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Environment and Sustainable Development:
Issues
Dr. Ritu SinghEmail: [email protected]
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
23 February 2015International Centre for Environment Audit and Sustainable Development (iCED)
Jaipur
Structure of lecture
Part I: Concepts related to Environment andSustainable development
Part II: Case study
PART I: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS AND EVOLUTION
QUESTION
Why sustainable development?
Environmental Challenges
• Global warming or green house gas effect
• Process of deforestation
• Increase in air pollutants
• Depletion of earth’s ozone layer
• Depletion of non-renewable resources
Global Warming or Green House Gas Effect
- Caused by excessive emission of carbon dioxide from industry, transportation, the heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings, energy production, deforestation and agriculture
- May lead to thermal expansion of earth’s surface water, melting of glaciers and ice caps which may cause destruction of beaches, coastal cities, catastrophic storms etc.
Cities under Threat
• Tokyo, Japan – earthquake
• Mumbai, India – monsoons and flooding
• Mexico city, Mexico – pollution
• Sao Paulo, Brazil – crime and vice
• Seoul, Korea – overcrowding
• Lagos, Nigeria – inadequate sanitation and waste
Deforestation
• Reduces earth’s carbon absorbing capacity, soil erosion, land desertification
• Intensive irrigation lead to water logging, salinization, ground water depletion
• Implication on food production – erosion of 24 billion top soil reduces the grain harvest by 6%
Air Pollutants
• High concentration of Sulphur dioxide – lung diseases
• Excessive lead in the air in Industrialized cities –circulatory, respiratory, and nervous system
• Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide – viral infection, influenza, lung irritation, bronchitis, pneumonia
• Disposal of chemical wastes in water pollutes water
Depletion of Earth’s Ozone Layer
• Caused by emission of chlorine and bromine
• Comes from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC11)used in production of refrigerants, air conditioners, foam, solvents
• Comes from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC12) used in production of fire extinguisher
Depletion of natural resources
• Forests- Direct use (timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest products such
as bamboo, sandal wood, honey, gum, tendu leaves etc, and eco-tourism)
- Indirect use (the value of flood and drought control, watershed maintenance, carbon storage, etc)
- Optional values (willingness to pay either for conservation of forest for future use or for its own sake)
• Agricultural Cropland and Pasture land• Sub-Soil Assets (coal, iron ore, petroleum, and natural gas)• Freshwater (surface water and ground water)
QUESTION
What do you understand by sustainable development?
Sustainable Development
• Sustainable – resources intact
• Development – rise of income
Sustainable Development
A timeline
Sustainable Development: Global Genesis
DEFINITIONSustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
– the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
– the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
(Chapter 2, Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
Sustainable Development: Indian Context
The Constitution of India
The National Environment Policy
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990)
• Article 21 conferring the Right to Life encompasses right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to live with dignity and a number of other associated rights
• The Directive Principles of State Policy often referred to as the ‘conscience’ of the Constitution are intended to ensure ‘distributive justice’ and that political democracy in India is accompanied side by side with social and economic democracy
• “only such development is sustainable, which respects ecological constraints and the imperatives of social justice”
• “If the gains in productivity are to be sustained, resources must also continue to be available over time. This requires that, while providing for current needs, the resources base be managed so as to enable sustainable development.” (Volume 2, Chapter 18)
Sustainable Development: Indian Context
• The ideology of sustainable development was a part of Seventh Five Year Plan and predates the United National Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992
• National Environment Policy, 2006 of India articulates that sustainable development should respect ecological constraints while harmonize the imperatives of social justice
• In the context of sustainable development and India, it is evident that sustainable development has been much more than a narrative and is deeply embedded in Indian culture and in the ideology of development; tradition in India has always embraced sustainability
• For developing countries sustainable development and related concepts like green economy will be linked to
social pillar and inclusivity
Components of Sustainable Development: Dominant View
• Three pillars of sustainable development– Economic
– Social
– Environmental
• Achievements– policy mainstreaming and
consensus building
– Responsible corporate conduct
– Formal and informal institutions working together
• Criticisms– Compartmentalized – Leading
to Isolated actions?
– An oxymoron?
– Fuzziness?
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Sustainable development
Inspired by Our Common Future, 1987;World Summit, 2005
Figure Three pillars of sustainable development
Governance
Components of Sustainable Development: Emerging View
• Also focus on interfaces around components of sustainable development
• Social ecology (social and environment)
• Green economy (economic and environment)
• Social equity (social and economic)
Social
Environment
Social
Ecology
Sustainable
Development
Green
Economy
Social Equity
Economy
Social
Environment
Social
Ecology
Sustainable
Development
Green
Economy
Social Equity
Economy
GoI (2010), official submission to UNCSD second preparatory committee meeting, pg 30
Figure Interfaces of the components of sustainable development
Institutions
Institutions and stakeholders
• Major Groups• Governments• International community
Source: MoEF-TERI (2011)
Global Policy: Some developments
United Nations General Assembly to agree on Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals - The Outcome Document of the United Nations Open Working Group on the Post-2015 Development Agenda including Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will form the basis.
SDGs are supposed to be action oriented, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries, while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html
Global Policy: Some developments
List of Proposed Sustainable Development Goals to be attained by 2030
1. End poverty everywhere
2. End hunger, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Attain healthy lives for all
4. Provide quality education and life-long learning opportunities for all
5. Attain gender equality, empower women and girls everywhere
6. Ensure availability and sustainable use of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure sustainable energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
9. Promote sustainable infrastructure and industrialization and foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and between countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and sustainable
12. Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Tackle climate change and its impacts
14. Conserve and promote sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources
15. Protect and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, halt desertification, land degradation and biodiversity loss
16. Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice for all, and effective and capable institutions
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and the global partnership for sustainable development
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html
QUESTION
Can we measure sustainable development?
Framework
• Social
• Economic
• Environmental
• Institutional
Theme Sub-theme IndicatorEquity Percent of population living below poverty line
Poverty Gini index of income inequality
Unemployment rate
Gender equality Ratio of average female wage to male wage
Nutritional status Nutritional status of children
Mortality Mortality rate under 5 years old
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth
Health Sanitation Percent of population with adequate sewage disposal
facilities
Drinking water Population with access to safe drinking water
Percent of population with access to primary health care
facilities
Healthcare delivery Immunization against infectious childhood diseases
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Education Education level Children reaching grade 5 of primary education
Adult secondary education achievement level
Social
Theme Sub-theme Indicator
Economic
structure
Economic performance per capita
Investment share in
Trade Balance of trade in goods and
services
Financial status
Debt to GNP ratio
Total ODA given or received as
a percent of GNP
Fiscal Deficit
Consumption
and production
patterns
Material consumption
Intensity of material use
Annual energy consumption
per capita
Share of consumption of
renewable energy resources
Energy use
Energy use per unit
Energy use per unit by sector
Intensity of energy use:
Transportation
Energy Imports
Economic
Theme Sub-theme Indicator
Atmosphere Climate change Emissions of greenhouse
gases
Ozone layer depletion Consumption of ozone
depleting substances
Air quality Ambient concentration of air
pollutants in urban areas
Land Agriculture
Arable and permanent crop land area
Per hectare food grain
production
Percentage of gross
cropped area irrigated
Use of fertilizers
Environmental
Theme Sub-theme IndicatorInstitutional
framework
Strategic implementation of
SD
National sustainable
development strategy
International cooperation Implementation of ratified
global agreements
Institutional
capacity
Science and technology Expenditure on research
and development as a
percent of GDP
Disaster preparedness and
response
Economic and human loss
due to natural disasters
Communication
Infrastructure
Main telephone lines per
1000 inhabitants
Information Access Number of internet
subscribers per 1000
inhabitants
Institutional
Life Cycle Assessment
• Aims to consider all processes from “cradle to grave”
• Need data for each stage of life cycle– Energy
– Materials
– Emissions
• Popular and standardized
Production
Extraction
& Processing
Use
Disposal
Reuse or
recycle
Energy
MaterialWaste
Emission
Waste Emission
Environment
Life Cycle Approaches – example of paper bag
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): Some indicators
Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) as a tool for decision-making
Multiple-criteria decision-making or multiple-criteria decision analysis is a sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly considers multiple criteria in decision-making environments.
MCA Decision
Note: Criteria can be economic, social, ecological, cultural, institutional….
Question to auditors: Who
makes decision?
Sustainability goal
Factor 1
Attribute 1
Constraint 1
Attribute 2
Goal
Criteria
Attributes
PART II: CASE STUDY
The 2010 Commonwealth Games (CWG) Mega-Event
• The commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) General Assembly, November 2003- Delhi won the bid to host XIX CWG in 2010 and bear the financial liability
• 8000 athletes and team officials• 290 sessions across 17 sports and 4para sports • 23 competition Venues and 40 Training Venues• Longest Queen Baton Relay• Opening and closing ceremony was a mega event
attended by more than 5lakh spectators
Key Challenges in the Host City
Host City Economic Social Environmental
New Delhi
Increasing populationExpanding urban aggloLack of emp oppInadequate soc infrasas water, health
High slum prevalence as share of total housingHigh absolute BPL nosLimited access to basic services like water, education, healthSecurity concerns
Air pollutionWater quality and quantityInadequate waste managementProne to natural hazards (earthquake)Biodiversity loss and land degradation
Event Business Model
• Revenue Neutral Model
Governance of the Event
• Commonwealth Games Federation
• Indian Olympic Association
• Organizing Committee
• Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) established empowered committee headed by Chief Secretary
• Government of India authorized Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS)
Initiatives taken during CWG
Economic Environment Social Institutional
USD 4.94 billion to India’s GDP during 2009-122.47 million empSteep rise in GSDP3750 MW of electricity generation846MGDof water supply 76000 tourist influx agnst 180000 target
Campaign Go Green – It works to inspire people to adopt sustainable lifestyle.Plantation of 2.07 million saplings by MOEF, with support from State Govt and Global Environment Fund, the UNDP, UNEP.Installation of state of art air quality at 11 locations.Non-biodegradable waste management.
30000-40000 families displaced. Relocated under Rajiv Ratna AwasYojana.13000 against target of 15000 houses constructed.Emp in informal sector.
Seven year window not appropriately utilised for clearance, approval, and planningLack of compliance with public procurement process by OC. Unequal power distribution between depts at domestic level
Case of Games Village on Yamuna river banks
• Residential complex for athletes to be developed on land in Yamuna river banks.
• Games Village was developed on an area of 59.28 hectares on the banks of river Yamuna.
• The first step towards regularization of the site for development of the Games Village was in the form of ‘change of land use’ of the earmarked area.
• According to public notification in 2006, the land use of area measuring 42.5 hectares (105.0 acres) was sought to be changed from ‘agricultural and water body’ to ‘public and semi-public facilities’.
• Further, the land use of an area of 16.5 hectares was changed to ‘Residential’ for 11 hectares and 5.5 hectares to ‘Commercial/ Hotel’.
Land-use and sustainability
• Delhi and changing land-use and land cover (LULC) dynamics
• Development of urban agglomerations
Source: Sudhira, HS (2011)
Expansion of built-up area in Delhi
Picture of site
Common Wealth Village (2011)
Civil society voices
Comptroller and Auditor General key reports• July 2009• August 2011
Source: TERI study
Pictures of site
Source: TERI study
Findings of the 2011 Comptroller and Auditor General’s Report
• Proved to be expensive and cost overruns and delays. No tangible benefits for tourism.
• Flood mitigation and abatement measures as directed by MOEF to DDA was not undertaken.
• Increase in built up area was due to construction and debris left at site.
• Absence of effective planning
• Decision making highly centralized between OC and group of ministers
Case study discussion
• Governments are responsive to civil society and knowledge communities
• Only ex-post?• Could measures be taken ex-ante?• Social issues?
Extra reading material
Proposed Goals and Targets on Sustainable Development for the Post2015 Development Agendahttp://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html
!nclusive growth
Lets us and the society reflect on the social, economic and environmental conditions
Speed is irrelevant if you are going in the wrong direction-- Mahatma Gandhi
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Pearls of wisdom
THANK-YOU