Environmental Analysis
description
Transcript of Environmental Analysis
![Page 1: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environmental AnalysisEnvironmental AnalysisEnvironmental AnalysisEnvironmental Analysis
American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association
Forum on the Construction IndustryForum on the Construction Industry
American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association
Forum on the Construction IndustryForum on the Construction Industry
Presented By:Presented By:John T. BolanJohn T. Bolan
Paulus, Sokolowski & Sartor, Paulus, Sokolowski & Sartor, LLCLLC
Joseph J. Lifrieri, Ph.D., P.E., Joseph J. Lifrieri, Ph.D., P.E., C.P.G., P.M.P.C.P.G., P.M.P.
Warren Professional Services, Warren Professional Services, LLCLLC
J. Bradford McIlvainJ. Bradford McIlvainArcher & Greiner PCArcher & Greiner PC
InfrastructureCivil Works Projects for Lawyers
![Page 2: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Alphabet Soup of Alphabet Soup of RegulationsRegulations
![Page 3: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Clean Water ActClean Water Act
▪ Prohibits discharge of toxic pollutants
▪ Wastewater treatment management
▪ Sets mandatory water quality standards
▪ Establishes the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
![Page 4: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rivers and Harbors ActRivers and Harbors Act
▪ Corps of Engineers approval of any “wharf, pier, dolphin, boom, weir, breakwater, bulkhead, jetty…”
▪ Corps of Engineers approval for any construction that may “alter or modify the course, location, condition, or capacity of…any navigable water of the United States”
![Page 5: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Historic Preservation ActHistoric Preservation Act
▪ The National Historic Preservation Act establishes a program to preserve historic properties in the United States
▪ Expand and maintain a National Register of Historic Places
![Page 6: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
– Preserve, protect, develop and when possible restore or enhance the Native Coastal Zones
– The member states are all that border the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Gulf of Mexico, Arctic Ocean, Long Island Sound and Great Lakes
– The program is to preserve and restore coastal areas
![Page 7: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Resource Conservation and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Recovery Act (RCRA)
▪ Regulates hazardous waste disposal
▪ Creates a ‘cradle-to-grave’ tracking system
▪ Also regulates the location, design, and operation of disposal facilities for solid and hazardous wastes
![Page 8: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
– Known as Superfund– Cleanup uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous
waste sites– Conveys authority to USEPA to find violators– Act facilitates public involvement in clearing
process of hazardous sites
![Page 9: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CERCLA CERCLA
▪ Liability for discharge of hazardous waste
▪ Require violator to pay for cleanup
▪ Innocent landowners defense
▪ Contiguous property owners (CPOs)
![Page 10: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Clean Air Act (CAA)Clean Air Act (CAA)
▪ Regulate air emissions from stationary and mobile sources
• Carbon Monoxide
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Ozone
• Lead
• Respirable Particulate Matters (PM-10)
• Fine Particulate Matters (PM-2.5)
• Sulfur Dioxide
![Page 11: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Clean Air Act (CAA)Clean Air Act (CAA)– Sulfur Dioxide Cap and Trade– Permits required are major pollution sources
• New Construction
• Major Renovation
– Permits addressed • Equipment Specs
• Operation and Measurement Requirements
– Title V• Operating Permits for Major Facilities
![Page 12: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act
▪ Provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and their habitats
▪ Requires US Fish & Wildlife to maintain list of endangered species
![Page 13: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LAND USELAND USE
• Standard, State, Zoning, Enabling Act– Districts for Local Government
– Zoning Purposes Declaration
– Procedures for Zoning Regulations
– Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA)
– Seasonal and Regional Planning
– The Powers of Planning Commission
– Regulations and Subdivisions
– Provide for Penalties
• Visual Impact Analysis– View Shed Analysis
– Corridor Studies
– Many Considerations to Protect Views
![Page 14: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
State ProgramsState Programs
– Federal Government establish the national mandates on State Governments
– States provide implementation and regulatory responsibility
– Local Government has input on specific initiatives
– Practice Tip: Ascertain whether State Law applies; check local regulations for additional requirements
![Page 15: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Environmental Impact Environmental Impact StatementStatement
• Scoping• Draft EIS• Final EIS and
Proposed Action• Record of Decision
![Page 16: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
RemediationRemediation Licensure & Licensure & TrainingTraining
▪ State license as remediation specialist
▪ Certain activities require professional engineer
▪ Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) Training
![Page 17: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
HAZWOPERHAZWOPER
▪ Clean up at uncontrolled hazardous waste site
▪ Corrective actions at RCRA sites
▪ Voluntary clean up at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
▪ Operations involving hazardous waste at treatment, storage and disposal facilities
▪ Emergency response operations
![Page 18: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Environmental Site Environmental Site AssessmentAssessment
• Phase I Environmental Assessment
• Preliminary Assessment
• Due Diligence
![Page 19: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Environmental Site Environmental Site AssessmentAssessment
▪ Records Review– Current and Past Site Use– Prior Environmental Permits– Property Appraisals– Neighboring Property Assessment
▪ Site Inspection– Recognized Environmental Condition (REC)
▪ ASTM E1527
![Page 20: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Contents of Phase I Contents of Phase I ReportReport
– Contents of Phase I report• Site specific surrounding property
• Observe potential presence of contamination
• Photos
• Environmental Database Regulatory Rulings
• Agencies Response to FOIA
• Further Site Investigation Recommendations
– ASTM E1527 -05• Signed Certificate
![Page 21: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Site CharacterizationSite Characterization
▪ Work Plan– Identify RECs and Impacted Media
▪ Site Investigation– Investigation based on probable REC and Media
▪ Site Specific Health & Safety Plan (HASP)
▪ Phase II Report
▪ ASTM E1903
![Page 22: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CONTAMINANTSCONTAMINANTS
– Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)• Benzene, Toluene, Solvents
• Media: Soil, Water and Air
– Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC)• Phenol, Naphthalene, Petroleum Hydrocarbons
• Media: Soil, Water and Sediment
![Page 23: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CONTAMINANTSCONTAMINANTS
– Metal• Nickel, Lead, Mercury, Zinc and Arsenic
• Media: soil, water and sediment
– General Chemistry • Analyze PH, Alkali, Nitrogen and Total Organic
Compounds (TOC’s)
![Page 24: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Remedial InvestigationRemedial Investigation
▪ Qualitative Human
Exposure
▪ Ecological Impact
▪ Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility
Study (RI/FS)
![Page 25: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conceptual Site ModelConceptual Site Model
▪ Contaminant transport model
▪ Pathways analysis
▪ Subsurface model
▪ Depiction of areas of contamination
▪ Depiction of pertinent infrastructure
![Page 26: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Purpose of RemediationPurpose of Remediation
▪ Eliminate, to the extent practical, direct contact with contaminants
▪ Eliminate, to the extent practical, ingestion of contaminants
▪ Eliminate, to the extent practical, migration of contaminants
▪ Prevent, to the extent practical, groundwater contact with contaminated source materials
![Page 27: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Remediation Standards
▪ EPA Applicable, Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARS)
▪ What if ARARS have not been adopted?– Chemical specific standards, i.e Mercury 0.002
mg/L– Action specific standards, which limit
particular types of remediation action– Location specific standards, particularly
wetlands and floodplains
![Page 28: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Review of Remedial Action Review of Remedial Action Criteria Criteria
– Chemical Specifications – Health Risks, Base Line
• Action Specified– Control of type of activity
• Location Specific– Specific Areas of Wetlands and Flood Plains
• Remedial Action Purposes – Element– Direct Control – Migration – Ground Water Control
![Page 29: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Remedial Options
▪ No action – continued monitoring
▪ Limited action – monitoring with limitations on access and transfer
▪ Containment – isolate contaminants
▪ Removal/Treatment/Disposal
![Page 30: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Remedial GoalsRemedial Goals
▪ Identify removal type and process
▪ Evaluation of process options – Goals to be Obtained
• Ground water resotroration• Non-degradation• Return aquifer to health based standards • Use technology based standard • Implement restore use policy • Budget consideration
![Page 31: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Analysis of Remedial Analysis of Remedial AlternativesAlternatives
▪ Protection of Human Life
▪ Compliance with Applicable Standards
▪ Long-Term Effectiveness
▪ Reduction of Toxicity
▪ Short-Term Effectiveness
▪ Ability for Implementation
▪ Community Acceptance
▪ Costs
![Page 32: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Design ProceduresDesign Procedures
▪ Permitting– Different Requirements for
• Surface Water
• Soil
• Air
• Ground Water
– Considerations of Site Use • Most remediation considerations
![Page 33: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Formats for Remedial Formats for Remedial Action Action
– ROD Pathway• RI/FS
• Agency Record of Decision
• 50% to 75% Design
• 95% Design (include Contractor and Agency Comments)
• 100% Complete (include Final Agency Comments)
Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP)
• Remedial Investigation
• Remedial Action Selection
• Remedial Action Work Plan
• Contractor Selection
• Implementation
• Voluntary Clean-up Options
![Page 34: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Construction and Construction and DevelopmentDevelopment
▪ Final USEPA and/or State Agency Review and Approval
▪ Final Contractor Permitting
▪ Coordination of Zoning and Land Use
▪ Owner designates Construction Team
▪ Monitoring of Contractor and Construction for compliance with Permits and Approvals
![Page 35: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Site Management PlanSite Management Plan
• If some contamination remains, prepare plan for agency approval
• Implement site or deed restrictions needed to prevent further disturbance
• Implement Operations, Maintenance and Inspection requirements
• Determine site development as allowed by permits or conditions including the means for managing future activities
![Page 36: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
• Greenhouse Gases are linked to global warming
• Indication that earth’s temperature was climbing above past levels
• Typical Gases » Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Fluorinated
Gases, Nitrogen Oxide, Non-methane VOC
• NEPA Guidelines– Require federal agencies to integrate environmental values
into decision making process
• US Council of Environmental Quality Issued Guidelines to Evaluate Greenhouse Gases
![Page 37: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Voluntary Emission Voluntary Emission ReductionReduction
▪ Conservation
▪ Clean Energy Incentives
▪ Market Based Approach
▪ Rebates
▪ Tax Incentives
▪ EPA/ Industry Collaboration for Greenhouse Gas Reduction
![Page 38: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cap and TradeCap and Trade
– EPA set discretionary yearly carbon dioxide emission limits
– Issue permits to energy producers – Producers can sell unused permits to other
producers – Program now has nine states in the Northeast
participating in a Cap and Trade approach– A way of forcing use and development of clean
renewable energies
![Page 39: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Greenhouse Gas ReportingReporting
▪ Purpose: To gather accurate data for use in making future decisions
▪ Facilities that emit ≥ 25,000 metric tons must report
![Page 40: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Legal Issues Presented by Legal Issues Presented by Environmental Environmental ContaminationContamination
![Page 41: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ Two federal statutory schemes are implicated Two federal statutory schemes are implicated when a contractor works on a contaminated when a contractor works on a contaminated site:site:– The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976 (commonly known as RCRA) (codified at 1976 (commonly known as RCRA) (codified at 42 USC § 6901); and42 USC § 6901); and
– The Comprehensive Environmental Response The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (commonly known as CERCLA) (codified at 42 (commonly known as CERCLA) (codified at 42 USC § 9601).USC § 9601).
![Page 42: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ Both schemes recognize that, prior to the Both schemes recognize that, prior to the commencement of construction, the owner of the site commencement of construction, the owner of the site owns any environmental hazards that exist on the site.owns any environmental hazards that exist on the site.
▪ However, under CERCLA, anyone who “arranges for However, under CERCLA, anyone who “arranges for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances or the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances or who arranges with a transporter for disposal of who arranges with a transporter for disposal of hazardous substances” and “any transporter of hazardous substances” and “any transporter of hazardous substances” is also liable for contamination hazardous substances” is also liable for contamination arising from the transported substances.arising from the transported substances.
![Page 43: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability▪ This commonly plays out when contaminated soil is This commonly plays out when contaminated soil is
found during excavation.found during excavation.– The soil must be excavated.The soil must be excavated.
– Once excavated, the soil has to go somewhere.Once excavated, the soil has to go somewhere.
– The general contractor either hauls the soil offsite itself The general contractor either hauls the soil offsite itself (and thus becomes a transporter) or has a subcontractor (and thus becomes a transporter) or has a subcontractor haul the soil offsite (and thus becomes someone who haul the soil offsite (and thus becomes someone who arranges for transportation).arranges for transportation).
– Either way, the general contractor is now on the hook if Either way, the general contractor is now on the hook if that soil causes contamination elsewhere.that soil causes contamination elsewhere.
– The owner is always liable, as the “generator” of the The owner is always liable, as the “generator” of the contaminated soil.contaminated soil.
![Page 44: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ CERCLA is a strict liability statute.CERCLA is a strict liability statute.
▪ CERCLA also imposes joint and several CERCLA also imposes joint and several liability on all responsible parties.liability on all responsible parties.
▪ Thus, the contractor could become solely Thus, the contractor could become solely responsible for the clean-up costs.responsible for the clean-up costs.
![Page 45: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ The ideal solution for the contractor is for the The ideal solution for the contractor is for the owner to directly contract with a owner to directly contract with a transportation company to offhaul the transportation company to offhaul the contaminated soil.contaminated soil.
▪ Contractor is now neither a transporter nor an Contractor is now neither a transporter nor an arranger of transport for the soil.arranger of transport for the soil.
▪ Owners are typically not thrilled with this Owners are typically not thrilled with this arrangement.arrangement.
![Page 46: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ If the owner and contractor agree on a If the owner and contractor agree on a disposal site (preferably a licensed hazardous disposal site (preferably a licensed hazardous waste disposal facility), the contractor can waste disposal facility), the contractor can propose an indemnity agreement specific to propose an indemnity agreement specific to the contaminated soil.the contaminated soil.
![Page 47: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Legal Issues Presented by Legal Issues Presented by Environmental Environmental ContaminationContamination
![Page 48: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ Two federal statutory schemes are implicated Two federal statutory schemes are implicated when a contractor works on a contaminated when a contractor works on a contaminated site:site:– The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976 (commonly known as RCRA) (codified at 1976 (commonly known as RCRA) (codified at 42 USC § 6901); and42 USC § 6901); and
– The Comprehensive Environmental Response The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (commonly known as CERCLA) (codified at 42 (commonly known as CERCLA) (codified at 42 USC § 9601).USC § 9601).
![Page 49: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ Both schemes recognize that, prior to the Both schemes recognize that, prior to the commencement of construction, the owner of the site commencement of construction, the owner of the site owns any environmental hazards that exist on the site.owns any environmental hazards that exist on the site.
▪ However, under CERCLA, anyone who “arranges for However, under CERCLA, anyone who “arranges for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances or the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances or who arranges with a transporter for disposal of who arranges with a transporter for disposal of hazardous substances” and “any transporter of hazardous substances” and “any transporter of hazardous substances” is also liable for contamination hazardous substances” is also liable for contamination arising from the transported substances.arising from the transported substances.
![Page 50: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability▪ This commonly plays out when contaminated soil is This commonly plays out when contaminated soil is
found during excavation.found during excavation.– The soil must be excavated.The soil must be excavated.
– Once excavated, the soil has to go somewhere.Once excavated, the soil has to go somewhere.
– The general contractor either hauls the soil offsite itself The general contractor either hauls the soil offsite itself (and thus becomes a transporter) or has a subcontractor (and thus becomes a transporter) or has a subcontractor haul the soil offsite (and thus becomes someone who haul the soil offsite (and thus becomes someone who arranges for transportation).arranges for transportation).
– Either way, the general contractor is now on the hook if Either way, the general contractor is now on the hook if that soil causes contamination elsewhere.that soil causes contamination elsewhere.
– The owner is always liable, as the “generator” of the The owner is always liable, as the “generator” of the contaminated soil.contaminated soil.
![Page 51: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ CERCLA is a strict liability statute.CERCLA is a strict liability statute.
▪ CERCLA also imposes joint and several CERCLA also imposes joint and several liability on all responsible parties.liability on all responsible parties.
▪ Thus, the contractor could become solely Thus, the contractor could become solely responsible for the clean-up costs.responsible for the clean-up costs.
![Page 52: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ The ideal solution for the contractor is for the The ideal solution for the contractor is for the owner to directly contract with a owner to directly contract with a transportation company to offhaul the transportation company to offhaul the contaminated soil.contaminated soil.
▪ Contractor is now neither a transporter nor an Contractor is now neither a transporter nor an arranger of transport for the soil.arranger of transport for the soil.
▪ Owners are typically not thrilled with this Owners are typically not thrilled with this arrangement.arrangement.
![Page 53: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
RCRA and CERCLA LiabilityRCRA and CERCLA Liability
▪ If the owner and contractor agree on a If the owner and contractor agree on a disposal site (preferably a licensed hazardous disposal site (preferably a licensed hazardous waste disposal facility), the contractor can waste disposal facility), the contractor can propose an indemnity agreement specific to propose an indemnity agreement specific to the contaminated soil.the contaminated soil.
![Page 54: Environmental Analysis](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56814497550346895db13bac/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Thank YouThank You