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Environment Management Tools

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• Conservation of environment for human sake – environment management

• Natural resources need to be protected and nurtured

• Conservation of nature and industrialization/ development both should go hand in hand

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Environmental management system

It is the tool that enables an organization to control impact of its activities, products or services on the natural environment.

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EMS – Management of an organization’s environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner

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Function of EMS• Serves as a tool to provide a systematic way of

managing an organizations environmental affairs

• Gives order and consistency for organization to address environmental concerns

• Focuses on continual improvement of the system

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Basic EMS framework

• Follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)• Also known as Deming-Shewhart Plan-Do-

Check-Act• Leads to continuous improvement of the

system

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PLAN Establish

baselines, identify priorities, set

improvement goals and targets

DOImplement action plans to achieve

goals

ACTEvaluate, apply lessons learned and modify as

necessary

CHECKMonitor, measure,

Find and fix ,document

results

Continually improve

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PLAN Planning identifying environmental aspects and establishing goals in accordance with the organization environmental policy

DO Implement the planned processes which includes training and operational control

CHECK Checking(monitoring) and corrective actions

ACT Reviewing, includes progress reviews and actions to make needed changes which continually Improve performance of the environmental management system

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• EMS offers method and opportunity to systematically establish and achieve pollution prevention objectives

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STANDARDS AND ISO 14000 SERIES

• International Organization for Standards (ISO)• September 1996, ISO published the first

edition of ISO 14001, the internationally accredited environmental management system standards.

• This describes specific requirements for an Environmental Management System(EMS)

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• ISO 14001- Specification standard to which a organization may receive certification or registration (foundation document of ISO 14000)

• Second edition of ISO 14000 series in 2004• ISO 14001- preferred model for environmental

management

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ISO 14001 main principles

• Prevention of environmental pollution• Compliance with environmental regulation • Continuous improvement of environmental

performance

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Range of ISO SubjectISO 14000-14009 Environmental

management systemISO 14010-14019 Environmental auditingISO 14020-14029 Environmental labelingISO 14030-14039 Environmental performance

evaluation

ISO 14040-14049 Life cycle assessmentISO 14050-14059 Terms and definitionsISO 14060 Environmental aspects in

product standards

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Aims of ISO 14001

• Implementing, maintaining and improving an environmental management system

• Ensuring its conformance with its stated environmental policy

• Demonstrating such conformance to others, either through an independent, third party certification or a self-declaration or conformance with the standard

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ISO 14000 series

Key requirements: 1. Environmental policy2. Planning

2.1 Environmental aspects 2.2 Legal and other requirements2.3 Objectives and targets2.4 Environmental management programmes

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3.Implementation and operation 3.1 Structure and responsibility 3.2 Training, awareness and competence 3.3 Communication 3.4 Environmental management system documentation 3.5 Document control 3.6 Operational control 3.7 Emergency preparedness and response 3.7.1 Checking and corrective action

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4.Monitoring and measurement 4.1 Non-conformance and correction and preventive

action4.2 Records4.3 Environmental Management System audit4.4 Management review

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ISO 14001 explains each of these requirementse.g.Objectives and targets “ The organization shall establish and maintain

documented environmental objectives and targets, at each relevant function and level within the organization”

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• ISO adoption by any organization/company is voluntary

• Pressure from industrialized countries for the ISO certification on developing countries

• ISO 14000 series – environmental protection in balance with socio economic needs

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Certification for EMS

There is provision to have EMS certified by an external party

• International organization for standardization (ISO 14001)

• British standards for environment• European Union’s EMAS (Eco-management

and auditing system)

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• The agencies that certify these standards- third party certifiers

• The most important, most recognized and internationally accredited EMS standard is ISO 14001

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Key elements of an environmental management system

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How to use EMS and who use it

• Many EMS implementation efforts begins with an examination of the existing management system with the ISO requirements.

• The gap identifies the needs to be develop or improve.

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Benefits of EMS

• Improve environmental performanceWaste and energy reduction Pollution prevention

• Enhance compliance An EMS can help to improve regularly compliance• Increase efficiency/ reduce cost

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• Competitive advantages consumers and manufactures are giving

preference to products from environmentally responsible suppliers

• Improved image improve business image and credibility to

environmental programmes

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• Enhancement of employee morale – The implementation of an EMS in an organization, which has not previously had a record of caring for, the environment can often lead to improved employee morale and motivation

• Reduce / mitigate risks- an EMS provides a structured framework for identifying and meeting regulatory requirement. This results in fewer fines and legal risk and potential liabilities

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• Pollution reduction and resource conservation• It can be concluded that ISO 14001 EMS

standards implementation has a positive and significant relationship with enterprise performance( i.e. operation performance and business performance)

• Stakeholders agree that an ISO 14001 certified EMS does increase a firm’s capacity to manage the environmental aspects of its business

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Benefits of EMS• Firm’s efficiency• Environmental performance• Economy• Pollution prevention• Waste minimization

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OR LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT

Life cycle assessment (LCA) involves evaluating the environmental effects of product, process, or activity holistically by looking at the entire life cycle of the product or process from raw materials extraction through consumer use

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Stages LCA

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Stages of product life cycle

• Life cycle analysis is an approach that covers the whole life cycle product or service, usually from cradle to grave

• Raw material extraction to manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use and end life

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ISO define LCA as a technique for assessing the environmental impacts associated with a product by compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system and evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs and interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impacts assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study

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ISO in 2000 has come out with the following standards• ISO 14040:environmental management- LCA-

principles and frameworks• ISO 14041: environmental management- LCA-

inventory analysis• ISO 14042: environmental management- LCA-impact

assessment• ISO 14043:environmental management- LCA-

interpretation

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Procedures of LCA

• According to ISO 14040( principles and framework of LCA) and 14044 ( Requirements and guidelines for LCA standards) standardsA life cycle assessment should be carried out in

four distinct phases. The phases are interdependent in that the results

of one phase will decide, how other phases are completed .

The figure shown below illustrates the life cycle assessment framework

Goal and scope definition

Interpretations conclusions

recommendations and reporting

Analysis

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

Impact assessment ISO 14043

Direct applicationProduct

development and improvement

strategic planning

Public policy making

marketing

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Goal and scope of an LCA

• Should be clearly defined and consistent with the intended application

• It includes technical details that guide subsequent work, which sets out the context of the study and explains how and to whom the results are to be communicated

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Goal of LCA

• By examining a product over its entire life cycle, appropriate decisions can be arrived at, to avoid/ reduce the environmental impact

• Achieve efficient use of resources and energy thereby lowering overall production costs and environmental impacts

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Why conduct LCA • LCAs provide a detailed breakdown of the

main contributors to key environmental impacts( materials, energy sources, steps of the life cycle, etc.)

• This can enable companies to improve performance by prioritizing environmental improvements and investments

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• e.g., achieving cost savings through more efficient use of resources or energy, or identifying alternative processes that lower overall production costs environmental impacts

• LCA can also help companies comply with laws and regulations designed to reduce the environmental impact of products and services

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There are two main types of LCAs• Attribution LCAs : seek to establish the burden

associated with production and use of a product or with a specific service or process, at a point in time (typically of the recent past)

• Consequential LCAs :seek to identify the environmental consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the future)

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Life cycle inventory (LCI) Analysis

• Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows from and to the nature for a product

• Inventory flows include inputs of water, energy and raw materials and releases to air, land and water environment

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• To develop the inventory, a flow model( typically illustrated with the help of a flow chart as shown) for all activities taking place in the technical system is constructed using data on inputs and outputs

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Life cycle analysis framework

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

Raw materials

Use/reuse/maintenance

Recycle/waste management

manufacturing Raw materials

energy

System boundary

Finished products

By products

Atmosphere emission

Waste water

Solid wastes

Other releases

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Results of the inventory

• Inventory flows can number in hundred depending on the system.

• The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal, scope and definition

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Life cycle impact assessment

• Inventory analysis is followed by impact assessment. This phase of LCA is aimed at evaluating the significance of potential environmental impacts based on the LCI flow results

• Classical life cycle impact assessment(LCIA) consists of the following mandatory elements

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A) impact category selectionThis step should be completed as a part of initial goal

and scope definition phase The items identified in life cycle inventory (LCI) have

potential human health and environmental impacts

e.g. cancer, ozone depletionB)Classification To organize and combine LCI results with impact

categories

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e.g. items can be classify as those causing global warming, those causing acid rain and so on

C)Characterization Impact characterization is based on scientific

conversion factors, to convert and combine the life cycle inventory(LCI) results in to representative indicators.

Impact Indicator= Inventory Data X Characterization

factor

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Interpretation

Life cycle interpretation is a systematic technique where the results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are summarized

• The outcome of the interpretation phase is a set of conclusions and recommendations for the study

• Interpreting the results help in arriving at a more informed decision/best alternatives

• Hence , it is crucial that data for the completion of a life cycle analysis is accurate and current.( a life cycle analysis is only as valid as its data)

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Benefits of LCA

• Helps to develop a systematic evaluation of the environmental consequences associated with a given product

• It will quantify environmental releases to air, water and land in relation to each life cycle stages and/or major contributing process

• Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts between life cycle stages and environmental media

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• Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and environmental releases to the local community, region and world

• Compare health and ecological impacts between two or more competing products/ processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or process

• Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern

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LCA of paper(Product life cycle of paper)

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• Historically pulp and paper production has ranked among the most resource-intensive and highly polluting of all manufacturing industries. Besides fiber, the primary inputs into the paper making process are water, energy and chemicals.

• 2050 it is expected that pulp and paper production will account for over half of the world’s industrial demand

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• Paper has the potential to decompose and produce methane, a greenhouse gas with 21 times the heat trapping power of carbon dioxide.

• Transportation in each stage of paper production consumes energy

• Two main contributors of greenhouse gas emission are paper industry and methane gas from land fills

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• Paper industry as a whole represents a broad range of applications. Hence, it is very difficult to draw general conclusions across various paper segments and one must use extreme caution when making comparisons across different studies

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Some Environmental management tools

• Environmental management system(EMS)• Eco labeling• Life cycle assessment• Waste minimization programs• Environmental impact assessment• Environmental risk analysis• Environmental auditing