment.

iii) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the sewerage

network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole

no. M2-5194. From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network

which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to

Naini STP for treatment.

800 0 142.4 797.8 940.2

900 0 0 153.2 153.2

Total Length 85024.7 85260.3 70342.1 240627.1


25

C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment

For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no.

Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no.

submersible dredger pump.

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule

It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of

approval and allotment of funds.

2.5.3 Financing

Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal

Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme

amounting to Rs. 288.94 Crores.

Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will

provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of the

project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad

Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be

Rs. 202.26crore. Balance amount of Rs. 86.68crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP.

The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and

accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government

and Allahabad Municipal Corporation.

ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs)

Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs)

Civil

Work

E/ M

Works

Total

A Sewerage work in Zone I

1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7357.92 0 7357.92

2 New Bairahana SPS 332.41 450.11 782.52

3 Rising Main 36 36

4 Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS 397.51 401.17 798.68 5 Rising Main 120 120

Sub Total (Zone I) of A 8243.84 851.28 9095.12

B Sewerage work in Zone II 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7053.58 0 7053.58

2 Bargadghat SPS 394.3 518 912.3

3 Rising Main 379 0 379 Sub Total (Zone II) of B 7826.88 518 8344.88

C Sewerage work in Zone III

1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 5297.61 0 5297.61 2 Sewer Laying by Trenchless method 908.67 0 908.67

3 Desilting& CIPP lining 816.81 0 816.81

Sub Total (Zone III) of C 7023.09 7023.09

D Communication & Public Outreach 105 0 105

E GAAP 30 0 30


26

F ESAMP 90 0 90

G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) 23318.81 1369.28 24688.09

H Centage charges of (G)

1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 987.52

2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per

NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum)

987.52

I Sub Total of H 1975.05

J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment’s 112.22 112.22 K Five Years O & M Cost 2119.35

L Sub Total of (J+K) 2231.57

Total cost (G+I+L) 28894.71 Total cost in crore 288.94 Cr

.


27

Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology

3.1 Methodology

As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)4, and

considering associated environmental and social impacts, an environmental and

social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of

sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad City has been conducted using

the following methodology:

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment

a) Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their

Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative)

regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed

Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary

sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution

Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and

NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this

secondary information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project

activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence

was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required

information was drafted before conducting the field survey.

4 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted

National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

Developing mitigation plan

Identification and assessment of

environmental/ social impacts

Screening activity

Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake-

holder consultation

Brief description & analysis of

the sub project activities

Detailed environmental profile of the

project influence area

Discussion with host population

and key stake-holders


28

b) Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the

field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district ‘A’ area to develop the

understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of

the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental

issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were

valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the

magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.

Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors

c) Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were

interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were

interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households,

residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital

staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of

the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and

understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their

awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting

them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after

completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they

have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any

public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction

site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1).


29

Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community

d) Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important

key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with

them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the

relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting

for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2).

e) Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of

project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant

impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the

nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process

using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA,

which is described in subsequent section.

f) Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from

field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources,

issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified.

The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline

environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the

activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts.

g) Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues

identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate

for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were

recommended. The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages:

designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.

3.2 Project Screening

The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude

of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity

was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social

Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)5 and on the secondary data




30

analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of

screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening

Environment and Social information format for screening

Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City of Uttar

Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad

Project cost: Rs 25108.87 Lakhs

Project components: a). Sewer System (~240 km long)

b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station

c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment

Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad

District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini

STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to

as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP.

Screening Criteria Assessment

of category

Explanatory note for

categorization

Evidence and

references

1 Is the project in an

eco-sensitive area or adjoining an eco-

sensitive area?

(Yes/No) If Yes, which is the area?

Elaborate impact

accordingly.

No There are no eco-

sensitive areas such as water bodies, or

protected forested

areas surrounding the project.

The only ASI

monument located in

sewerage district A

namely Kydganj

Cemetery will not be impacted as

proposed sewage line

passes more than 200

m away from the

cemetery.

Figure 5.8: Map

showing the Eco-sensitive areas closest

to Allahabad District

A.

Field visits, secondary

information and

interaction with U.P.

Jal Nigam, ASI official and other

Government officials.

2

Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?

2.1 Land acquisition resulting in loss of

income from

agricultural land, plantation or other

existing land-use.

No social impacts

No Land acquisition involved

As per the first hand

observation in the field and through

interviews of key

Figure 5.10: indicating that the sewer line

will pass through the

residential colonies, commercial areas of

the district and would


31

stakeholders,

residents, local people,

and other sources like DPR, CRR, it is clear

that no private land

would be acquired for

either laying of sewer

network or for SPS.

Sewer line would be

laid on the public

roads.

So there is no loss of

income from

agricultural land. Moreover there are no

agricultural fields in

the district. Also there exist no

squatters or

encroachers in and around the proposed

project areas.

not enter or pass

through agricultural

fields.

Field visits,

consultation with

stakeholders, like

local people (for

JNNURM projects), local residents,

government officials.

2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would not take place

and since mobile

vendors can shift their

position only minor

disruption in terms of

access to shops would occur.

Consultation with stakeholders, like (for

JNNURM projects),

DPR & CRR

2.3 Land acquisition

resulting in relocation of households.

No social

impacts

The land acquisition

does not result into acquisition of any

structure nor

replacement of any squatters or

encroachers in and

around the premises. Hence no relocation of

households is

involved. which will

get affected due to it

Field survey,

Consultations with stakeholders, like

local people (for

JNNURM projects), local residents,

government officials.

DPR & CRR


32

2. Any reduction of

access to traditional

and river dependent communities (to river

and areas where they

earn for their primary

or substantial

livelihood).

No social

impacts

No access problem to

river

Field visits and

consultations with the

shop keepers, mobile vendors, expert

opinions

2.4 Any displacement or

adverse impact on tribal settlement(s).

No social

impacts

There are no tribal

settlements in the project area.

Consultations with

stakeholders, like local people (for

JNNURM projects),

local residents, government officials.

2.5 Any specific gender

issues.

No social

impacts

No gender issues were

reported during survey

Consultations,

interviews, which were taken up with

females specifically.

3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the

construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

3.1 Clearance of

vegetation/ tree-cover

No

environmen

tal impacts

The major land use

pattern of sewerage

district A is mostly residential and

commercial, with no

agricultural and no forested areas.

Also no tree cutting is

involved in the

pumping station sites

Vegetation and tree cover were

insignificant in the

proposed project area.

Also, sewer lines will

be laid in the center of

the roads hence no impact on trees (which

are aligned along the

sides of roads)

Field visits and

Interaction with UP

Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam department.

Figure 5.10 GIS map of ward localities in

District A.

Figure 3.2: Satellite

image showing the

alignment of trees along the sides of the

roads in District A.

Figure 5.7: GIS map of

identified parks in

District A.


33

3.2 Direct discharge of

construction run-off,

improper storage and disposal of excavation

spoils, wastes and

other construction

materials adversely

affecting water quality

and flow regimes.

Limited Possibility of

temporary flushing

away of un-managed spoils and

construction wastes

during rainfall to river

Ganga via storm water

drains.

If not appropriately

managed, there may

be potential for

temporarily affecting

storm water flows by

obstruction to flows and blockage of

drains, especially

during rainfall. This may cause floods.

Interaction with UP

Jal Nigam and other

Government officials and consultation with

local residents of

sewerage district ‘A’.

Figure 5.7: GIS map showing the drainage

network of District A.

3.3 Flooding of adjacent areas

Limited

For sewerage works in the entire sewerage

district A, flooding

could be an issue during the monsoons,

since the drainage

system in sewerage

district ‘A’ covers

approximately 60-65

%, which is further ineffective due to

blocked drains and

poor solid waste management.

The areas which are expected to face

temporary flooding

issues include slum area in Kydganj

Additionally, if water

pipes are

inadvertently

breached, flooding will result.

City Development Plan for Allahabad,

Final Report by

Feedback Ventures.

Plate 5.1: Image

showing flooded

streets of Allahabad

District A after

rainfall. .


34

3.4 Improper storage and

handling of

substances leading to contamination of soil

and water

Limited

The storage of

construction related

material will not cause any contamination

since these materials

would typically

include: Concrete,

pipes, masonry,

rubber pipes.

There are no water

bodies within the

study area. However,

with other finer

materials such as powders, fluids and

greases, if not

appropriately managed or in the

event of an accident,

there may be potential for temporary

contamination of the

river Yamuna and Ganga via the various

drains and nalas in

sewerage district A,

during rainfall.

Plate 3.4: Image

showing a typical sewage construction

area with material.

Figure 5.6 highlights

the drainage network.

Section 5.1.10.1

provides details about

agricultural land in

sewerage district ‘A’.

Additionally, there is

a provision in the

DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’,

Volume I, for

clearance of site after construction period

and unforeseen items

3.5 Elevated noise and

dust emission

Limited

For sewage works,

construction is likely to increase dust and

noise levels

temporarily.

Temporary impacts

may especially be felt at educational facilities

like schools/colleges

Allahabd Degree College, Kesrvidyapith

Inter College, Ewing

Christian College, Shiv

Charan Das,

Kanhaiyalal

Intermediate College Provided that

construction works

near schools and

colleges are carried out

Consultation with

local residents, and interaction with UP

Jal Nigam and other



35

during vacations and

works near hospitals

are completed on priority basis (in

shorter time period

with alternate

provision of traffic,

accessibility of

exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be

limited.

Impacts will be

temporary as 1 km of

sewer line is approximated to be

completed within 3

days. 3.6 Disruption to traffic

movements

Limited Sewer construction

leads to the temporary

tearing-up of roads and increase in large

construction vehicles,

which might impair traffic movement,

especially in the

narrower roads and

lanes as seen mainly in

Muthiganj, Rambagh.

Figure 6.1: GIS map

distinguishing road

network of District A with majority of roads

in the Narrow

category (<=5 units).

Plate 6.1: Image

showing a typical

busy street at

Rambagh Chauraha

in District A


a provision in the DPR for Allahabad

Sewerage District ‘A’,

Volume-I for diversion of

traffic/regulation

during construction period

3.7 Damage to existing

infrastructure, public

utilities, amenities etc.

Limited If not appropriately

managed, there may

be potential for

temporarily affecting

the existing public utilities like water

supply, telephone,

electricity cables etc.

Interaction with UP

Jal Nigam and other



a provision in the


36

Records and layout

plans of existing

underground utilities and cable networks

(like telephone,

electricity water etc.)

were unavailable.

DPR for Allahabad


Volume- for shifting & reinstatement of

utilities

3.8 Failure to restore temporary

construction sites

Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM

project reinstatement

of dismantled roads

after filling and proper

compaction was

observed.

Although temporary,

concerns regarding failure to restore

construction sites

including failure to close and

appropriately fence-off

open pits were cited as safety concerns

especially for children.

Field visits and interaction with U.P.

Jal Nigam and other

Government officials

and consultation with

local residents.

Plate 3.5: Image

shows the good

practice of fencing-off construction areas;

this was followed in

the JNNURM phase sewerage project in

Allahabad.


a provision in the

DPR for Allahabad


Volume I, for

clearance of site after construction period

and unforeseen items

3.9 Possible conflicts with and/or disruption to

local community

Limited

For the laying of sewer works, there will be

temporary disruption

to the local community in terms of access to

roads (narrow roads),

shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to

local community was

inferred as limited

based on survey

responses which

indicated the community’s ability to

adapt to temporary

disruptions, and their

overall preference for

Consultation with local people.


37

the project.

3.1

0

Health risks due to

unhygienic conditions

at workers camps

Limited

Field visits and as per

JNNURM project no

worker camps were seen. However there

might be small camps

within which, if hygienic conditions

are not maintained,

there may be temporary impacts.

3.1

1

Safety hazards during

construction

Limited From field visits and

as per JNNURM

project practices for

safety precautions

such as fencing-off construction areas,

sign posts etc. were

observed.

If not appropriately managed, there may

be potential for

temporary hazards such as injuries and

damage to property

during the construction phase.

Consultation with

local residents of

sewerage district ‘A’

and interaction with

UP Jal Nigam and other Government

officials.

Plate 3.5: Image

shows the good

practice of fencing-off construction areas;

this was followed in

the JNNURM phase sewerage project in

Allahabad.

4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the

operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

4.1 Flooding of adjacent areas

Limited Due to the construction of

sewer lines, raw

sewage that currently flows into

the river and/or

overflows into the

streets will now be

routed to the STP.

This will prevent flooding of adjacent

areas.

However,

accidental leakages

during the

operational stage

Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other


Refer to Plate 5.1 for

area which has been flooded


38

will lead to

flooding.

Additionally, overloading and

blockage of sewage

lines will also lead

to backlogging of

sewers and flooding

of branch sewers. 4.2 Impacts to water

quality due to effluent

discharge

No impacts

There will be a

significant

improvement in

water quality due to

effluent discharge

being treated.

Table 5.11: Sewage

flow quality values

before and after

existing STP. section

5.1.8

4.3 Gas emissions No impacts Reduction of bad

smell (Methane and other bad anaerobic

reaction gases)

from open drains since the proposed

sewage networks

will be underground.

4.4 Safety hazards Limited Safety hazard are

associated during

construction and

maintenance stage of the sewage.

However these will

be temporary in nature.

5 Do projects of this nature / type require

prior environmental

clearance either from the MOEF or from a

relevant state

Government

department? (MOEF/

relevant State

Government department/ No

clearance at all)

No clearance required.

As per Environmental

Impact Assessment

Notification, 2006 no clearance would

be required under

Refer to Figure 5.8

Refer to Figure 5.7


39

6 Does the project

involve any prior

clearance from the MOEF or State Forest

department for either

the conversion of

forest land or for tree-

cutting? (Yes/ No).If

yes, which?

No As the project does

not cover any

forested area (protected nor

reserved forest

area), no prior

clearance is

required from

relevant authorities (MoEF and State

Forest departments)

under the Forest

(Conservation) Act,

1980.

Refer to Figure 3.2

Refer to Figure 5.8

The figure 3.2 below provides view of project area and environmental setting.

Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads

in District A (Source: Google Earth)


40

Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna Bridge, where residents have had complaints

related to flooding due to the low lying location.

Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-

instated road (foreground)


41

Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was

followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity

In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising

from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework

of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)6 has grouped the pollution

abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low

• High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse

impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area

(including land acquisition). This category projects will also include

mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.

• Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental

impacts on human populations.

Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the

NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad

City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In

view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and

Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard

Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project.

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental

impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety

hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption

in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as

water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation

plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the

temporary inconveniences.




42

Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental

The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social

aspects of the investments implemented under the programme:

• Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI)

• Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments

• Legislations applicable to construction activities

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India

The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations

pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella

legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to

administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment

and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations

The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the

NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be

accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations

S.

No

Act / Rules Purpose Applicable

Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

1 Environment

Protection Act-

1986

To protect and

improve overall

environment

Yes As all

environmental

notifications, rules and schedules are

issued under this

act.

MoEF, Gol,

DoE, State

Gov. CPCB, SPCB

2 Environmental

Impact

Assessment Notification

14th Sep-2006

To provide

environmental

clearance to new development

activities

following environmental

impact

assessment

No

The present project

is only a sewerage

network project and hence as per

the notification

amended till date does not attract

requirement of

environmental

clearance.

MoEF, EIAA

3 Municipal

Wastes(Management and

To manage the

collection, transportation,

No The present project

does not involved solid waste

MoEF, EIAA,

CPCB, SPCBs


43

Handling)

Rules, 2000

segregation,

treatment, and

disposal of municipal solid

wastes

management

measures.

4 Coastal

Regulation

Zone(CRZ)

Notification 1991 (2002)

Protection of

fragile coastal

belt

No The project does

not fall within CRZ

areas.

5 The Land

Acquisition Act

1894 (As

amended in

1985)

Set out rule for

acquisition. of

land by

government

No This act will be

applicable only if

there will be

acquisition of land

for investments but no land acquisition

is involved in the

project.

Revenue

Department

State

Government

6 The Forest

(Conservation)

Act. 1980

To check

deforestation by

restricting conversion of

forested areas

into non- forested areas

No No forest land

diversion is

required in the project.

Forest

Department,

State Government

and Ministry

of Environment

and Forests,

Government

of India

7 Wild Life

Protection Act 1972

To protect

wildlife through certain of

National Parks

and Sanctuaries

No The project does

not pass through any national

park/sanctuary are

nor fall within 10km radius of

such protected

areas.

Chief

Conservator Wildlife,

Wildlife

Wing, State Forest

Department

and Ministry of

Environment

and Forests, Government

of India

8 Air (Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act,

1981

To control air

pollution by

controlling

emission of air pollutants as per

the prescribed

standards.

Yes This act will be

applicable during

construction stage

for operation of equipment, DG sets

and hot mix plant.

SPCBs

9 Water To control water Yes This act will be SPCBs


44

Prevention and

Control of

Pollution) Act1974

pollution by

controlling

discharge of pollutants as per

the prescribed

standards

applicable during

construction stage

if STP is installed.

10 The Noise

Pollution

(Regulation and Control) Rules,

2000

The standards for

noise for day and

night have been promulgated by

the MoEF for

various land uses.

Yes This act will be

applicable for all

construction equipment

deployed at

worksite.

SPCBs

11 Ancient

Monuments and

Archaeological Sites and

Remains

Act1958

Conservation of

cultural and

historical remains found in India

No Kydganj Cemetery,

the only ASI

recognized structure in

sewerage district A

is more than 200m away from the

proposed sewer

line. Hence the act is not applicable for

the project.

Archaeologica

l Department

Gol, Indian Heritage

Society and

Indian National

Trust for Art

and Culture Heritage

(INTACH).

12 Public Liability and Insurance

Act 1991

Protection form hazardous

materials and

accidents.

NO Contractor unlikely to store material

more than the

threshold limits

defined this Act.

SPCBs

13 Explosive Act

1984

Safe

transportation, storage and use

of explosive

material

Yes For transporting

and storing diesel, Oil and lubricants

etc.

Chief

Controller of Explosives

14 Minor Mineral

and concession

Rules

For opening new

quarry.

No Regulate use of

minor minerals like

stone, soil, river sand etc.

District

Collector

15 Central Motor

Vehicle Act 1988

To check

vehicular air and noise pollution.

Yes This rule will be

applicable to vehicles deployed

for construction

activities and

construction

Machinery.

Motor Vehicle

Department

16 National Forest Policy, 1988

To maintain ecological

stability through

preservation and

restoration of

No This policy will be applicable if any

eco sensitive

feature exists in

and around the

Forest Department,

State

Government

and Ministry


45

biological

diversity.

investments of

Environment

and Forests, Government

of India

17 The Mining Act The mining act

has been notified

for safe and

sound mining activity.

No The construction

activities for

investments will

require aggregates. These will be

procured through

mining from

approved quarries

Department

of mining,

State

Government

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social

All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues,

need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate

actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support

administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This

section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under:

National Policies and Acts

i. National Tribal Policy, 2006

ii. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007

iii. Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended)

iv. Forest Rights Act, 2006

However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable.

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts

• The National Tribal Policy (2006)

The Policy has the following objectives:

Regulatory Protection

• Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different

ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development

with these.

• Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of

wrongfully alienated lands.

• Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights

including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water

bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages

into revenue villages.


46

• Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to

minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and

opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over

common property (NPV).

• Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-

rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the

Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.

• Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of

tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels.

4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project

Affected Families – 2007

The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant

milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement.

The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project-

affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided

under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act.

This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities

and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new

policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or

livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to

natural calamities, etc.

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st

September, 1985)

The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land

Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public

purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local

requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other

immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act,

1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose.

The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement

including income restoration aspects.

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process

Legal

Provision

Actions

Section 4

Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law,

printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local

newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice

Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land


47

4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006

The Act basically does two things:

• Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling

communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.

• Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in

forest and wildlife conservation

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction

Projects under NGRBP

Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land,

which include inter alia, the following:

1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case

of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment);

2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act

on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years);

Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested

parties (one month)

Declaration of Public

purpose

Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose Declaration is published

Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue

Department, State Government

Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month)

Section 5(a)

Enquiry

Enquire objections to LA

Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if

objections are raised – (one to three months)

Section 6 State government issues notices

LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s

intention to take possession of land

Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given

Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months)

Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable

LAO determines compensation (12 months)

Section 11

and 12

Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State

Government after inquiry of total valuation

Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation

Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing

agency (14 months)


48

3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for

monthly contributions by the employer plus workers);

4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits

to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);

5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);

6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the

Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);

7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to

be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages

of the workers);

8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for

work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making

discrimination against Female employees);

9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus

subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);

10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure

for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out

becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the

employees or closing down the establishment);

11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying

down rules governing the conditions of employment);

12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the

Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities);

13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits

employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and

processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other

occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry);

14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of

Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such

as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment

and back, etc.);

15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and

Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments

who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is

required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and

other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing

accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.);


49

16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans

before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous

occurrences to designated authorities);

17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern

handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste);

18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended

1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and

off-site emergency plans).

All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.)

have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed

sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible

authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the

implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by

the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation.

Conclusion:

The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards

for the present project are listed below:

1. Environment Protection Act 1986;

2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974

4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

5. Explosive Act 1984

6. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988

7. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3


50

Chapter 5 Baseline Status The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's

existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status

of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based

on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection

which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage

work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam,

Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City

census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions

forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the

present background environmental quality of the core study area.

5.1 Baseline Environmental

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography

Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north

and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the

south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of

water during the rainy season. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of

the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side.

Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and

Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following

geomorphic features,

• Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system.

• Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces

found in patches along the active plain.

• Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-Yamuna

area formed mainly of quartzitic nature.

Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-Ganga

or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is

formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at

Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-Ganga

is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from 89.30 - 93.57m above

MSL.

5.1.2 Climate

Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with

moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e.

the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of

variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot

summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north


51

winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been

observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest

relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in

April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to

September. The average rainfall being 962.68 mm takes place normally in 53 days.

The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is

given in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at

Allahabad

Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-2000 (except Humidity data which is

1951-1980)

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features

The sewerage district ‘A’ and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial

sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a

sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited

extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium.

The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and

it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally

differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy

clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the

Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-Cambrian formation. The

generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of

these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit

group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by

Quaternary alluvium.

Month Temperature (oC) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%)

Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs

January 23.5 8.9 17.9 78 53

February 26.7 11.4 17.3 66 40 March 33.3 16.6 9.6 46 25

April 39 22.3 5.5 32 18

May 41.8 26.7 8.7 36 36

June

39.8

28.4 88.8 55 41

July 34 26.5 280.8 80 71 August 32.5 25.9 296.1 85 77

September 33 24.9 184.9 80 71

October 32.9 20.2 36.6 69 55

November 29.2 13.5 9.3 65 49

December 24.6 9.3 6.9 75 56


52

Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time

Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m)

Recent to 0.01 m

year

Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay 60-100

Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble,

gravel and Kankar

100-200

------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------

Pleistocene & Pleocene

Siwalik Conglomerate, sandstone

shale etc.

Above 350 m

------------------------------- Unconformity------------------------------- Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone,

Limestone

Not known

------------------------------- Unconformity------------------------------- Archean Bundelkhand

massit

Granite Basement

Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River,

July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

5.1.3.1 Soil

Soils in sewerage district ‘A’ usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface,

with a thickness ranging between 10-15 m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the

top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has

three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the banks/ flood plain of the rivers

(Yamuna bank of District A) , clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of

sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety.

Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been

presented in the Table 5.3 below:

Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample

S. No. Parameters Range of test results

1 Type Silty Clay

2 pH 7.9-8.0

3 Bulk density (g/cm) 1.2-1.28

4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 390.5-371.6

5 Water holding capacity

(% by mass)

47.7-49.54

6 Organic matter (% by

mass)

1.08-1.16

Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme


53

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality presented in this section is monitored under NAMP

(National Air Monitoring Programme) by CPCB and UP Pollution Control Board at

two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies

in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of

polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the

dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have exceeded the annual average standards of

60 µg/m3 from 2007 to 2010. The sulphur-di oxide (SO2) concentration have gone

down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in

Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 20 µg/m3. The nitrogen-di-

oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not exceeding the standards of 30µg/m3, may

exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities.

Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010

to April 2011)

Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

Location Landuse Sulphur-

di-oxide in µg/m3

Nitrogen-

di-oxide in µg/m3

Respirable

Suspended particulate

matter

(RSPM or

PM10)

in µg/m3

Suspended

particulate matter

(SPM)

in µg/m3

Square crossing

circle of Laxmi

talkies

Mixed 5.7 23.6 237.7 469.4

Bharat Yantra

Nigam Ltd.

Residential 5.4 23.7 232.6 459.4

National Ambient

Air Quality

Standards ( 24

hourly)

Residential 80 80 100 --

National Ambient

Air Quality

Standards ( annual

average )

Residential 20 30 60 -


54

SO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009

Co

ncen

trait

on

(µ

g/m

³)

Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009

Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India

Seasonal Variation

Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations

are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM

during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months

and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of

inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now

include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death.

Annual avg std. 50 µg/m³

NO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2007 2008 2009

Co

nc

en

tra

ito

n (

µg

/m³)

Annual avg. std.

40 µg/m³

PM10

0

50

100

150

200

250

2007 2008 2009

Co

nc

en

tra

ito

n (

µg

/m³)

Annual avg.

(RSPM)


55

Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in

Allahabad


5.1.5 Noise Environment

Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying

loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in

public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire

crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address

systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have

deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence

it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise

level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai

and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do

not come under sewerage district ‘A’ except for Sulem Sarai but presents a credible data

of expected noise level in similar settings. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are

well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time),

whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable

level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial

area, respectively.


56

Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in dB

(A)]

S.No. Location Levels in dB(A) Leq*

Day Night Average

1 Numaya Dahi 45.8 41.1 44.0

2 Sulem Sarai 56.3 48.4 53.4

3 Near Office DM 72.4 54.5 65.7

Note:

• Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time),

Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70

night time)

• * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A

which is relatable to human hearing.

• Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period

Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on

Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for

Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

Seasonal Variation

The average day and night ambient noise levels monitored by UP Pollution Control

board for residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during 2010-2011 in

Allahabad city are presented in Figure 5.3. . Noise levels in all areas are largely within the

prescribed limits (Refer Figure 5.3) at most of the locations barring few readings.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

28-M

ar-1

1

26-O

ct-1

0

19-A

ug-1

0

24-A

pr-1

0

23-M

ar-10

26th

Apr

il 20

11

18-N

ov-1

0

26-F

eb-1

1

22-J

an-11

23-D

ec-10

25-S

ep-1

0

24-J

ul-1

0

19-J

un-1

0

28-M

ay-10

26th

Apr

il 20

11

28-M

ar-11

28-M

ay-1

0

18-N

ov-10

24-J

ul-1

0

26-F

eb-1

1

22-Ja

n-11

23-D

ec-1

0

25-S

ep-10

19-J

un-1

0

24-Apr

-10

23-M

ar-1

0

26-O

ct-1

0

19-A

ug-1

0

Res Com Ind Sens

Night

Day

Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011



57

5.1.6 Water Environment

Domestic water requirement of district A is met from both surface and ground water

resources. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water

from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and

industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at

Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for

treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was

supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is

sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells.

Considering the per capita water consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance

and institutional demand), as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer

works in sewerage district ‘A’ by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water

consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 76.98 million litres as shown in

Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and

urbanization.

Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’

Location Population (as

of 2010)

Per capita water

consumption per

day as per DPR

Total water

consumption in

million litres

Sewerage District ‘A’ of

Allahabad city

405176 190 76.98

5.1.6.1 Surface Water

An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which

lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which

flows easterly. Yamuna River merges with River Ganga close to celebrated temple of

Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the

district A and River Ganga is towards eastern side of sewerage district ‘A’, The maximum

discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is about 16187-12265 m3/s mainly during the months

of August and September and the minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m3/s during April and

May as shown in table 5.7.


58

Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s)

Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I,

Sewerage Scheme

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1972 401.38 433.61 294.13 288.22 362.67 230.12 2609.37 6664.86 13253.85 2065.6 644.51 489.48

1973 389.03 347.81 283.07 225.23 221.7 478.79 13784 21527.1 28809.04 4651.25 1073.44 598.22

1974 507.35 384.54 325.14 267.79 307.61 260.77 9149.19 19693.1 3915.68 1100.98 691.88 488.52

1975 462.97 303.01 265.96 270.39 189.88 572.22 9742.86 18209.5 15767.68 4366.54 1303.98 724.01

1976 669.83 557.91 420.13 420.78 383.05 1117.08 3359.8 18221.7 161.42.34 1893.42 553.63 482.89

1977 335.1 327.9 270.71 394.99 373.86 332.77 9115.64 17417.4 14236.34 3051.76 1121.82 750.47

1978 707.07 623.33 740.88 707.16 556.8 1077.63 7994.05 29786.2 22399.45 3980.05 1346.27 964.36

1979 924.76 1123.35 217.99 678.51 582.7 474.02 4357.59 5701.17 1476.75 598.01 318.43 518.45

1980 380.91 288.71 224.58 151.84 123.71 406.3 6804.97 21670.9 11438.9 1441.81 684.11 443.14

1981 430.99 439.37 337.12 329.04 314.16 303.28 5841.3 11215 3259.22 2337.97 674.15 507.81

1982 476.17 741.79 645.68 689.06 624.22 626.4 1779.81 28824.3 16981.02 1398.27 763.93 616.34

1983 565.77 552.64 357.87 312.95 499.11 503.91 3738.99 12823 22159.27 7019.81 1522.83 767.78

1984 721.53 551.58 486.94 367.11 279.16 575.6 2261.22 10243.4 11080.78 1237.75 571.11 400.81

1985 433.23 323.99 238.99 262.01 237.49 257.07 1827.61 15588.6 10073.87 12078.5 2174.33 745.18

1986 588.76 736.23 554.26 372.11 309.6 382.35 11078.1 17832 4199.39 1539.24 740.38 519.89

1987 497.74 399.46 334.12 271.71 238.36 247.44 1116.56 3277.58 12471.41 1968.6 589.38 366.13

1988 327.21 279.35 261.2 216.16 173.64 165.69 5489.87 16483.9 4730.56 4060.86 9520.2 476.83


59

Surface Water Quality

Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and

Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration has increased over the period of 2002 to 2008. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river

have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). In recent

years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From

the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of

river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the untreated sewage that

has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some proportion from District A

also.

Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years


60

Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years

Source: Ganga water quality trend, 2009. Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India

Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and

rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to

millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table

5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during

Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007. It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the

pollution levels are very high7.

7 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., 1996. Water quality of the River

Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and

Water Quality, 11: 1–5.


61

Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela

(Ardh Kumbha) 2007

Location BOD

(mg/l)

DO (mg/l)

Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) 1.7 8.6

Ganga at Shastri Bridge (U/s sangam) 5.7 10.4

Sangam 4.3 9.3

Yamuna at Karella Bagh 1.8 6.8

Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam 6.4 8.3

Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad 4.3 6.3

Recent Data

As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table

5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often found more than

3.0 mg/l , i.e. the water quality is above the permissible limit for bathing as well as for

drinking water quality criteria of CPCB. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved

oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water as per the

Indian standard code ranges from 4.0-6.0 mg/l for drinking and bathing respectively.

Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible

contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal

coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic

microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on

the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased

temperature the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it

from various domestic and industrial sources.

Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during

March 2010 to April 2011

Parameters

U/S

Rasoolabad Ghat,

Ganga

Rasoolabad Ghat,

Ganga

Main

Sangam

D/S Ganga on

Mawaiya Ghat

Temp ( C ) 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.5

pH 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3

DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4

BOD (mg/l) 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.5

COD (mg/l) 28.4 31.4 30.4 34.9

Turbidity (NTU) 94.3 104.5 85.6 90.7

Alkalinity

CaCO3 (mg/l)

168.1 174.6 205.4 213.0

Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)

146.9 153.0 166.4 173.6

Calcium as

CaCO3 (mg/l)

87.0 90.6 94.0 99.0


62

Magnesium as

MgCO3 (mg/l)

59.9 62.4 72.4 74.6

Conductivity (umho/cm)

427.7 429.4 520.6 531.1

Total Coliform

(PN/100 ml)

4678.6 7857.1 6571.4 9428.6

Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml)

2742.9 3492.9 3142.9 3785.7

Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, 2011

5.1.6.2 Ground Water

According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of

Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing

population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With

reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is

evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Allahabad city

i. Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl8

ii. Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and

iii. Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl.

The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally

occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground

while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water

flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the

rivers are effluent in nature.

Ground Water Quality9

The ground water quality pre and post monsoon has shown small variation in quality as can

be seen tabulation below and can be used for drinking with small treatment.

Parameters Pre monsoon Post Monsoon

pH 7.2-8.1 7.1-7.8 Total Dissolved Solids ( TDS) in mg/l 281 - 1372 <1300

Hardness in mg/l 180-1128 154 to 1092

Conductivity in µmhos/cm 475-1875 Not Available

BOD in mg/l 0.1 - 0.3 Not Available

COD in mg/l 1.0 – 6.0 Not Available

Fluoride in mg/l 0.24 – 1.03 0.23 to 0.93 Phosphate in mg/l 0.38-0.61 0.24 to 0.55

Pesticide in mg/l Absent Absent

Iron in mg/l 6.25 Not Available

8 Meters below ground level

9 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar


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5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage

Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been

divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar

Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the

channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar

Nigam department, approximately 60-65 percent of area in sewerage district ‘A’ has storm

drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby

nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste

accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby

polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and

unhygienic conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene

bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during

monsoon.

Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (left) and flooding

upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (right)


64

Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A

5.1.8 Waste Water Management

As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city

is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the

city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated

every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters.

Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house

connections for whole of Allahabad city.


65

Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar

Wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is mostly residential with limited

commercial and nil industrial wastes. Table 5.10 below provides the wastewater

characteristics of Chachar and Ghaghar nala located in sewer district ‘A’ which indicates

that waste water exceeds the General standard for discharge on inland surface water in

terms of BOD and TSS.

Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage

district ‘A’

Parameter Chachar

Nala

Ghaghar

nala

General standard for

discharge on inland

surface water as per CPCB

BOD(5 day sat

20°C) (mg/l)

32 67 30

COD (mg/l) 69 144 250

TSS (mg/l) 98 648 100

pH 7.0 7.5 5.5 to 9.0

Temperature (°C) 29 28 shall not exceed 5°C above

the receiving water Source: DPR for Sewerage district A10

10 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City, 2010.


66

As per 2010 population data, nearly 62.80 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer

district ‘A’ which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been

constructed in sewerage district ‘A’ for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such

drains. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will

increase to 74.36 mld by the year 2025, thus creating a treatment capacity gap of 14.36 mld.

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management

As per Nagar Nigam, about 540.0 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad

city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of

about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste

includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population,

shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and

demolition and hospital wastes – non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating

population in the town.

The solid waste from sewerage district ‘A’ is mainly from residential areas and very little

comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid

waste generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 162.07 MT as shown in Table

5.12. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase

thereby increasing the solid waste.

Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A

Location Population (as of

2010)

Average solid

waste generation per capita per day

Total solid waste

generated in MT

Sewerage District ‘A’

of Allahabad city

405176 400 162.07


67

The solid waste management in sewerage district ‘A’ is handled by Allahabad Nagar

Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste

management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented

under JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal.

Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on

land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district

‘A’ are shown in Plate 5.3.

Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom).

As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic

and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of


68

wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the

city.

5.1.10 Biological Environment

5.1.10.1 Green cover

1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in

sewerage district ‘A’. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the

GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be

threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the

middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in

sewerage district ‘A’ is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park, Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park

Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’


69

Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district ‘A’.

Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are

located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are

planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4.

Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area

Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city. This

district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals etc.

5.1.10.2 Flora

Allahabad district as a whole has around 19839 hectares of reserved forest area falling under

the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century,

patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-Ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai

Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural

purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right

bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-Yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and

the southern tracts of tahsil Meja.

Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city.

The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest

area. The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is

evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D)

and their average distance from Allahabad.


70

Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city

Source: Google Maps

5.1.10.3 Fauna

The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-Yamuna tract than

elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do

much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The

Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine

(Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins

were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in

pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was

declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of

Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act,

1972.

As mentioned in section 5.10.2 above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the

sewerage district ‘A’ and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed

project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water

discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality.


71

5.2 Baseline Social Status

Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the

growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade 1961-71. In this particular

decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown.

Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state.

Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate

Source: City Development Plan report

Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled

Tribe population (21.58%), consists primarily of the Chamar and Pasi castes. It also has a

relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predictably, women fall far below the average

at 46.38% while men are better in the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a

disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6

population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people

in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal

workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district’s

population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or

above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle

with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with

Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these

former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes

to populations’ overall vulnerability. In the district, roughly half of all houses are

permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage is

considered temporary.


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Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad

Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common;

electricity access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the

educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher

education are very few. Medical facilities also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved

and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more

details refer to Annexure (3).

Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is

318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the

slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located

in the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in

Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj, Minhajpur,

Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar. Meera Gunj

slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are many people

who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing and Slum

Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S. (Integrated Low

Cost Sanitation).11

Allahabad’s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two

STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project).

Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A has

been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey.

The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are

described in the table below;

11 Source: www.uhi-india.org - Allahabad City Profile – February 2010


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Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use.

Ward Ref.

No.

Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population

2001 2010 2025 2040

10 Civil Lines

Mix Residential/Commercial, High income groups, heavy traffic, roads

comparatively wider and better. Posh

colony with a mix of commercial and

residential. Not congested. Sewer line had

been laid down before the rains causing a

few problems to residents, shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area has not

been properly laid back

12434 16537 19584 21026

11 Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and low income groups. Congested

10612 14114 16714 17945

17 Nyaymar

g

Mostly Institutes and Government offices,

not congested

12062 16042 18998 20397

23 Krishna

Nagar

Mostly residential, some shops and

institutes, banks, etc. Very congested

10654 14170 16780 18016

31 Medical College

Institutional area, not congested, few residents

8395 11165 13222 14196

34 Minhaj

Pur

Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and

low income groups, very congested

11011 14645 17342 18620

41 New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna

Banks, Middle and low income groups,

very congested

10600 14098 16695 17925

51 Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle

income groups, congested

11774 15659 18544 19910

55 Chaukhandi

Residential with markets, congested 10521 13993 16571 17791

57 Sarai

Garhi

Middle and low income groups,

extremely Congested

11333 15073 17849 19164

58 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 10996 14625 17319 18594

60 Muthi

Ganj

Mostly Commercial (with a few residing

in floors above shops), extremely

congested

12080 16066 19026 20427

61 Khalashi

Line

Mostly residential, extremely Congested 11734 15606 18481 19842

63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested 10817 14387 17037 18292

65 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 13660 18168 21515 23099

66 Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and

low income groups, Congested

10603 14102 16700 17930

67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing

in floors above shops), congested

10752 14300 16850 18182

68 Muthi Ganj

Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), very congested

10875 14464 17128 18390

71 Narain

Singh Nagar

Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and

low income groups, Congested

10602 14101 16698 17928


74

72 Sultanpur

Bhawa

Commercial with mix of residential, very

congested

12584 16737 19820 21280

73 Malviya Nagar

Mostly residential, Congested 13295 14567 17251 18522

74 Bahadur

Ganj

Extremely Congested 10961 14578 17264 18535

75 Meera

Ganj

Middle and low income groups, Slums,

Congested

11815 15714 15609 19979

77 Bakshi Bazaar

Commercial, Middle and low income groups, congested

13650 18155 21499 23082

78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income

groups, larger Muslim population,

Extremely congested

13316 16198 19182 20595

79 Attar

Suiya

Mostly residential, very congested 11996 14033 16618 17842

80 Dayra

Shah

Azmal

Mix Residential/Commercial, Very

congested

10435 13879 16435 17646

Sub Total

(A)

309567 405176 479731 515155

Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A

accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha).

Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad

The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg,

Medical College and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However

it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As

per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards

that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a

density of 400- 600 people per hectare fall in district A.


75

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A


76

Cultural Significance

Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and

Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract

thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India’s

holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue

of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year.

This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical

Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its

other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the

Ganges (Plate 5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation.

During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists.

Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery

during Kumbh

5.2.1 Public Consultation

The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social

survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6.

Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to

assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned

stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other

important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile

vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these

27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in

landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with

the fact stated by census of India also.

All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing

execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM

and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project

with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the

ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project.


77

Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous

group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities

and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer

networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are

not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.

Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers

One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of

construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed

the following result;

Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase


78

The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of

the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed

by noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is

the next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents

mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged.

Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table

Consult

ation no.

Place Date No. of

Participants

Nature of

participants

Key issues raised

1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents, shop

keepers,

women

Execution to happen in time

Construction should

not happen in monsoon

2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix

residential

and

commercial.

Traffic congestion

3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials

visiting

institutional

area

Noise and dust during

construction

4 Krishna Nagar

22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, dust generation

5 Medical

College

22/8/11 4 Members of

institutions, hospital staff

Noise and dust

pollution. Debris is not cleared on time

6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents :

females

Traffic congestion.

But overall impact will be good

7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily

life routine 8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents:

females

Traffic congestion, no

prior information is

provided to the

residents

9 Chaukhan

di

22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust

generation 10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents,

mobile

vendors

Traffic congestion,

piles of excavated soil

which is not disposed off

11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents,

and pedestrians

Traffic congestion and

inconvenience to daily life


79

12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show

owners

Already congested

area, so will be more

chaotic

13 Khalashi

Line

23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion

14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group

(residential and

commercial)

Traffic congestion

15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents: female

Traffic congestion, dust, inconvenience in

daily routine life

16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation

17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion

18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion

19 Narain Singh

Nagar

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion

20 Sultanpur

Bhawa

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion,

Dust generation

21 Malviya

Nagar

23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion,

noise pollution

22 Bahadur

Ganj

23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion,

noise pollution

23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion,

Dust generation

24 Bakshi Bazaar

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust generation

25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion,

noise pollution

26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents: Female

Traffic congestion, Dust generation

27 Dayra

Shah Azmal

23/8/11 6 Mix group

(residential and

commercial)

Traffic congestion


80

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Any development projects have associated environmental and social positive and negative

impacts. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the

consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have

started integrating measures in project design to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the

major findings of field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and

social impacts due to proposed sewerage subproject in district A are identified and

presented in following sections below.

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts

The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the

environment during all three following phases:

• During Design and Development phase

• During construction phase During operation phase

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase

Design with inadequate consideration to likely environmental impacts associated with

construction and operation stages may lead to significant environmental impacts due to the

projects. Anticipated impacts which either can be eliminated or minimize with design

consideration are identified at design stage and required measures are integrated in the

designs. The identified impacts requiring design stage considerations are stated below:

• Accidental leakages/burst in trunk sewerage line due to inadequate design ( non-

consideration of project population or sewage load) or lack of maintenance

provisions.

• Sewage Pumping Station locational specific : noise and odour nuisance, tree cutting,

• Alignment planning considering least shifting of utilities

6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase

The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include:



Bargadghat SPS


The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling,

shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction

(sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these

construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below:


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i) Environmental sensitive areas

Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials

and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically

sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1)..The nearest eco-sensitive

areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National

Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. Small

residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4) are located in this area, which

will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in

the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive

aquatic areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use

pattern of District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas.

There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district ‘A’, except Sangam area

which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans

and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI

(Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort,

Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of

sewerage district ‘A’ which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the

proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more

than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has

declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond

it up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and

construction. So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the

sewer line falls within 200 m distance.

ii) Air quality

Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation

with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono-

oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction

phase mainly because of:

• Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved

roads (increases dust level)

• Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for

transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2).

• Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO).

A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat

infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential

area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern.


82

iii) Noise levels

The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to

plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical

machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur

round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations,. As per

the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district ‘A, are expected to be

within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and

no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to feel the temporary impacts more than others

include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing

Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani Nehru Hospital.

Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan

Temple, Masjid – e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature,

lasting only during the construction period.

iv) Water resources

From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water

bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be

affected in the following ways:

• Direct discharge from construction activities – If the construction wastes and

construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain

impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find

their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for

drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due

to unmanaged material and construction debris.

• Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and

redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section 5.1.9 of

baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During

construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the

already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer

to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil

Line area, Kydganj, etc.

• The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not

impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and

lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report.12

• Excavation may lead to damage to underground water supply lines or other utilities.

As per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels,

Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits


U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11


83

indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city.

Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and

Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district A (Naini STP)

and would not be let into the Yamuna13. Improved water quality provides cleaner water

supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and

downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that

visit the city.

v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction

The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management

and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local

people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this

has been suggested. Top soil productivity will also be lost, if it is not preserved separately.

vi) Safety and traffic management: accidental damage due to erosion/sliding of vertical

sides of excavated trenches while placing pipes, Temporary flooding due to excavation

during monsoon or blockage of surface drains. Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions,

congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) .

6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase

i) Water environment

Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation

project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation

and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The

probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include

unpredictable events such as:

• Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due

to blockages and backlogging of lines.

• Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/

overflows from the sewer lines

• Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to

inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process.

ii) Noise and air quality

Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps,

generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity.

There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during

operation, most of the works will be laid underground.

13 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad


84

iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station and STP

It is possible that during the operation of pumping station and STP sludge generated may

not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.

Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha

6.2 Potential Social Impacts

The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the social

sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term.

Social Impacts

i. Impact on human health

One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to

the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will

depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an

adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites.

Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related

sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people

who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such

as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti,

Chaukhandi, Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc.

ii. Traffic Congestion

Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be

a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the

morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-

routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained


85

that they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house.

Commercial areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for

such areas. This issue is discussed in the DPR.

Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than

5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic

congestion could be high

iii. Impact on livelihood

The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the

commercial establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business

on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well

shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported

during the survey.


86

As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors

are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved

living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary

inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner.

However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the

agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long

duration of construction work.

Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors

iv. Impact on existing utility services

The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity

poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply

interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs.

Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some

complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other

alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy

bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also

notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue.

v. Safety hazards

There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally,

there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children

falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were

seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they

have witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is

provided as part of the DPR.

vi. Elevated Noise Levels

Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction

equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around


87

Civil Lines area, Medical College area, etc. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and

affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and

hospitals.

vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems

related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and

debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern.

viii. Affect to daily life

Resident of Civil Lines colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects,

they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was

no space outside for parking.

ix. Land Acquisition

Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department,

community, other sources14 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional

land is required for the project, as sewage construction will not result in land seizures of any

kind. Moreover, the SPS compound would need around 1000 m2 of land. The land on which

the SPS is proposed to come up belongs to the government and has no habitation. Hence, no

relocation would be needed, as per the dialogue with UP Jal Nigam officials. Moreover there

would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey

and interaction with the local people. Also Figure 5.10 indicate that the project construction

will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land

requirement for laying sewer lines.

6.3 Conclusion

Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is

expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into

the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be

allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include

• Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns

• Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow

• Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid

waste

• Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga

• Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource

• Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health

hazards within the cities/towns


U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11.


88

• Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity

• Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced

malarial risks and other health hazards

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts,

but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans.

However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary

inconveniences.


89

Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan

7.1 Environmental Management Plan

Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category

investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the

design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in

sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate

mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and

social assessment study.

In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and

Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the

mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved

institutes are described below.

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN

The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:

• EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required;

• Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;

7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor

The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the

following:

7.1.2.1 Implementation of EMP

The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the

Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent

Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the

design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval.

The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and

evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding

plans are in line and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the

Environment Management Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management

consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is

required to be prepared and required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga

(NMCG) for the progress made in implementing the Environment Management Plan.


90

Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the

contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at

construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the

contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1

below:

Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

UPJN

Project Manager (Contractor)

Environmental Officer

(Contractor)

Team Leader

(Supervision Consultant)

Environmental Expert

(Supervision Consultant)

State Pollution Control Board

PM-1 PM-2 PM-3

GM-Ganga Pollution control unit

Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP


91

Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan

Activity Potential Negative

Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact

Mitigation Measures Responsible

agency

Sewerage and Sanitation Investments

A. Design and Development Phase

Sewerage

Network (

Trunk Sewer

Line)

Accidental

leakages/

bursts

Due to accidental burst or

leakage of sewers, flooding

of the nearby areas

Backlogging due to

unexpected heavy flow

rates

Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity

and flow velocity

Provision for Regular inspection and

maintenance of the sewers

Preparation of safety and Emergency

Preparedness plan

DBO Operator

Sewage

Pumping

Station

Location of

Sewage

Pumping

Station and

Pumping of

sewage in

District A

Noise and odour nuisance

hazards to neighboring

areas.

Cutting of Trees

Permanent

Ensure minimum noise generation at

pump station in SPS by use of less noise

generating equipment meeting prescribed

noise standards as applicable and

enclosed generators.

Minimize Tree cutting if involved.

Tree plantation of at least two rows

around the periphery of SPS site and

landscaping to prevent spread of bad

odour with large canopy/ broad leaves

trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal,

etc.

Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be

cleared at short intervals and spraying of

suitable herbicides on accumulated

sludge/solid waste to reduce odour.

Provision for regular maintenance and

switching off equipment when not in use;

DBO Operator


92


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

B. Construction phase

Sewerage

(laying of

sewers) and

Sewage

Pumping

station

Excavation,

cutting, back

filling,

compaction

and

construction

operations

Damage to underground

utilities like water, gas line,

electricity and telephone

conduits, etc due to

construction activities.

Temporary Identify existing underground other

utility structures, lines through available

records and in consultation with

concerned authorities and plan

construction activities accordingly to

minimize damage to such utilities. these

underground utilities encountered in

excavating trenches carefully shall be

supported, maintained and protected

from damage or interruption of service

until backfill is complete and settlement

has taken place

DBO Operator

Accidents/ damages due to

erosion/ sliding of vertical

sides of excavated trenches

while places the pipes

Temporary Maintaining excavation by shoring trench

sides by placing sheeting, timber shores,

trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other

material

Exposed surface shall be resurfaced and

stabilized. Exposed surface will be

resurfaced and stabilized by making

sloping sides of trench to the angle of

repose at which oil will remain safely

DBO Operator

Generation of substantial

debris, top soil and muck

during construction

Temporary Top soil shall be preserved and may be

used for agricultural purpose or

development of city parks.

Soil and debris may be managed for

planned land filling and landscaping;

DBO Operator


93


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

Debris may be suitably stored to filling

back the excavated areas after placing the

trunk sewer lines.

Dust Generation ( Air

Pollution) due to

excavation, cutting, back

filling and compaction

operations

Temporary Water sprinkling over excavated areas,

unpaved movement areas and stockpiles.

Transportation of loose construction

material through covered trucks.

Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets)

around the construction area for

containing dust spread at SPS building

construction site.

Construction equipment must comply

with pollution norms and carry Pollution

Under Control certificate.

DBO Operator

Noise and vibration

disturbances to residents

and businesses

Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in

day time with prior intimation to local

residents and shop keepers.

Construction work near schools and

colleges to be carried out during vacations

and work near hospitals to be completed

on priority basis (in shorter time period

with alternate provision of traffic,

accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.).

Use of low noise and vibrating equipment

meeting prescribed noise standards.

Provision of protective equipment (PPE)

like ear muffs and plugs for construction

workers.

DBO Operator


94


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

Provision of noise barriers in inhabited

areas, particularly near sensitive zones

like hospitals, schools etc.

DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure.

Temporary flooding due to

excavation during

monsoons or blockage of

surface drain

Temporary Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms;

Stockpiles to be done in high areas to

avoid flow in storm water run-off

channels and erosion

DBO Operator

Increased traffic

inconvenience (emissions,

congestions, longer travel

times, blockage of access)

Temporary Alternate traffic routing must be adopted

in consultation with concerned traffic

police authorities. Proper traffic planning

be made for narrow lane areas.

Work should to be completed on priority

near business and market place to

minimize business loss.

Care should be taken to minimize

congestion and negative impacts at

schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be

maintained to these places during

construction.

Provide temporary crossing/ bridges as

may be required to facilitate normal life

and business

DBO Operator

Settlement of backfilled area

after construction

Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from

petroleum products, slag, cinders, ash or

other material.

Backfilling activity shall be completed

DBO Operator


95


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

within five days of laying of sewer.

Proper compaction as per the soil

condition and retain the original level of

alignment and grade.

Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if

required) at a place away from any

drainage channel/nalla preferably to be

stored in drums mounted on a concrete

paved platform with slop draining to

small spills collection pit.

DBO Operator

Nuisance due to solid waste

disposal

Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non-

recyclable wastes.

Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable

wastes are collected in segregated manner

in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable

material should be sold. Non-recyclable

material should be disposed for

designated land fill area of the city.

Provide adequate sanitation facility for

workers at construction sites.

DBO Operator

General:

safety

during

construction

Accidents Safety hazards to labours

and public

Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and

Safety regulations of India

Ensure that the contact details of the

police or security company and

ambulance services nearby to the site.

Ensure that the handling of equipment

and materials is supervised and

adequately instructed.

DBO Operator


96


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary

barriers and/or danger tape, marking

flags, lights and flagmen around the

exposed construction works warn the

public and traffic flow of the inherent

dangers.

Provide adequate safety precautions such

as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust

masks, gumboots, etc. to workers

Monthly reporting of all accidents and

immediate reporting to DBO engineer and

owner

C. Operation phase

Sewer line Leakage/

overflows

Water pollution and

possibility of mixing with

water supply line

Temporary Regular monitoring of sewer line and

manholes for visible leakages/ overflows.

Immediate repair shall be carried out to

plug the leakages. Restore the sewer and

other utility services if damaged due to

leakages.

DBO Operator

Sewage

Pumping

Station

Waste

Handling

Bad odour, Health hazard

and

public nuisance

Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge

and solid waste to minimize odor

nuisance

Ensure maintenance of Green belt as

planned

Periodic disposal of accumulated

sludge/solid waste to disposal site as

approved by DBO engineer.

DBO Operator


97


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


agency

Sewage

Cleaning

Equipment

Extracted

Sewage Sludge

handling and

cleaning

equipment

maintenance

waste handling

Bad odour, Health hazard

and

public nuisance and

possible land

contaminations

Temporary Ensure that extracted sewage sludge

collected during sewers cleaning are

disposed to disposal site as approved by

DBO engineer.

Sewage solids shall not be disposed on

road sides or non-designated areas.

Equipment cleaning waste shall be

disposed to public sewer or STP inlet for

treatment

Waste oil if any generated shall be

separately collected. It shall be sold to

authorized waste oil recyclers.

DBO Operator

General

Safety

Workers

exposure to

toxic gases in

sewers and

hazardous

materials

during

sewer

maintenance

work

Serious/health/ safety

hazards

The toxic gases are likely to

contract communicable

diseases from exposure to

pathogens present in the

sewage.

Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation,

the sewer line will be adequately vented

to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases

are present in the line.

Ensure availability of PPE for

maintenance workers.

Follow safety and Emergency

Preparedness plan prepared at design

stage

Monthly reporting of all accidents and

immediate reporting to DBO engineer and

owner.

DBO Operator


98

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful

implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:

• The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the

Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality

and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the

existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt);

• The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for

approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;

• Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring

tests, and subsequent analysis of results;

• Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC

to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:

o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);

o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;

o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;

o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,

o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction

equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed

significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental

"safe" levels.

7.3 EMP Budget

The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed

in the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given

in Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part

of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the

Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of

market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be

covered under engineering costs are listed below:

• Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area

• Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour

nuisance to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from

the residents and connecting to city sewer

• Alternate traffic re-routing,

• Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas

• Solid Waste Management


99

Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Env.

Component Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards/

Methods

Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

Air

Qu

alit

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

PM10 µg /m3,

PM2.5 µg/m3,

SO2, NOX, CO

CPCB

Sewer

Constructio

n Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

era

tio

n

PM10 µg /m3,

PM2.5 µg/m3,

SO2, NOX, CO

Sewer

Constructio

n Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon

for first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Met

eoro

log

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Rainfall,

humidity, Wind

Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring

Guidance for

Regulatory

Modeling

Applications

One

location

within

Allahabad

A district

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

erat

ion

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring

Guidance for

Regulatory

Modeling

One

location

within

Allahabad

A district

Once in a year Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


100

Applications

No

ise

Lev

els C

on

stru

ctio

n Leq dB (A) (Day

and Night)

Average and Peak

values

Ambient Noise

Standard

CPCB

Sewer

Constructio

n Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon)

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

era

tio

n Leq dB (A) (Day

and Night)

Average and Peak

values

Sewer

Constructio

n Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon

for first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

So

il

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Physical

Parameter:

Texture, Grain

Size, Gravel, Sand,

Silt, Clay;

Chemical

Parameter: pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium,

Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of

agriculture

Sewer

Constructio

n Sites and

SPS

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


101

Op

era

tio

n

Physical : Texture,

Grain Size, Gravel,

Sand, Silt, Clay;

Chemical

Parameter: pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium,

Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of

agriculture

Along

sewer

constructio

n sites, SPS

Twice in a year

(Pre-monsoon and

Post monsoon) for

first 5 years,

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


102

Table 7.3 EMP Budget

Phase Component of

EMP Mitigation measure

Cost included

in the DPR

(Yes/no/not

clear)

Cost in Rupees

(or Details if

provided in DPR)

Remarks

Design

and

Develop

ment

Provision for

accidental

leakages / bursts

in SPS

Proper drainage

arrangements to prevent

water stagnation/ flooding in

SPS site area

Yes (not

specific but

included as a

part of

associated

construction

activity)

DPR for Sewerage

system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,

The proposed DPR includes these

activities

Location of SPS Appropriate siting, and

enclosing within building to

reduce noise and odour

nuisance to surrounding

area

Yes DPR for Sewerage

system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,

The proposed SPS will be indoor

which will prevent noise and

enclosed nature and appropriate

cleaning and maintenance will

prevent odour nuisance

Constru

ction

Excavation,

Cutting and filling

operations

Review of existing

infrastructure, shoring

trenches, reinstatement/

resurfacing


system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,


activities

Damage public

utilities

Proper reviewing of existing

drawing s of utilities,

informing concern

authorities and

reinstatement of public

utilities


system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,


activities


103

Dust generation Water sprinkling on

excavated material to

suppress dust and provision

of top cover when

transported through vehicles

No Water tanker: Rs.

Approximately

Rs. 28,80,000

/-

Top cover for

dumper truck: Rs.

33750/-

According to DPR 80Km stretch in

each zone will be completed in

3years. This means approximately

75 m will be covered per day.

750 L of water will be consumed

for 75 m using sprinkler average 2

times a day

Labour cost-Rs. 150/day

Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer =

Rs. 450

Per meter cost = Rs. 450/75m = Rs

6/-

Total cost for 80 Km= Rs.

480000

Keeping a 2 day margin for

construction and reinstatement of

the site

2x480000= Rs. 960000/-

For 240km stretch:

Rs. 28,80,000/-

Top cover:

Approximately 30 Sqm of top

cover may require for each

vehicle. Assuming 5 such vehicle

involved in transporting excess

soil to dumping location

(considering construction


104

schedule and max excavated earth

disposal). Hence 5 trucks*

required top cover 30 Sqm* Cost

of Tripol cover at Rs. 75/ Sqm

Noise and

vibrations

Usage of sound barriers or

sheets.

No. Rs. 9,29,850/- As per the schedule, the

construction of 80km in 3zones

each has to be executed in 36

months For providing sound

barriers like GI sheets, 4Km out of

80 Km of stretch of sensitive zones

in sewer work is considered

assuming excavation, construction

and backfilling activity will take

place simultaneously at different

stretches.

Considering 302 GI sheet of 3’x 8’

would cover 75m length (both

sides) of construction activity

daily. (150 sheets are needed of for

one side of 150 m stretch, so for 2

sides 300 sheets and 2 more sheets

to enclose one open side of the

barricading; 150 m is taken as a

safer option as it will not be

possible to shift the barrier to

another site same day)

Hence 302 sheets* Cost of GI sheet

Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs.70-100 per


105

Kg)* labour cost ( two labours at

avg. rate of Rs. 150 per day) = Rs.

309950

And for 240 Kms = Rs. 9,29,850/-

Temporary

flooding or , water

logging

Alternate traffic re-routing,

Ensuring storage of

excavated soil material on

the higher lying areas


system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,

Increased traffic

inconvenience

Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage

system in

Sewerage District

‘A’ Allahabad,

Safety hazards to

workers and

residents

Putting fences or other

barricades to demarcate the

area

No Rs. 16875 Assuming a stretch of 75m per

day, 150 rods will be used, @ Rs.

75/- per rod.

Labour

camps

(if

adopted)

Health hazards

and nuisance due

to absence of

facility for

sanitation or solid

waste

management

Sanitation No Cost of

construction of pit

and toilet building

& cleaning

approximately Rs.

15,12,000/-

Total no. of labour is estimated

assuming 35% of total project

working for 36 months .The

labour camps can be divided into

1 camps for each zone, for

appropriate management and

maintenance work. So per day

each camp will have around 950

labourers

A toilet with septic tank is been

suggested for sanitation facility at

labour camps. Septic tank of

capacity 45 m3 will be used. For


106

950 labourers 63 m3 of total pit

capacity would be needed. Hence

2 pits will be needed. Cost of one

pit is Rs. 1,20,000. Cost of 2 pits

would ne Rs. 2,40,000/-

For this 3 toilet buildings of 15

closets will be needed. Cost of one

toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for

3 toilet building total cost is Rs.

2,40,000.

Therefore, total cost of toilet

construction at one camp site

would be Rs 4,80,000/-

For constructing toilet at 3 camps

expenditure would be Rs.

14,40,000/-

Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-. And

after 9 months cleaning is needed

so thrice cleaning is needed. So for

2 pits X 3 camps X 3 times

cleaning the cost will come as

Rs.72000/-

Water Supply No Approximately Rs.

1213821/-

As estimated 950 labourers will be

at one camp, so approximately 190

families will be placed at one

camp. Around 10 standposts will

be needed at one camp. One

standpost construction cost is Rs


107

6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost

will be Rs 187500 for construction.

At the rate of 135 LPCD, 128250L

of water is needed for each camp.

At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of

water provisioning would be Rs

320.65 per day. Total cost for 36

months would be Rs 342106.875

and the total cost for all camps

would be Rs 1026320.625.

Total cost of construction and

provisioning would be Rs

1213820.625

Dust bins No Approximately Rs.

200000/-

Solid waste generation: Generally

about 200 grams of solid waste is

generated per 5 persons every

day. Hence two cluster dustbin

(one for biodegradable waste and

one for non-biodegradable waste

of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs.

2000/-) may handle solid waste

generated.

Total Cost of Environment Management Rs 6786296/-

Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 6786296/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.


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Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Allahabad-A SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP

Item Location Season Year Total no. of

samples Unit Cost Total Cost

Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage

Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72

7,000.00

504,000.00

Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00

Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team

Lumpsum 240,000.00

Sub total 1,212,000.00

Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)

Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40

7,000.00

280,000.00

Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40 2,000.00 80,000.00

Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00

Sub-Total 605,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team

Lumpsum 400,000.00

TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00

Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4) 90,03,296.00 Say 90 Lakhs


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7.4 Social Management Plan

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase

Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these

measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended

for social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders.

i. Impact on human health

Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed

sites

Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction

sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging.

They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the

interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are

doing water sprinkling in the construction area.

ii. Traffic Congestion

Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police

to manage the traffic movement.

Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should

provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which

detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents

can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will

also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already

included in the DPR.

iii. Impact on livelihood

Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect

shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For

mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar

location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption.

Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence

immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that

might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions.

In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of

the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent

livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of

mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that

mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into


110

this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside

the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project.

However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due

to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the

entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.

iv. Impact on existing utility services

Mitigation Measure:

• Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work

site.

• Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility

services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure

Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already

budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive

detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental

water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made

aware of the timing and location of digging near supply lines so they can make the

necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions.

v. Safety hazards

Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards.

As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and

appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in

place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.

Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field

visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not.

vi. Elevated Noise Levels

According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours

or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond

that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid

unnecessary noise pollution.

vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already

included in the DPR.

viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview.

Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of

construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them

better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.


111

ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp,

health programmes for their well-being should be implemented.

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase

Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out

during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring

residents.

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of

project activities

From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile

vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded;

• Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops

• Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on

• Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening

• Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or

shops

• Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate

construction area for the time when construction is on

• Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have

more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period.

The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation

measures to sewage construction projects.

Public Grievances

Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or

damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials.

Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a

temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences.

However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as

mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework.


112

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan


Impact/Concern Mitigation Measures Cost Issues

I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects A. Design and Development Phase Land Acquisition

for new pumping

station

NA • SPS is planned on land already owned

by the government and confirmed by

the Revenue department

NA

B. Construction Phase Laying of sewer network *

Safety hazards to workers and residents

• Provide workers with adequate safety equipment such as helmets, safety

shoes, gloves, etc.

• Fences/temporary enclosures should be put around construction sites (even

inactive ones, if hazards, like open pits,

remain); enclosures should be properly marked with caution signs

• Safety gear already provided by contractor

• Putting fences or other barricades

to demarcate the area, is already being done

DPR for Sewerage system in

Sewerage District ‘

Dust generation, with resulting

implications for human health

• Water sprinkling, removal of excess

materials, cleaning of sites upon

completion of activities. • Construction of temporary enclosures to

entrap dust.

• Water sprinkling

Reduced pedestrian and vehicle access to residences and

businesses, with inverse effects

• Work should proceed on schedule so as to minimize road closures

• Upon project completion, quick

• NA Debris clearance budgeted for in

DPR


113

on livelihoods clearance of debris, etc. will facilitate

access by customers to local business

and residents to their households


Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad,

Volume.-I

Temporary water , electricity,

supply interruptions

• Circulation of layout plan for all

underground infrastructure to ensure

that contractor is aware of

water/electricity lines in construction

zones • Local utilities should be made aware of

timing/location of all construction,

enabling them to respond swiftly to

supply disruption, especially in the

event of flooding, etc.

• Provision for temporary shifting

of water/power lines, etc. already

in DPR


Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I

Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer

travel times)

• Use of alternate traffic routes; signage should clearly indicate dates of road

closures and new routes so residents

can plan accordingly • Placement of traffic officers at busy

intersections to facilitate easy of

movement

• Provisions for traffic diversion, with signage already in DPR


Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I

Impact to daily life • Prior public notice indicating the date of

start of construction and end date of construction should be provided road-

wise to the locals, allowing them to

make adjustments accordingly

Note: *** denotes – Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact.


114

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and

Implementation of Mitigation Plan

Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be

informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be

conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the

community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials,

relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction

begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as

to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to

the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction.

Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan

include;

• All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of

vulnerable households;

• decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and

citizens, NGOs etc;

• staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc

• officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and

• Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for

Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard

Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures

Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity

for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and

continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the

relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc.

Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will

be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly

manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise

continued development will not be sustainable.


115

Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation

Stakeholder

Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation

NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the

mitigation plan is

implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation

plan execution

Executing agencies (UP Jal Nigam,

Ganga Pollution

Control Unit)

Implementation of the project by awarding the project to the

suitable contractor and regional

coordination Informing the relevant

departments about the progress

of the project

Ensuring that the relevant departments are available for

mitigation plan

Enough safety provisions are available for the project

implementation.

Jal Sansthan While execution of projects

related to sewerage line, Jal

Sansthan is responsible for the damage caused to the public

utility functions like drinking

water pipe lines

Should ensure that the basic

amenities are in order during

the construction and operational phase of the

project

Municipality Ensuring better access to

households

Should ensure all the

households envisaged at

project planning phase gets access to the services. Weaker

section of the society should

get equitable share. State, local

Government

Coordination

Monitoring and evaluation

Coordination

Monitoring and evaluation

Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted

upon.

NGOs, CSOs, Research Institutes (

Allahabad

University)

Awareness creation about the project activities

Community participation for

better project implementation

Public participation and coordination

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social

Development Outcomes

Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its

success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring

and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the

indicators are listed below;

• Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)

• Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)


116

• Proper sites for industries, building etc.

• Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society

• Increase in public toilet

• Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)

• Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area


118

Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues

8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project

• Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until

the year 2040. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 405176

in 2010 to 515155 by 2040. In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase

from 62.80 MLD to 79.85 MLD. Hence the increase sewerage will prevent outflow of

waste water to the Ganga.

• Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved

environmental conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to

improved public health conditions and will likely reduce the average medical

expenses of the residents in the project areas. According to DPR this area has

sewerage system but the sewers are very old, under capacity and deteriorated

condition, which causes significant flow of untreated sewage into river and also this

sewage gets accumulated on road/drain sides. These areas suffer from powerful

odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be mitigated with the

sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and health is

anticipated from this project.

• Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste

water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment

will be disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river.

Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of

Allahabad. As the water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD

much higher than the safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/L. Downstream

from Allahabad (post Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to

below the safe bathing limit15.

• Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the

aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater

discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This

will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site.

The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in

areas with only nalas (bad odor, insects, etc.).

• Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible

development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to

reduce the overall investment cost.

• Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality.

As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water

quality would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘Kumbh Mela’

15Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of NRCD as per

orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime


119

better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded

by UP State Pollution Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform

concentration, and it has been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against

the river pollution and boycott the ritual bathing16. This could be sorted out with

better river water quality.

8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social

Services to be provided by the project

The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to

ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:

• Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained

that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses

did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure

that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are

detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would increase to 75% from 45% of 2010

ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable

sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be

realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household

connection is carried in parallel.

• Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will

ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists

(especially visiting during ‘Kumbh Mela’ are able to benefit from the increased

sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open

Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have better

environment and social ramifications.

• Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to

sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by

those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for

relevant jobs.

• Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and

ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be

performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is

essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing,

pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean

area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area.

• Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned

above around 185 slums spread across the city. District A also has number of slums.

All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to provide such

services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for over all

sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of low cost

sanitation technologies without sewerage connection.

16http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf


120

Chapter 9 Conclusion The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city

after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’

category and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There

has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As

per environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA,

Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was

conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project.

Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of

Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse

environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for

which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental

management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/

concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and

environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using

appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public

grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency

during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional

mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during

construction, implementation and operation phases.

Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of

public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are

happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the

large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of

untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment,

prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in

quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary

inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.


121

Annexure 1 Questionnaire TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011

NGRBA Project Impact Assessment

Interviewer:__________________

Site: __________________________

Interviewee:________________________

Location: Residential____Public Place_______

For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____

Classification: Resident______ShopKeeper___StreetVendor_____Officeworker____School_______pedestria

n___

Religious figure_____Other_______

1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed?

2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to sewerage is important?

3. Will your household be connected to sewer line?

4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the

following: (classify as short term and long term impacts)

a. Traffic blockages?

b. Parking?

c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation

d. Health

e. Access to river water source

f. Noise?

g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages

h. Smell/flies, etc.?

i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent)

k. Family?

l. Daily Life?

m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)

n. Other?


122

5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion?

a. Pollution?

b. Smell/flies, etc.?

c. Access to river water source

d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

e. Livelihood?

f. Family?

g. Daily Life?

h. Other?

6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt Jnnurm projects) in your

area/neighbourhood?

7. How are you coping up with these difficulties?

a. Traffic blockages?

b. Parking?

c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood

d. Health

e. Access to river water source

f. Noise?

g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages

h. Smell/flies, etc.?

i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent)

k. Family?

l. Daily Life?

m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)

n. Other?

8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the

past?

9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase?

10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project?


123

11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret

investment) and more such projects should be implemented?

12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project?

(get details)

13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects?

14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project?

15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project implementation phase?

16. Do you think these projects; will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and upscaled in different

areas or not?

17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project?

18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats

(due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past?

19. Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if

answer is yes/no)

20. Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient

manner?

21. Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the

past regarding similar projects? (note down details)

22. Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other

projects/programmes you know of in the region?


124

Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders

Allahabad 28-29th April 2011

S.

no

Name and

designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting

1 Mr. Rohit, Asst.

Project Engineer,

State Pollution Control Board,

Allahabad

9473942159 • According to rough estimates

the project in District C

would help in treating 2.61 MLD of sewage, and in

District A around 7 MLD of

sewage. This will help prevent flow of

approximately 10 MLD of

sewage into River Ganga.

• During construction work,

they make sure appropriate

safety equipments are available along with proper

caution signage and contact

number of the concerned project coordinator. Also

proper shuttering to be

placed as excavation commences; water to be

sprinkled through tankers,

twice a day, to avoid dust pollution.

• Work in front of schools and

hospitals to be prioritized

and finished urgently. Work

could be conducted during

day/night shifts. • Upstream/downstream water

quality data can be retrieved

from the MoEF public

domain.

• There are no forested areas

or protected monuments being threatened by the

projects.

• There is no threat to Groundwater Resources

since digging for sewers does

not go below 6-7 meters. 2 Mr. R S Singh, State 9473942675 • Said that he dealt mainly


125

Pollution Control

Board, Allahabad

[email protected]

[email protected]

with the Operation and

Maintenance phase of the

projects. • Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit

for all necessary information.

• TERI submitted a letter of

request to Mr. R.S Singh,

requesting relevant data for

ESIA.

Allahabad 5thAugust 2011

S.

no Name and designation Minutes of Meeting

1 MoEF, PMG ,World Bank

team, U.P. Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam, Tata

Consulting Engineers

(TCE), TERI

Venue: Jal Nigam,

Training Centre, Sangam Hall

• There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar

Nigam, UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each construction site for laying of sewer lines will be

completed and restored in maximum period of 1

month.

• It was brought to the attention that since no maps,

plans of underground utilities exists, damage to

them will be inevitable. • It was agreed upon that a ‘Social publicity Programme’

would be launched, the budget for which was to be

prepared by Jal Kal department.

• There was a suggestion to use SewerCad and it was

recommended that all sewer maps and details

should be mapped using it. • The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized

colonies was brought up. One solution was to

provide sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies except where public land has

been encroached. Another suggestion was to

provide network in all areas where a water connection already exists. This matter is still under

review and consideration.

• Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan to involve and motivate local residents to

install sewer connections in their homes. One such

idea for a scheme would provide a free connection

to all those who applied in the 1st six months.


126

Allahabad 23rd - 26th August 2011

S.

no Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting

1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General

Manager, Ganga Pollution Control Unit

(GPCU), UP Jal Nigam,

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

9473942672 • He shared basic

information on the existing sewerage system in

Allahabad city and

provided contacts of important officials

required for the

environmental and social assessment study.

• Important issues such as

damage to public utilities,

traffic congestion, dust

pollution etc. were

highlighted. • Data and Maps related to

Water Supply, Solid Waste

management, storm drainage, health and social

issues were not available

with UP Jal Nigam and would be with the Nagar

Nigam.

2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project Manager, Ganga

Pollution Control Unit

(GPCU), UP Jal Nigam,

Allahabad, Uttar

• As secondary data on Allahabad “A report on sub-

soil exploration for design

foundation of sump well at

Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.)”

3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma,

Envrionment Officer, Project Implementation

Unit, Allahabad Nagar

Nigam.

09935754985

• Stated that most of the data

is with the UP Jal Nigam • Shared statistics about

solid waste management in

city.

• Overall the SWM plans are

have reached only 20%

implementation in all wards.

• 400 gm/head solid waste is

collected adding up to a total of 540 Million Metric

Tonnes per day.

• Door to Door Collection (DTDC) is followed in 18

wards of District A. No

slums are included in the DTDC plans.


127

• The major dumping sites

are Allahpur, Govindpur

and KarelBagh. The major processing plant is at

Baswar.

• With regard to waste

water, BPCL is a major

industry that dumps waste

water into the Simraha Ghat. Other industries in

NAINI area are

Baidyanath, AREVA and

RECRON.

• Provided information on

water supply for the city which included pumps,

tube wells and overhead

tanks (18 under JNNURM, each storing

2000KiloLitres). There are

also 3 underground reservoirs in District A (2

are complete, 1 is 30%

constructed) 4 Mr. Tiwary, Social

officer, Allahabad

Nagar Nigam.

07376336219 • Informed that there is not

much data that exists on

social issues at the

moment.

• Provided TERI with a

photocopy of wards in Allahabad district and a

list of slums.

5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land Officer, Nagar Nigam.

• Informed that there is no landuse data or maps

available for Allahabad

due to lack of recording and poor response from

locals.

6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE, Gaughat Pumping

Station, Allahabad.

09473942168 • Provided important information with regard to

the Gaughat pumping

station and overall sewage

system in Allahabad.

• The current pumping

capacity of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD and it has

the capacity to handle extra

increased levels of 7 to 8 m.

• The MPS was built in 1988


128

and is very old, it should

have been changed in 2003

(after 15 years). • There is no provision to

handle high flows/excess

flows during the monsoon.

During these times,

backlogging leads to

flooding of the sewage network. It was suggested

that storm water be

bypassed to the river to

avoid this kind of flooding.

• There have been no

complaints from the residents neighboring the

MPS about noise or air

quality. • Polythene is a major issue

at the pumping station.

Approximately 2 trucks per week are transported

to dumping sites from

Gaughat MPS. 7 World Bank, TCE and

UPJN

[email protected] • All 3 parties discussed the

day’s field visits and the

World Bank gave their

impression and

expectations of the project

work. The following points are to be mentioned:

• As per JNNURM, by

March 2012, water supply is targeted to be 100% in

Allahabad.

• The main concern for finishing the project in

time is the upcoming

Kumbh Mela in 2013 at Prayag.

• GIS maps are to be

acquired from TCE in the

form of a CD.

• The UPJN agreed to

provide field assistance to all field going teams, as

suggested by the World

Bank.


129

Annexure 3 Census Data District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09)

Population

Persons 4,936,105 Males 2,626,448

Females 2,309,657

Growth (1991-2001) 26.72

Rural 3,729,320

Urban 1,206,785

Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097 Percentage to total Population 21.58

Literacy and Educational level

Literates

Persons 2,506,942

Males 1,635,387

Females 871,555 Literacy rate

Persons 62.11

Males 75.81 Females 46.38

Workers

Total workers 1,671,349 Main workers 1,106,596

Marginal workers 564,751

Non-workers 3,264,756 Scheduled Castes (Largest three)

1. Pasi 304,424

2. Chamar etc. 402,347

3. Kol 106,164

Religions (Largest three)

1. Hindus 4,284,834 2. Muslims 627,735

3. Christians 9,114

Important Towns (Largest three) Population

1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975,393

2. Allahabad (CB) 24,137 3. Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992

House Type

Type of House (% of households occupying) Permanent 50.7

Semi-permanent 45.5

Temporary 3.8

Number of households 740,941

Household size (per household) 7

Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879 Sex ration (0-6 years) 917


130

Scheduled Tribe population 4,273

Percentage to total population 0.09

Educational Level attained Total 2,506,942

Without level 152,585

Below primary 536,398

Primary 542,568

Middle 404,832

Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060 Graduate and above 254,138

Age groups

0-4 years 586,483

5-14 years 1,374,513

15-59 years 2,598,662

60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447 Scheduled Tribes (Largest three)

1. Generic Tribes etc. 3,322

2. Tharu 870 3. Jaunsari 57

Amenities and infrastructural facilities

Total inhabited villages Amenities available in villages

No. of Villages

Drinking water facilities 2,783 Safe Drinking water 2,783

Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289

Electricity (domestic) 1,066

Electricity (Agriculture) 703

Primary school 1,733

Middle schools 613 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214

College 61

Medical facility 651 Primary Health Centre 53

Primary Health Sub-Centre 66

Post, telegraph and telephone facility 910 Bus services 201

Paved approach road 1,956

Mud approach road 1,986

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan...

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