Environemnt
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Transcript of Environemnt
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Controlled Environment Agriculture(crop production)
A.J. Both
Associate Professor and Extension Specialist
Department of Environmental Sciences
Rutgers, The State University of NJ
http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~horteng
Why do we need controlled environments?
Overcome the vagaries of outside weather
Higher production on a smaller footprint
Containment (moving to zero-discharge)
Automation
Maintain year-round local production:
Fresh products
Reduced transportation costs Produce: increased food safety
Provide jobs for skilled labor
Special applications: life support
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Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables
FloricultureFloriculture
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Growth chambersGrowth chambers
Tissue CultureTissue Culture
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CEA industry challenges
Design of structures
Labor versus technology
Energy use and efficiency
Water supply and quality
Investment costs
Local, state, and federal regulations
Education/training of (future) operators
Funding for research and development
Structures and glazingStructures and glazing
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LaborLabor
TechnologyTechnology
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VentilationVentilation
HeatingHeating
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Alternative energy:wood pellets
1717 MBtuMBtu/hr (510 hp)/hr (510 hp)Biomass boilerBiomass boiler
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250 kW microturbine operated on landfill gas
Location: Rutgers EcoComplex
Supplemental LightingSupplemental Lighting
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TransportationTransportation
Irrigation and FertigationIrrigation and Fertigation
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RecirculatingRecirculating systems:systems:
Ebb and Flood FloorsEbb and Flood Floors
Water quantity and quality
Eurofresh Farms, Willcox AZ , 320 acres total
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New ideas forNew ideas for
commercial CEAcommercial CEAcrop productioncrop production
Closed greenhouses
Innogrow: Gesloten KasUses a heat pump, (underground) cold and
warm water storage, and heat exchangers20% higher crop production
(CO2 = 1,000 mol/mol, RH = 75-90%)80-100% reduction in crop protection30-40% energy savings (heat storage)40-50% less water use
(recovery of evapotranspiration)
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Heating mode
Cooling mode
http://www.innogrow.com/
ClosedGreenhouse
Energy producing greenhouses
Sonneveld at al., 2007. Wageningen University.
Elkas
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Algae production for biofuel
Valcent Products, Inc.
LED lighting
http://www.lioris.nl/
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Seawater greenhouse
Use seawater for cooling & humidification, reclaim fresh water from ventilation airhttp://www.seawatergreenhouse.com
Controlled environments for life support
Food production is necessary for long-durationmanned space missions (ultimate closed system)
Challenges: space environment (e.g., micro-gravity,radiation), energy requirements, system mass,volume, recirculating systems, redundancy, crewtime requirements, crop selection (diet)
Requires detailed systems analysis and design
For crop production component: requires detailedpredictive growth models that incorporate plantresponses to environmental perturbations
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Amundsen-Scott
South Pole StationPlant Production
Chamber
North PoleArthur Clarke
Mars Greenhouse(Devon Island)
Space farming
Mars Greenhouse, CEACMars Greenhouse, CEAC
University of ArizonaUniversity of Arizona
Moon greenhouseMoon greenhouse
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Thank You !!!Thank You !!!
Questions?Questions?