Enviromental,Virulence,Antimicrobial and Molecular …€¦ · The ability of bacteria to survive...
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Enviromental,Virulence,Antimicrobial and Molecular Characterization
Studies on Infective Bacterial Plaque Biofilm
A Synopsis
Submitted in
Partial fulfillment for the degree
Of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Microbiology)
Supervised by Submitted by
Dr.Richa Sharma Shailja.S.Singh
Department of Agriculture, Food and Biotechnology
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University,Jaipur(Rajasthan)
MARCH-2016
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INTRODUCTION
Microbial biofilm are complex communities of bacteria and are common in the human body and
in the environment. In recent years, dental plaque has been identified as a biofilm. The biofilm
undergoes maturation, and the resulting pathogenic bacteria complex can lead to dental caries,
gingivitis, and periodonitis.In addition, dental biofilm, especially sub gingival plaque in patients
with periodonitis,has been associated with various systemic disease and disorders, including
cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus ,respiratory disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes
(Joann, 2007).
Our mouth consisting of microbial biofilm are complex communities of bacteria. It has been
estimated that there are over more than 600 different species prevalent with distinct subsets
predominating at different habitats (Dewhrist et al.,2010). Streptococcus mutans species of oral
streptococci live in the oral cavity. Each species has developed specific specialized properties for
colonizing different oral sites and constantly changing conditions to fight competing bacteria and
to withstand external challenges. Imbalances in the microbial biota can initiate oral disease.
Under special condition, commensal streptococci can switch to opportunistic pathogens,
initiating disease and damaging the host. Oral streptococci has both harmless and harmful
bacteria.“Mutans streptococci “Are the most important bacteria associated with tooth decay.
Streptococcusmutans,the microbial species most strongly associated with carious lesions, is
naturally present in the human oral micro biota (Baron,1996).
Dental caries is a transmissible infectious disease in which streptococcus mutans plays the major
role. As in many infectious diseases, colonization by pathogens is required before the disease can
occur. streptococcus mutans are generally considered to be the principal etiological agent of
dental caries (Russell,2008).There is a range of virulence factors important for the establishment
of Streptococcusmutans in the complex microbial community of dental biofilm. Studies of the
virulence factors of Streptococcusmutans and their correlation with species biodiversity are
fundamental to understanding the role played by colonization by different genotypes in the same
individual, and the expression of characteristics that may or may not influence their virulence
capacity and survival ability under different environmental conditions. Studies using
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phenotyping and/or genotyping methods strongly suggest that the mother is the major primary
source of infection for children who carry S.mutans and/or S.sobrinus strains (2-10) and the
saliva is the principal vehicle by which transfer of Streptococcusmutans may occur (Napimogo et
al.,2005). However, detection of genotypes that are not found in children’s mothers or other
family members indicates that S.mutans and /or S.sobrinus may also be acquired from other
sources. Furthermore, variability in transmission can be associated with children’s individual
susceptibilities, including the period defined as the window of infectivity, which was reported to
occur earlier in Brazilian children, the number of erupted teeth, the emergence of molars; the
presence of enamel hyperplasia sucrose consumption, the action of nonspecific factors of the
salivary and mucosal immune systems; and immunological conditions in children (Klein et al.,
2004).
The ability of bacteria to survive and persist in a given environment will depend, in part, on their
inherent genetic plasticity, which determines their ability to respond to fluctuating local
environmental condition or stresses. The micro biota resident in the oral biofilm is subjected to
many variable environmental stresses, including the availability or lack of nutrients, acidic ph.,
and exposure to organic acids. The proportions of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli were
elevated in the biofilm of caries –active subjects, while Actinomyces naeslundii isolates formed a
significantly greater proportion of the microbiota in samples from caries –free subjects. These
observations support the assertion that the biofilm samples from the two subject populations
were exposed to different environments and, consequently, to different stresses (Paddock et al.,
2015).In oral streptococci , acid tolerance correlates well with the pH optimum of the FATPase
enzyme (Sturr and Marquis,1992).
In a recent study of young adults, Found a maximum of seven genotypes in subjects who had
previous caries experience,(Redmo-Emanuelsson et al.,2003). The pathogenicity of the dental
plaque biofilm is enhanced by the fact that in biofilm form,the component bacteria have
increased resistence to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents and are less able to be
phagocytized by host inflammatory cells. Therefore,control of the dental plaque biofilm is a
major objective of dental professionals and critical to the maintenance of optimal oral health
(JoAnn,2007).Molecular characterization of strains from plaque isolates is senitive method for
the detection of particular strain ,and may also be suitable for carrying out large scale studies on
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the cariogenicity of isolated strains.Defects in stress-responsive genes have been also associated
with biofilm impaired phenotypes (Baev et al., 1999; Lemos and Burne, 2002; Lemos et al.,
2001;Lis and Kuramitus,2003).The search for novel antimicrobial agent is one of the current
major concerns in medical research due to increasing cases of antibiotics resistence (Chitnis et
al., 2000).
Although the basic principle of immune protection from dental caries caused by Streptococcus
mutans has been established in pre-clinical studies, the effective application of this approach to
human needs further refinements.
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Objectives
1) To study collection of samples from dental plaque patients.
2) To study the isolate of bacterial flora from dental plaque patients.
3) Maintenance and pure culture of isolated bacterial flora causing dental plaque.
4) Comparative studies of plaque from caries active and free mouth patients.
5) To perform the pathogenicity test for virulence and non-virulence strains.
6) To study the effect of different environmental conditions on the growth of virulence
strain of dental plaque.
7) To study Antibacterial studies of cow dung extract against virulence strains and
comparision with standard antibiotics.
8) To study molecular characterization of virulence strains.
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Review of Literature
Dental plaque is an example of a biofilm; it occurs natural and it supports the host in its defense
against invading microbes. In health, the microbial constituent of dental plaque is diverse and
remains relatively stable over time (microbial equilibrium). The predominant microorganisms
choose host molecules (eg., salivary mucins and a neutral pH for growth. Under certain event,
this microbial equilibrium can break down and disease such as caries can occur (PD,2009).The
nonspecific oral dental plaque hypothesis proposed that the entire microbial community of
plaque that accumulated on tooth surface and in the gingival crevice contributed to the growth of
periodontal disease. Plaque bacteria produced virulence factors and noxious product that initiated
inflammation challenged the host defense system, and resulted in the destruction of periodontal
tissue. Under this hypothesis, the quantity of plaque was considered to be the critical factor in the
development of periodontal disease. Thus, increase in the amount of plaque, as opposed to
specific pathogenic microorganisms found in the plaque, were viewed as being first responsible
for inducing disease and disease progression.( Theilade,1986).
Studies on the microbial etiology of various forms of periodontal support the specific plaque
hypothesis, which proposes that only some microorganisms within the plaque complex are
pathogenic. Despite the presence of hundreds of species of microorganisms in periodontal
pockets, fewer than 20 are daily found in increased proportions at periodontal diseased sites.
These specific virulent bacterial species activates the host’s immune and inflammation responses
that then causes bone and soft tissue destruction (Thom’set al.,2006).
Streptococcus mutant is a gram-positive organism that is the primary causative agent in the
formation of dental cavities in human. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are marked dark-
blue or violet by gram staining. This is kept on the physical properties of their cell walls, as
opposed to gram negative bacteria, which cannot keep back the crystal violet stain.
Streptococcus mutans is a facultative anaerobic, Gram positive coccus -according to scientific
classification (Ryan.,2004).
The microbe was first described by J Kilian Clarke in 1924. In areas associated to oral health
care, bacterial biofilms are recovered in dental unit water lines, on tooth surfaces and oral dental
prosthetic appliances or materials, and on oral mucous membranes.Plaque of supragingival and
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subgingival are the biofilm which is the etiologic agent in dental caries and periodontal diseases.
The pathogenicity of the Streptococci group bacteria is hugely critical to understand in oral
biofilm.
The pathogenicity of plaque and Streptococcus mutans belonging to lactic acid group bacteria, a
member of human oral flora, is generally recognized as the vital etiological agent of dental
cavities, Streptococcus mutans tolerate rapidly harsh environment fluctuation and exposure to
various anti-microbial agents in order to live. However, the biological process under which this
cariogenic pathogen can live and proliferate in such diverse environmental conditions are largely
unknown, as little research has been done on this matter (Baron, 1996).
Our mouth consisting of microbial biofilm are complex communities of bacteria. It has been
estimated that there are of saliva from more than 600 different species. Streptococcus mutans
species of oral streptococci survive in the oral cavity. Each species has developed peculiar
specialized properties for colonizing different oral sites and repeatedly changing conditions to
grapple competing bacteria and to withstand external challenges. Imbalances in the microbial
biota can initiate oral disease. Under special condition, commensal streptococci can switch to
opportunistic oral dental pathogens, cause disease and distruct the host .Oral streptococci has
both harmless and harmful bacteria. “Mutans streptococci “Are the most principal bacteria
associated with tooth decay. Streptococcus mutans,the microbial species most strongly
associated descibed with carious lesions, is normaly present in the human oral micro biota
(Cornejo et al.,2012).
A bacteria biofilm is often the cause of dental caries, persistent infection and has been
associated with osteomyelitis, pneumonia in patient with cystic fibrosis and prostatitis. Talking
about dental plague is typically the precursor to tooth decay and contain more than 600 different
microorganisms contributing to the oral cavities over all changing environment that frequently
undergoes rapid change in pH., nutrient availability and oxygen tension. Dental plague adheres
to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells while plague is the biofilm on the surface of teeth
(Baron,1996).
Dental caries is a transmissible and extremly infectious disease in which Streptococcus mutans.
Plays the major role. As in many infectious and transmissible diseases, colonization by
pathogens is required before the disease can occur. Streptococcus mutans are mainly considered
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to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries.There is a range of virulence factors
important for the establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the complex microbial community of
dental biofilm. Studies of the virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and their correlation
with species biodiversity are important fundamental to understanding the role played by
colonization by distinct genotypes in the same individual, and the expression of characteristics
that may or may not influence their pathogenic or virulence capacity and survival ability under
different environmental conditions. Studies using phenotyping and/or genotyping methods
stronglysuggest that the mother is the major primary source of infection for children who carry
Streptococcus mutans and/or Streptococcus sobrinus strains (2-10) and the saliva is the main
vehicle by which transfer of may occur (Jeffrey, 2004) 50 years, the understanding and
characterization of dental plaque have undergone significant changes (Thoms, 2006).
Structures of isolates and gross DNA composition confirmed the serological findings that there
was prominent variation amongst the huge number of isolates identified as Streptococcusmutans.
Based on a whole analatical raft of studies, the Streptococcus mutans isolates were sub-divided
into a number of different species some of which were of animal and some from human sources.
Thus the“mutans streptococci” were born and the name Streptococcus mutans was keep back to
describe the more common of the two main human strains, the other being called
Streptococcussobrinus. The retention of the name Streptococcus mutans has led to some
confusion but was necessary to comply with the rules that governing scientific nomenclature
(Nicolaset al., 2011).
Dental caries is a infective biofilm plaque-related oral disease associated with increased
consumption of dietary sugar and fermentable carbohydrates. When dental biofilms remain on
tooth surfaces, along with constant exposure to sugars, acidogenic bacteria (members of
dental biofilms) will metabolize the carbohydrates to organic acids. Persistence of this acidic
condition encourages the formation of acidogenic and aciduric oral dental bacteria as a
result of their ability to survive at a low-pH environment. The low-pH environment in the dental
biofilm matrix destroys the surface of the teeth and begins the "initiation" of the dental caries
(Hajishengallis and Russell 2008). If the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to the surface of
oral teeth or the physiological potential of (acidogenity and aciduricity) of Streptococcus
mutans bacteria in oral dental biofilms plaque can be reduced or eliminated, the acidification
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conceivablity of dental biofilms plaque and later cavity formations can be decreased
(Hajishengallis and Russell, 2008). It is widely accepted that the advent of agriculture in early
human populations provided the conditions Streptococcus mutans needed to evolve into the
virulent bacteria it is today. Agriculture introduced fermented foods, as well as more
carbohydrate rich foods, into the diets of historic human populations. These new foods
introduced new bacteria to the oral cavity and created new environmental conditions. For
example, lactobacillus or leuconostoc are typically found in foods such as yogurt and wine.
Also, consuming more carbohydrates increased the amount of sugars available to S.mutans for
metabolism and lowered the pH of the oral cavity. This new acidic habitat would select for those
bacteria that could survive and reproduce at a lower pH (Cornejo et al.,2012).
Another significant change to the oral environment occurred during the industrial revolution.
More efficient refinement and manufacturing of foodstuffs increased the availability and
amount of sucrose consumed by humans. This provided Streptococcus mutans with more energy
resources, and thus exacerbated an already rising rate of dental caries (Hoshino etal.,2012)
Refined sugar is pure sucrose, the only sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans,
allowing bacteria to form a thick, strongly adhering plaque ( Darlington,1979).
Due to the role the Sreptococcus mutans plays in tooth decay, there have been many attempts to
make a vaccine for the organism. So far, such vaccines have not been successful in humans.
Recently, proteins involved in the colonization of teeth by S.mutans have been shown to produce
antibodies that inhibit the cariogenic process. A molecule recently synthesized in yale university
and university of Chile (Klein et al.,1998). Called Keep 32 is supposed to be able to kill
streptococcus mutans. [Surviving in the oral cavity S.mutans is the primary causal agent and the
pathogenic species responsible for dental caries specifically in the initiation and development
stages (Biswas et al.,2011).
While Streptococcus mutans grows in the biofilm, cells maintain a balance of metabolism that
involves production and detoxification. Biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells
adhere to each other or a surface. Bacteria in the biofilm community can actually generate
various toxic compounds that interfere with the growth of other competing bacteria. However,
there have been very few studies on how S.mutans can tolerate such exposure to various toxic
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substance during its growth in the oral biofilm and is,thus,poorly understood.(Aspiras et
al.,2004).
In areas related to oral health care, bacterial biofilms are found in dental unit water lines, on
tooth surfaces and dental prosthetic appliances, and on oral mucous membranes. Biofilm in the
form of supragingival and subgingival plaque is the etiologic agent in dental caries and
periodontal diseases. The pathogenicity of the dental plaque biofilm is enhanced by the fact that
in biofilm form, the component bacteria have increased resistance to antibiotics and other
chemotherapeutic agents and are less able to be phagocytized by host inflammatory cells.
Therefore, control of the dental plaque biofilm is a major objective of dental professionals and
critical to the maintenance of optimal oral health. Over the past 50 years, the understanding and
characterization of dental plaque have undergone significant evolution (Banas et al.,2007).
Lower part of gut of the cow contain various microorganism including Lactobacillus plantarum,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. subtilis, Enterococcus diacetylactis, Bifido
bacterium and yeasts (commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae) having probiotic activity.Normally
aged cow dung gets invaded with several soil contaminants such as bacteria,fungi,Trichoderma
and Actinomycetes. There are several evidence to show that the fresh cow dung and cow urine
are antifungal and antiseptic in nature (Ware et al.,1988).
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Materials and methods
1. Collection of plaque samples from dental unit of government hospital Daman (U.T).A
comprised study of 500 samples which includes 200 male,200 female, and 100 children
ranging from 18 to 60 years and children from 5 to 16 years as per the WHO guideline.
2. The nature of the work followed in this study will be fully explained to all participants
and the study will be conducted with written informed consent.
The subject will be screened using an exploratory survey and who volunteered in the
study will interviewed using a questionnaire.
Qualified subjects should not have any chronic disease or had not received antibiotic
therapy for at least 7 weeks.
The clinical examination will be conducted by trained dentist to assess intra-examiner
reliability.
Dental plaque collection: Sterile Tongue Depressor will be used to avoid
contamination from other mouth parts and to aid a better vision of carious lesions.
3. Plaque sampling sited varied depending on the condition of the oral cavity. The plaque
samples will be collected from carious lesions sites with sterile disposable swab stick.
Aseptically transfer of plaque into 1 ml of sterile phosphate buffer saline and stored at
4°C
Bacterial isolation from dental plaque by using different conventional media i.e
mitis-Salivarius agar (hi media) will modified to MSB agar (Gold et al.,)adding 20%
sucrose (Hi media) and 0.2 units /ml bacitracin (Hi media),mitis salivarius
kanamycin-bacitracin (MSKB), glucose-sucrose-tellurite-bacitracin(GSTB),trypticase
soy-sucrosebacitracin(TYS2OB)andtryptone-yeast-cysteine-sucrose-
bacitracin(TYCSB) agar can be used.
The sample will be vortexed and plated on MSB agar followed by anaerobic
incubation for 37°C at 48 hrs.
4. Isolated strain will be identified on the basis of its colonial morphology and biochemical
test.
5. Hydrolytic enzyme and Acidogenicity test for detecting pathogenic characteristics of
isolated strains.
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6. Oxidative, Acid, Osmotic stress test through disk diffusion assays for environmental
factors on isolated strains.
7. Antibiotic Sensitivity studies (Bauer et al.,1966).The inoculum of the isolates will be
prepared by streaking the organisms on nutrient agar plates to obtain discrete colonies.
From the nutrient agar plate, bacterial colonies will be transferred into McCartney bottles
containing sterile normal saline to obtain bacterial density by McFarland standard scale
number. The culture will be streaked uniformly onto freshly prepared Muller Hinton agar
plates.
8. Further molecular characterization of isolated strain by using PCR technique in
laboratory comparing the conventional method with species-specific PCRfor isolated
strain in plaque sample.
9. Data will be tabulated and analyzed statistically.
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FROM:SHAILJA S SINGH
PROJECT SYNOPSIS FOR P.hd IN MICROBIOLOGY
TITLE: BIOFILMS SRENTHENS THE S.MUTANS IN THEIR CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSMISSION AND TO SURVIVE IN HARSH ENVIROMENT.
INTRODUCTION: Our mouth consisting of microbial biofilm are complex communities of
bacteria.
It has been estimated that there are of saliva from more than 600 different species. A bacteria
biofilm is often the cause of persistent infection and has been associated with osteomyelitis,
pneumonia in patient with cystic fibrosis and prostatitis. Talking about dental plague is typically
the precursor to tooth decay and contain more than 600 different microorganisms contributing
to the oral cavity’s over all dynamic enviroment that frequently undergoes rapid change in ph,
nutrient avilability and oxygen tension . Dental plague adheres to the teeth and consists of
bacterial cells while plague is the biofilm on the surface of teeth .
Dental plague and lactic acid bacteria group S.mutans, a member of human oral flora , is widely
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Recognized as the main etiological agent of dental cavities, S . mutans tolerate rapidly harsh
Enviroment fluctuation and exposure to various anti-microbial agents in order to survive.
However ,the mechanisms under which this cariogenic pathogen can survive and proliferate
In such extreme enviromental conditions are largely unknown, as little research has been done on
this matter.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sreptococcus mutans is a gram-positive organism that is the primary causative agent inthe
formation of dental cavities in human. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark-blue
or violet by gram
Staining. This is based on the physical properties of their cell walls, as opposed to gram –
negative bacteria,which cannot retain the crystal violet stain. Streptococcus mutans is a
facultatively anaerobic,
The lactic acid bacteria group. S.mutans,a member of the human oral flora,is widely recognized
as the main etiological agent of dental cavities.
Conditions in oral cavity are diverse and complex ,freguently changing from one extreme to
another .thus,to survive in the oral cavity ,S.mutans must tolerate rapidly harsh enviroment
fluctuations and exposure to various anti-microbial
Agents in order to survive . however,the mechanisms under which this cariogenic
Pathogen can survive and proliferate under such extreme enviromental conditions are largely
unknow ,as little research has been done on this matter.
Twenty-five species of oral streptococci live in the oral cavity. Each species has developed
specific specialized properties for colonozing different oral sites and constantly changing
conditions to fight competing bacteria and to withstand external challenges. Imbalances in the
microbial biota can initiate oral disease.under special condition ,commensal streptococci can
switch to opportunistic pathogens, initiating disease and damaging the host .Oral streptococci has
both harmless and harmfull bacteria.“Mutans streptococci “
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Are the most important bacteria associated with tooth decay.S.mutans,the microbial species most
strongly associated with carious lesions,is naturally present in the human oral microbiota .the
taxonomy of these complex bacteria remains tentavie. A 1970’s study found that S.mutans was
more prevalent on the pits and fissures ,constituting 39% of the totalstreptococci in the oral
cavity. FewerS.mutans were found on the buccal surface.(2-9%) early colonizers of the tooth
surface are mainly Neisseria spp. And streptococci ,including S.mutans .
The growth and metabolism of these pioneer species changes local enviromental
conditions(e.g.,Eh.Ph ,coaggregation, and substrate availability),thereb enabling more fastidious
organisms to further colonize after them,forming dental plaque.
Along with S.sobrinus,S.mutans plays a major role in tooth decay,metabolizing sucrose to lactic
acid using the enzyme Glucansucrase. The acidic enviroment created in the mouth by yhis
process is what cause the highly mineralized tooth enamel to be vulnerable to decay.S.mutans is
one of a few specialized organisms
Equipped with receptors that improve adhesion to the surface of teeth . Sucrose
Is used by S.mutans to produce a sticky, extracellular ,dextran based polysaccharide that allows
themto cohere,forming plaque. S.mutans produce dextran via the enzyme dextransucrase (a
hexosyltransferase) using sucrose as a substrate in the following reaction:
n sucrose – (glucose)n +n fructose
sucrose is the only sugar that S.mutans can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.
However,many other sugars –glucose,fructose ,lactose can be digested by S.mutans ,but they
produce lactic acid as an end –product .it is the combination of plaque and acid that leads to
dental cavities.dental caries is a dental biofilm related oral disease associated with increased
consumption of dietary sugar. When dental biofilms remain on tooth surfaces, along with
frequent consumption of sugar acidogenic bacteria (member of dental biofilms) will metabolize
the sugar to organic acids. Persistence of this acidic condition encourages the proliferation
Of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria as a result of their ability to survive at a low
Ph enviroment . the low –P H enviroment in the biofilm matrix erodes the surface of the teeth
and begins the “initiation” of the dental caries. If the adherence of S.mutans in dental biofilms
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can be reduced or eliminated,the acidification potential of dental biofilms and later cavity
formation can be decreased.
Susceptibility to disease varies between individual and immunological mechanisms have been
proposed to confer protection or susceptibility to the disease. These mechanisms have yet to be
fully elucidated but it seems that while antigen presenting cells are activated by S.mutans in vitro
,they fail to respond in vivo. Immunological tolerance to S.mutans at the mucosal surface may
make individuals more prone to colonisation with S.mutans and therefore increase susceptibility
to dental caries.
S.mutans is acquired in the oral cavity at the moment of tooth eruption. But -S.mutans has been
detected in the oral cavity of predentate children. This suggest
That the eruption of teeth is not a necessary prerequisite . thus ,this species may not be confined
to dental plaque. The adhesion,invasion,and persistence within the oral cells are cosidered the
virulence mechanism of S.mutans to colonize and survive in the oral cavity in the absence of a
tooth surface.
S.mutans is implicated in the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular diseases. S.mutans is the
most prevalent bacterial species detected in extirpated heart valve tissues as well as in
atheromatous plaques, with an incidence of 68.6% and 74.1% respectively.
Due to the role the S.mutans plays in tooth decay ,there have been many attempts to make a
vaccine for the organism. So far, such vaccines have not been successful in humans. Recently,
proteins involved in the colonozation of teeth by S.mutans have been shown to produce
antibodies that inhibit the cariogenic process. A molecule recently synthesized in yale university
and university of Chile
Called Keep 32 is supposed to be able to kill streptococcus mutans.
Surviving in the oral cavity Smutans is the primary causal agent and the pathogenic species
responsible for dental caries specifically in the initiation and development stages.
Dental plaque is typically the precursor to tooth decay and contains more than 600 different
microorganisms, contributing to the oral cavity’s overall dynamic
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Enviroment that frequently undergoes rapid changes in ph ,nutrients availability,and oxygen
tension.dental plaque adheres to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells while plaque is the
biofilm on the surfaces of the teeth. Dental plaque and S. Mutans is frequently exposed to “toxic
compounds” from oral healthcare products,food additives,and tobacco. Degradation by-products
of dental composites resins can be another source of toxic chemicals that can interfere with the
bacterial growth of S.mutans.
While Smutans grows in the biofilm, cells maintain a balance of metabolism that involves
production and detoxification .biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere
to each other or a surface. Bacteria in the biofilm community can actually generate various toxic
compounds that interfere with the growth of other competing bacteria. However ,there have
been very few studies on how S.mutans can tolerate such exposure to various toxic sucstance
during its growth in the oral biofilm and is,thus,poorly understood.
Smutans has over time developed strategies to successfully colonize and maintain a dominant
presence in the oral cavity. The oral biofilm is continuously challenged by changes in the
enviromental conditions. In response to such changes, the becterial community evolved with
individual members and their specific functions to survive in the oral cavity .S.mutans has been
able to evolve from nutrition-limiting conditions to protect itself in exterme conditions .
Streptococci represents 20% of the oral bacteria and actually determines the development of the
biofilms. Although S.mutans can be antagonized by pioneer
Colonizers,once they become dominant in oral biofilms,dental caries can develop and thrive.the
etiological agent of dental caries is associated with its ability to metabolize various sugars,form a
robust biofilm,produce an abundant amount
Of lactic acid,and thrive in the acid enviroment it generates.
Microbialbiofilms are complex communities of bacteria and are common in the human body and
in the enviroment .in recent years,dental plaque has been identified as a biofilm ,and the structure
,microbiology,and pathophysiology of dental biofilms have been described.the nature of the
biofilm enhance the component bacteria’s resistance to both the host’s defence system and
antimicrobials.if not removed regularly,the biofilm undergoes maturation,and the resulting
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pathogenic bacterial complex can lead to dental caries,gingivities and periodonities. In
addition,dental biofilm,
Especially subgingival plaque in patients with periodontitis ,has been associated with various
systemic diesease and disorders,including cardiovascular disease ,diabetes mellitus,repiratory
disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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