Env & Biodeversity Notes for Civils

8/19/2019 Env & Biodeversity Notes for Civils

1/78

1

Env & Bio - Mrunal

What the hell is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity = biological diversity.t means number and variety of plants and animals.

• Isolated islands have limited number of variety in plants and animals compared to tropical rainforest or coral reefs.

Because number of competitors and predators are limited.

• In the subtropical and polar regions of Northern Hemisphere, the climate is very cold, the region had gone through ice

ages = less population =less competition =less predators =less evolution= less biodiversity of plants and animalscompared to !frican or Bra"ilian #ungle$

• In general, you %ill find less variety in plant and animal species in some &uropean country '(raine$ compared to a

tropical country li(e )ietnam.

• *o, !s you move from e+uator to%ards the poles, biodiversity decreases. latitudes$

Keystone species

• hese species determine the ability of a large number of other species to survive.

• When the (eystone species becomes etinct. It has sno%balling =cascading$ effect on etinction of other species #ust increase in petrol price on inflation$

• &amples of (eystone species

o Bees pollination of fruits and flo%ers. !lbert &instein once said, /if the honeybee goes extinct, we have

four more years on earth0.

o Plankton food of many fishes

Sentinel species: frogs

• hey are sensitive indicators of environmental problem.

• 1or eample, frogs, toads, salamander. hey are amphibians can live in both land and %ater$.

• 1rogs breath through their moist s(in, %hich is very sensitive to pollutants in environment.

• In amphibians, fertili"ation is typically eternal, meaning that the sperm and egg #oin outside of the female2s body.

• hey lay unprotected eggs %ithout shell li(e chic(en egg$ in %ater or moist damp places, so their eggs are also very vulnerable to pollution, temperature, humidity change etc.

• hus, a rapid decline in the population of frogs thus %ould indicate a looming environmental problem.

• Home%or($ difference bet%een coldblooded and %arm blooded animals.

Blue whales

• 3argest mammals on &arth. &lephents are the largest mammals on land only.


2/78

2

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• International %haling commission IW4$ %as set up in 5678 to fi anyone hunting +uotas for the countries. *ince 569:

IW4 called for a halt on %hale poaching

• But ;apan, Nor%ay and Ireland are ma#or countries that still continue to indulge in %hale hunting, they are unhappy %IW4 and cites restrictions.

Bird : Another Sentinel Species

• Birds are very important for seed dispersal, insect and rodent control, scavenging vultures$, and pollination.

• : =%e ran( in top-5: in terms of bird diversity.

ultures and !iclofenac

• iclofenac is a pain(iller medicine used mostly for arthritis in humans

• )eternary iclofenac is used on cattle, as pain(iller, stopping inflammation and fever.

• When !nimals are treated %ith iclofenac, this drug (eeps accumulating in their body. When these animals die, )ultu

eat them = (idney failure =death of vulture.

• Hence @overnment of India banned )eternary iclofenac. No% farmers have to use other epensive drugs instead oficlofenac.

• Bigger Why should %e care? 3et the vultures dieA What difference does it ma(e to us or to the environment ?

• Well, 3ess vultures= more dead animals for dogs to eat = dog population increases = more problem of rabies.

• *econdly, vulture2s digestive system can destroy many parasites, but dog2s digestive system cannot. Hence dogs %ho eadead animals are more disease carriers than vultures.

"hat is biodiversity hotspot#

• It is an area unusually rich in biodiversity of birds and animals, but they are under constant threat of overeploitation.*uch an area is called a biodiversity hotspot

• &ample of biodiversity hotspots in India eastern Himalayas, %estern @hats. more in separate articles$

Plant biodiversity and $reen %evolution

• But under the green revolution program, the government introduced H) high yielding variety$ seeds. *o, instead ofC:,::: indigenous varieties of rice, no% Indian farmers plant only 5 H) rice varieties.= reduced biodiversity of rice

&ites: convention on international trade in endangered animals and plant species'

• he illegal smuggling of rare species, eotic pets orangutan$, ornamental plants orchid, cactus$ is estimated to be D9

billion per year, %hich is second only to the illegal %eapons smuggling.

• 4ites convention restricts the trade of endangered plants and animals and also the trade of clothing, food, medicine, an

souvenirs, produced out of these species.

• 4ites is a step by %orld2s oldest global environmental organi"ation I'4N = international union for conservation of natu

and natural resources iucn$, h+ *%it"erland.


3/78

3

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• he same I4'N maintains the red list of threatened species.

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEENational *eabuc(thorn Initiative*eabuc(thorn 3eh berry$ is a shrubt gro%s in the dry temperate and cold desert of the Himalayas.

1ound etensively in ;ammu F Gashmir, Himachal radesh, 'ttatra(hand,

(ses :

• Has multi-purpose medicinal and nutritional properties, besides being useful for soil conservation and nitrogen fiatio

• *ince this is the only plant that can grow in high altituderegions it can be easily used for %ater and soil

conservation.

• Ideal plant for desertification control.

• &very part of the plant vi". 1ruit, leaf, t%ig, root and thorn has been traditionally used as medicine, nutritional

supplement, fuel and fence, and therefore, seabuc(thorn is popularly (no%n as

What is National *eabuc(thorn Initiative?

• &co as( 1orce Battalions and Women2s *elf-help groups %ill be mobilised for plantation of seabuc(thorn in remote ar

• esearch and evelopment F$ for cultivation and commercial processing in collaboration %ith 4hina, ussia,a(istan, @ermany etc nations %here this plant is found.

• 5. In-*itu natural home$

• .&-*itu artificial home$

!ifference between a national park, wildlife Sanctuary, and a biosphere reserve

National ar( No human activity or settlement allo%ed.

)illagers cannot gra"e their animals, &tremely strict rules about #ungle produce collection endu leaves,Honey etc.$

Wildlife*anctuary

eople are not allo%ed to live some eceptions though$ but some human activities are allo%ed, such asgra"ing, fire%ood collection.ourism is permitted.

! *anctuary can be upgraded as a National ar(. Ho%ever a National ar( cannot be do%ngraded as a*anctuary.

Biospherereserve

eople are allo%ed to live, o%n private land and carry on their traditional activities. In the outer-"one$

National !+uatic !nimal

http://mrunal.org/2012/05/enb-national-seabuckthorn-initiative.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2012/05/enb-national-seabuckthorn-initiative.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2012/05/enb-national-seabuckthorn-initiative.htmlhttp://mrunal.org/2012/05/enb-national-seabuckthorn-initiative.html


4/78

4

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• In ::6, he $anga %iver !olphin %as declared the National !+uatic !nimal of India by the )ational $anga %iv

Basin Authority %hich is chaired by the rime


5/78

5

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• While eveloping countries India and Bra"il$ have started polluting the %orld only recently.

• herefore, the developing countries such as India, Bra"il should share less of the burden of lo%ering overall emissions

• !nd eveloped countries '*,'G$ should bear more responsibility in fiing this global %arming mess etc. because thethe one more responsible for it.

• *o, %hile it is the /4ommon0 responsibility of every nation of this %orld, to reduce @reen house gas emission, but thereshould be some difference bet%een the responsibility given to developed countries and developing countries.

• Gyoto rotocol follo%s that principle and assigns separate responsibilities to the countries.

n &arth *ummit, io e ;anero, Bra"il, they formed a treaty called 'N1444he 'N1444 gangsters meets every year,

• on ho% to fi the global %arming problem and these meetings are called Conference of Parties “COP”.

• In third such 4K meeting OGyoto, ;apan, they come up %ith an idea under %hich

o

eveloped nations li(e '*, %ill compulsorily reduce their green house gas @H@$ emission by :5.

o eveloping nations li(e India, should reduce @H@ emission but not compulsory.

• !lthough various countries signed Gyoto rotocol in 566M, it did not came into force immediately.

• Gyoto protocol came into force only after re+uired number of !nne 5 4ountries ratified it.

• *o this %as achieved only in ::>.

• hus, Gyoto although signed in 566M, came into force in ::>

P5 &missions rading J 4arbon rading

• ;apan %as given +uota of 5:: units

• !nd !ustralia %as given +uota of :: units.

• But !ustrialian @overnment is unable to maintain this limit and !ustralia emits 5: units of green house gas, in given year.

• Kn the other side, ;apanese @overnment ta(es very strong steps to control emission and hence they only emit 6: units

@reen House gas. *o it has spare 5: Gyoto 'nits.

• No%, under &mission trading system, !ustralia can buy this 5: spare (yoto units from ;apan and thus remain %ithin i

limit.

P 4lean evelopment


6/78

6

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• *n +oint *mplementation, Australia can do the good proect in another Annex B country e'g' +apan to

meet the -uota.

Why '*! did not ratify Gyoto rotocol?

• Because it does not re+uire developing countries especially India and 4hina$ to commit to emissions reductions.

• he po%erful '* industrialist lobby may stop election funds to a candidate, if he is in favor of Gyoto protocol, so '*! i

unli(ely to ratify Gyoto or any such future protocols that are legally binding

4anada Luits Gyoto protocol

• In :55, 4anada, become the first country to -uit the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, saying the 566M accord handicapped because top green house emitters li(e the 'nited *tates and 4hina not covered by it.

What is the 4openhagen !ccord?

• Conference of Parties (COP).

• 5>th such meeting %as held O4openhagen, enmar( = 4K5>

• It says all countries should pledge to reduce @reen House @as @H@$ emission but all of the pledges made under the

4openhagen !ccord are voluntary Q there are no binding obligations placed on these pledges by the 'N1444 or another international body.

• 'N1444 ac(no%ledged the 4openhagen !ccord and has assisted in collecting the @H@ reduction pledges of various

countries.

• 4openhagen !ccord also lays the ground%or( for financial commitments from developed countries '*,'G$ to develop

countries India, Bra"il etc.$ for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

3andslides in Himalayas easons, *olutions

3andslides easons

5. indiscriminate chopping do%n of trees.

. slash and burn cultivation techni+ue called S;H'


7/78

7

Env & Bio - Mrunal

>. lanting of barren areas, especially on slopes, %ith grass cover is an important component of integrated %atershedmanagement programme.

8. @ra"ing should be completely restricted. !fter the area is completely protected from gra"ing, better grasses can be plan

M. he grasses of industrial importance should also be planted so that there is some economic return to the farmers as %e

9. he surface vegetative cover %ill not only protect the land from the beating action of rain drops and bind the soil partic but %ould also decrease the velocity of flo%ing %ater and cause less of soil erosion .


What is I44?

• Intergovernmental anel on 4limate 4hange

• H.L in @eneva

• he Intergovernmental anel on 4limate 4hange I44$ is the leading international body for the assessment of climat

change.

• It %as established by the 'nited Nations &nvironment rogramme 'N&$ and the World


8/78

8

Env & Bio - Mrunal

4hec( this flo%-chart

imeline of reports

Why important?

he fourth !ssessment eport !7$ of the intergovernmental panel on climate change I44$ said that most of the %arming t

has ta(en place since the middle of the last century is very li(ely the result of increase in the concentration of human-induced

reenhouse gases. ! hot topic.

1odder material can be mug up through the o#ana T isaster


9/78

9

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• Buffer "ones constitute the fringe areas =he outside boundary or surface of something$ of tiger reserves up to 5: (ms

1ollo%ing map should clear the concept

"hat is Proect .iger#

• ! 5:: 4entrally *ponsored *cheme, by


10/78

10

Env & Bio - Mrunal

C. If the 'mbrella species is protected, it %ill also ensure viable populations of other %ild animals co Tpredators li(e3eopords and prey li(e dears$ and the habitat trees, shrubs, %ater$.

7. hus, %hen you2re protecting the tiger, you2re indirectly protecting the %hole #ungle and all the species that live in it.

*nternational &ooperation

5. India has a bilateral understanding %ith Nepal on controlling trans -boundary illegal trade in %ildlife and conservation

. India has signed a protocol on tiger conservation %ith 4hina

C. India has signed a protocol has %ith Bangladesh for conservation of tigers in *underban region.

7. India has 4onstituted a group on tiger and leopard conservation %ith ussia.

>. India is a party to 4onvention on Inter national rade in &ndangered *pecies of Wild 1auna and 1lora 4I&*$

8. 'nli(e 4hina, India doesn2t support captive breeding of tigers breeding tigers on a commercial scale, to sell their hideand bones later, #ust li(e a poultry farm$.

M. India made an appealing to 4hina to phase out tiger farming and eliminate stoc(piles of !tiger body parts and derivati


Amphibian means Uliving double livesU, meaning that they live t%o lives one in %ater %ith gills and the other on land by

gro%ing lungs as they age. hey are vertebrates and cold blooded ectothermic$. &arly amphibians, a crucial lin( from fish to

terrestrial reptiles, %ere the first animals to leave the sea and venture onto the land.

%eptiles meaning Uto creep stealthily under cover of dar(nessU$ are a group of animals that have scales or modified scales

breathe air, and usually lay eggs.


11/78

11

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Krill and food chain

•

he %hale is not a fish but a mammal

• Grill= *hrimp-li(e plan(tonic creatures = they2re favorite food of %hale.

• Grill eat phytoplan(ton, %hich are microscopic plants that live near the surface of oceans and la(es.

• hytoplan(ton are mainly one-celled organisms and are autotrophic.

Planktons

• autotrophic0 they depend on the sun for the energy they need to produce their food.

• hus microscopic phytoplan(ton are very important to all living organisms in the sea.

• he blue %hale feeds throughout the summer on (rill that are abundant in the cold, polar %ater of both the northern asouthern hemisphere.

• In the late fall, the blue %hale migrates on the %armer %aters of the tropics %here the %ater is %armer.


12/78

12

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• here are no (rill in tropical areas of the ocean so the blue %hale must live off its blubber for the entire time it spends

there. Blubber = fat stored in Whale body$

• When there is oil-spill, it reduces the plan(tonic creature and thus affects the %hole food chain.

1ydrocarbon2eating bugs

• In early :5, there %as an oil spill in @ulf of


13/78

13

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Asian Ladybug

)ew Sperm 7ree8ing method

• reviously, elephant breeders could only use a limited number of elephant bulls living in "oos, as semen could not be

fro"en and had to be used %ithin t%elve hours. But scientists have no% solved this problem using the ne% sperm free"imethod.

• his ne% free"ing method could also be used %ith other endangered species li(e rhinoceros and gorilla

)isargruna biogas technology

• developed by the


14/78

14

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• If a material absorbs all the visible range of light, then it Sloo(s2 blac( to us because there is hardly any visible light left

from the ob#ect to reach our eyes.

• If a material does not absorb any part of the visible range of light, then the ob#ect either appears colourlessly transpare

• Water has molecules that do not have the (ind of electrons %hich absorb any portion of the visible range but haveelectrons that absorb only in the invisible ultraviolet range$ of light

• hat is %hy %ater appears transparent. *everal other li+uids, such as ben"ene, alcohol, chloroform, coconut oil, etc als

loo( transparent for this reason.

Sapota

• ropical fruit plant. chi(oo$

• @ro%n %idely in India for its fruit and mil(y late %hich is the source of chicle used to ma(e che%ing gum.

%ice blast

s a fungal infestation (no%n to occur in all the rice gro%ing areas of the county. he disease attac(s all the parts of the cropro%ing above the soil.

&hawki

• refers to young sil( %orms reared from hatching to second moult stage. he +uality of these %orms forms the cru of

successful sil(%orm rearing.

• If the cha%(i %orms are not reared properly, the later stages %ill result in crop losses.

Chaki !earing

PS.96

• It is a gene that helps the rice plants to gro% in phosphorus-deficient soil.

• he absence of *K35 from modern rice varieties underlines the importance of conserving and eploring traditional

varieties.

!isasters

;t .ongariro

)olcano erupted here, in Ne% Zealand

6


15/78

15

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• No% Italian court sentenced them to #ail.

• his has outraged the international science community

&limate change and %ainfall

• With every 5 degree 4elsius rise in temperature, tropical regions %ill see 5: per cent heavier rainfall etremes, %ith

possible impacts for flooding in populous regions


!mur 1alcon

• !


16/78

16

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• his bird is considered sacred by the Nicobarese people, %as hit badly by the Indian Kcean tsunami that destroyed vas

s%athes of its habitat and nesting grounds.

• Navy 4hief said, /We (no% that &nvironment ministry has its reservations. But the fact is %e cannot do %ithout ourfiring range0

Narcondam Hornbill

• Narcondam is an etremely remote, tiny island in the !ndaman and Nicobar Island group, and is home to about C::

Narcondam hornbills, a species that is found no%here else in the %orld.

• "hy in news# Because he 4oast @uard %anted to set up a surveillance radar here, but environment ministry re#ecthe proposal.

• "hy in news# Because he 4oast @uard %anted to set up a surveillance radar here, but environment ministry re#ec


What is I'4N? [ HL=@land, *%it".

• International 'nion for 4onservation of Nature and Natural esources I'4N$ also (no%n as the World 4onservation'nion.

• he I'4N is the %orld2s oldest global environmental organi"ation. WW1 in 8:s, 'N& in M:s, I44 in 9:s, Gyoto et

6:s$ Kbserve this imeline

Click to Enlarge


17/78

17

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• I'4N includes both Nations and N@Ks.

• he I'4N en#oys /observer status0 at the 'nited Nations @eneral !ssembly.

What is I'4N ed 3ist?

5. It is a system of classifying plants, animals etc on basis of their li(elihood of etinction.

. his classification contains total 6 groups. Kbserve follo%ing chart.

"aken #ro$ Encyclopedia %ritannica

5 &ach year thousands of scientists around the %orld assess or reassess species. he I'4N ed 3ist is subse+uently upda3atest updated list %as released OIK R: summit.

his list helps @overnments and N@Ks prioriti"e their efforts to save the particular plant, animal etc. 1or eample mormoney and manpo%er should be spent on red species compared to orange or green species in the list. !nd the sale of rspecies products must be banned under 4I&*.

What is 4I&*? [ HL=@eneva, *%it"erland. *ecretariat administered by 'N&.$

• 4I&*= 4onvention on International rade in &ndangered *pecies of Wild 1auna and 1lora.

• 4I&* is an international agreement, brainchild of I'4N,


18/78

18

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• 4I&* classifies species into three categories !ppendi I, II and III and regulates their trade via cooperation of various

nations.

!ppendi

!ppendi I

• here are almost 5::: plant and animal species in this list.

• heir trade =totally banned, unless eeptional situation.

!ppendi

II

• *pecies that are not necessarily threatened, but %ill get threatened if their trade is not controlled.

• Businessmen %ill need to get licence from relevant authorities to eport such plantsJ animalsJtheirproducts.

• he @overnment can give licence if it certain that that trade %ill not be harmful to the survival of thespecies in the %ild

!ppendi

III • list of species included at the re+uest of any one nation but needs the cooperation of other countries to

prevent unsustainable or illegal eploitation.

What is 4onference of arties?

• !lthough 4I&* is legally binding on the arties, it does not ta(e the place of national la%s. ather it provides a

frame%or( respected by each arty. *o hese parties have to do t%o things

5.


19/78

19

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• 1or eample,


20/78

20

Env & Bio - Mrunal

@* m

C. Name any three critically endangered species in India, according to the I'4N ed list. &numerate the measures ta(en protect them. >m


4onvention on Biodiversity 4B$ rologue to 4artagena, Nagoya, !ichi, 4K-55

What is 'N&?

• 'nited Nations &nvironment rogramme 'N&$

• !n organi"ation under 'nited Nations. 56M$

• he 'nited Nations @eneral !ssembly elects the 'N& governing council members.

• HL= Nairobi, Genya

• %o important terms associated %ith 'N&

&arth%atch 'N& (eeps constant surveillance on environment, through this program.

@lobal &nvironment Kutloo( @&K$ 'N& publishes this report.>th such report @&K->$ released in :5.

&arth *ummit?

• 4onference held in io-e-;anerio, Bra"il in 566

• 1ormal name 'nited Nations 4onference on &nvironment and evelopment 'N4&$

What is the connection bet%een 'N& and &arth *ummit?

• In the late 9:s, the 'N& members decided %e should have some sort of international agreement to protect biodiversi

• hey %or(ed on a draft !greement. Nairobi 4onference$

• In 566, %hen &arth *ummit %as held in io, Bra"il, these 'N& people put that draft-agreement on the table, and

re+uested various countries to sign it.

• his signed international agreement is (no%n as /4onvention on Biodiversity.0 (Official na$e &Con'ention on %iolog i'ersity)

Gids of &arth *ummit

• &arth summit, 566 gave birth to many things. But three important (ids %ere


21/78

21

Env & Bio - Mrunal


22/78

22

Env & Bio - Mrunal

We can summari"e this in an e+uation and a 4hart

/arth Summit0= &B! 3&artagena> Aichi>)agoya4 >()7&&& 3Kyoto>&opanheggan4 >Agenda ? 3%*9>?@4

Knce \this is clear, observe the follo%ing timeline to see the Sbigger picture2 of ho% every piece fits into the pu""le.


23/78

23

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Click to Enlarge

What is 4B? HL= . *ustainable use of biological diversity =important for food security, health and other needs of public.

8. Biological diversity is being significantly reduced by certain human activities.

M. But We2ll protect biodiversity via in-situ and e-situ methods.

9. We recogni"e vital role of %omen and N@Ks in protecting biodiversity.

6. Kur rich members developed countries$ %ill give money and secret ;ames Bond$ technology to the middle class poor members developing nations and 3east developed countries$

5:. We2ll give special attention to the least developed countries 6'!'&'4 and small island States, because they2re more vulnerable.

http://www.mrunal.org/enbhttp://www.mrunal.org/enb


24/78

24

Env & Bio - Mrunal

55. We2ll also give special attention to developing countries, especially those %ith arid and semi- arid 8ones, coastal anmountainous areas.

5. R add public a%areness, sensiti"ation, (no%ledge -sharing and other diplomatic-legal fodder.

Where is the money?

• o fund various pro#ects, activities under 4B, you need truc(load of cash.

• his cash comes through an organi"ation named as @lobal &nvironment 1acility @&1$.

• @&1 gets money from %orld ban(, 'N, various rich$ nations and trust organi"ation, companies etc.

• @&1 gives that money to finance many environment related activies including

5. 4onvention on Biological iversity 4B$

. 'nited Nations 1rame%or( 4onvention on 4limate 4hange 'N1444$

Ho% does 4B %or(?

• 4B doesn2t have /members0 it has /parties0 rich parties on one side, middle class and poor parties on the other.

• hese parties meet at regular interval. hese meetings are called 4onference of arties 4K$.

• In these


25/78

25

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5. Nagoya rotocol on @enetic esources

. !ichi argets for biodiversity

"hat is Aichi .arget#

n the 4K-5: meeting, the parties agreed that previous biodiversity protection targets are not achieved, *o %e need to do com%ith ne% plans and targets.

lan imeframe

:

*hort term By ::

• his short term plan is officially (no%n as /Strategic Plan for Biodiversity ?@2?@?@0.

• It is a a ten-year frame%or( for action by all countries to save biodiversity.

• his short term plan provide a set of ?@ ambitious yet achievable targets, collectively (no%n as the Aichi Targets.

!ichi argets= : targets, divided into > sections ! to &$.

Strategic goal A

Address the causes of biodiversity loss

5. :

educe overfishing

C !griculture, a+uaculture and forestry in sustainable manner

7 educe pollution and ecessive use of fertiliser

> revent invasive alien species non-native$

8


26/78

26

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5 4onserve terrestrial and inland %ater, coastal T marine areas

revent etinction of threatened species

C


27/78

27

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• %o-humped camel

• 1ound in cold deserts of central !sia. 4hina,


28/78

28

Env & Bio - Mrunal

&nBX=environment and biodiversity. Western @hats has been in ne%s because of @adgil controversy.he %hole topic is made

f four sub-articles.

5. Western @hats Basic geography iscussed here in this article itself.

5 hreats to biodiversity of Western @hats4lic( me

5 @adgil report and recommendations4lic( me

5 4ontroversies related to @adgil report on Western @hats.4lic( me

What is Western @hats?

• &ntire tract of hills from the api to Ganya(umari.

• 3ength =appro. 5>::(m

• !rea= appro. 5.8 la(h s+.(ms

• !bout C: of the area of the Western @hats egion is under forests.

*I^ *tates hree important$ asses

5. @u#arat portions of ang 1orests$.

.


29/78

29

Env & Bio - Mrunal

C. Garnata(a

7. @oa

>. Gerala

8. amilnadu

C. alghat

!dministrative egions

no need to mugup table, but if you2re from any of these districts, be more prepared for /profile based0 intervie% +uestions on

Western @hats$.

@u#arat


30/78

30

Env & Bio - Mrunal

avg. height 5>:: to

::: mlo%er >::-M:: m

Highest pea( !nai


31/78

31

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• hree main rivers of *outh India= Grishna, @odavari and Gaveri. hey originate from Western @hats.

• raditionally these %ater resources %ere used to irrigate the valleys for paddy and arecanut cultivation.

• But later, construction of ma#or river valley pro#ects =irrigation R po%er generation.

• he steep slopes to the %estern @hats = ideal for constructing dams and hydel po%er generation.

•

In recent years construction of resorts and hill stations started around la(es and rivers. &.g. !mba )alley, 3avasa.

• ivers flo%ing from the Western @hats drain almost 7: of land in India.

• oughly >: million people depend on these rivers .

• 1rom Western @hats, rivers originate and flo% in both directions West and &ast.

West 1lo%ing ivers

Narmada api

Krigin both


32/78

32

Env & Bio - Mrunal

ributaries

5.


33/78

33

Env & Bio - Mrunal

)alleysaddy

Hill slops

• &arlier slash and burn type agriculture. No%adays errace farming.

• . otato

5. epper

. 4ardamom

1orest produce

• epper, 4ardamom,Honey,Wa,


34/78

34

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• he Western @hats is one of the Biodiversity hotspots of the country.

• he %ild relatives pepper, cardamom, mango, #ac(fruit and plantain=found here.

• housands of endemic species of flo%ering plants, insects, trees, fishes, butterflies, dragonflies, mollus(s land snailpresent.

EWhat is &ndemic *pecies?

• !ny species %hich is eclusively confined to a particular geographical area and it is found no%here else in the %orld.

Nasi(abactrachus sahyadrensis

• ecently discovered frog species in Western @hats.

• It proves that Western @hat %as once part of ancient @ond%ana region.


35/78

35

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Western @hat Notable %ildlife

5. iger

. &lephant

C. he Indian Bison

7. 3ion-ailed . Wynad 3aughing hrush *ongbirds$

8. ravancore ortoise

M. 'ropeltid *na(es

9. *everal *pecies Kf 3egless !mphibians.

Western @hats hreats to Biodiversity, M2s mutiny, the 4ro%n too( over Indian administration. No% Britishers too( three ma#or initiatives in Western @hats


36/78

36

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5. 4onstruct ail%ays

. 4onstruct ams

C. 4onstruct oads.

usually in this order ail%ays ] ams ] oads$. Why %as it done in this order? hin( about it $

• !ny%ays, the British used these three Schannels2 for resource etraction and eploitation in Western @hats.

• 3ater they started giving a%ay land in the *ahyadri region


37/78

37

Env & Bio - Mrunal

industriali"ation !reas established.

5. bet%een 56:T566:, Garnata(a, Gerala and amil Nadu have lost about 7: of their original forest cover.

. ise in opulation and industriali"ation.

C. tourism, holiday resorts.

7. iver valley pro#ects= forest area is being submerged.

>.


38/78

38

Env & Bio - Mrunal

&ndemic species 1ound in the particular place only.

• 4onsider this case eriyar 3a(e is one of the biodiversity hotspots of Gerala.

• &otic fish species such as Cyprinus carpio have been introduced here for breeding.

• But their food preference is similar to endemic species= competition for food=endemic fish population affected.

• *imilar case %ith eotic high-yielding !frican catfish.

• !lien species such as catla, rohu and mrigal have been cultured in most of the reservoirs and ponds of Gerala.

• !nd because of them endemic fish populations=declined.


39/78

39

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5. enormous traffic problems because truc(s2 movement

. ruc(s are often overloaded, and uncovered= spillover, accidents.

C. It has increased air pollution =health problems for local fol(s.

*and : public of @oa.

• !bout 59: mining permissions are given %ithin one (ilometer of this pro#ect.=again %ater pollution.

hermal po%er plants=bad 7Biodiversity?

• he states in Western @hats have large-scale iron and steel, cement, petroleum refineries, sugar, distilleries, fertili"ers

and petrochemical industries.

• !ll of %hich are large energy consumers.

• herefore, many thermal po%er pro#ects are commissioned in these states.

• hermal po%er plants increase the temperature of nearby regions.

• Higher temperatures of %ater= better dissolution of toic chemicals from air=bad for environment, bad for fishes.

• hermal po%er plants emit 1ly ash.

• articles of fly ash also contain toic elements such as lead and mercury

• When fly ash is deposited in the marginal areas of the river= eproduction of fish is affected.

• hic( deposits of fly ash at the bottom of la(eJrivers ma(e the nutrients unavailable to a+uatic life.

ransport and 4ommunication

• Western @hats=hilly terrain, thic( forests, heavy rains, roads get %ashed off.

• *o in In the ancient and medieval times, the ransport and communication = very difficult.

• In fact, the strength of the ;aratha empire rested on the strategic advantages of this inaccessible terrain.

• But after independence, = ma#or river valley and mining pro#ects =lead to development of etensive transport and

communication facilities.


40/78

40

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• roblem?= @ro%th of roads Rrail%ay lines across the @hats = connectivity bet%een natural habitats disrupted. = bad f

biodiversityRaccidents.

• &mergence of a large %ealthy middle class = holiday resorts etc.

• availability of po%erful earth-moving machinery,

• he Western @hats are beginning to be urbani"ed.

• But it leads =] biodiversity destroyed R local tribes displaced.

1arm Houses R esorts= Bad 7Biodiversity?

• In past decade a ne% %ealthy upper middle class has emerged.

• hey li(e to buy /second homes0 in the hill areas for vacation and holidays.

• !t the same time, %hen city people are attracted to the hills, the village people %ant city life. *o they have started sellinland, and migrating to cities

• But 4ity fol(s %ant good %ide roads, %ater, electricity_everything in their holiday homes and farmhouses. his has ledunprecedented level of construction activities in the Western @hats region.

• Non-rene%able materials li(e cement, steel, bric(s and +uarried stone are used to constructing these resorts and farmhouses.

• hese houses replete %ith %ith !4s, )s, marble, and similar luuries.

• 4onse+uently, the %ee(end homes have become more energy2consuming than a city home

@ardens

• eople also %ant to have city-li(e in these resortsJfarm houses.

• but these /city-li(e0 gardens use ecessive daily %atering, fertili"ers and pesticides= bad for local species.

•


41/78


42/78

42

Env & Bio - Mrunal

roblem of the tribals?

5. 3oss of biodiversity =less 1orest produce %a, honey etc.$.

. &termination of %ildlife species= can2t do hunting anymore.

C. &*! and 1orest rights acts are not implemented than(s to vested interests of


43/78

43

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• But all of them face common problems

5. Kver bureaucrati"ation =corruption. 1or eample a farmer %ould need to pay bribe get clearance to dig %ellJbore in ho%n farm.

. little or no meaningful participation by the local community.

• he Western @hats has thousands of endemic species of flo%ering plants, fish, frogs, birds and mammals.

• herefore, entire Western @hats should be designated as &cologically sensitive "ones.

• @adgil recommends that entire Western @hat should be divided into C "ones actually 7$

5. Zone 5Highest protection must be given to them

5 Zone Intermediate

5 Zone C


44/78

44

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5. 4hairman T ! retired #udge of the *upreme 4ourt, preferably from the Western @hats region.

. &perts from biology, la%, science, sociology etc.

C. epresentative from tribal group.

7. 4ivil society representatives.

1unctions

5. conservation, sustainable development and &co restoration of the Western @hats

. &nvironmental Impact !nalysis and 4learance process in Western @hats.

C. Its recommendations %ill be ordinarily binding. #ust li(e National Board of Wildlife %hose decisions are rarely tampe %ith and by and large have been approved even by the *upreme 4ourt of India.$

7. W&@! %ill decide location of industry, land use planning in Western @hats.

>. revent activity having negative environmental, social and ecological impact on Western @hats.

8. 4an issue directions to the state government or agencies to prevent any negative impacts on the Western @hats.

M. !uthority shall also be the final authority for demarcating the areas under the &cologically *ensitive Zones P5, and C

9. o%er to levy fines and other punitive measures

6. ight to call for files, records, evidences etc. under 4ivil rocedure 4ode.

Zonal recommendations

!s %e sa% earlier @adgil recommended Western @hats to be divided into three ecologically sensitive "ones. Here they2re

&cologically *ensitive Zone &*Z$

Zone P5 Zone P Zone PC

years.

&isting mines should be

under strict regulation and

social audit.

olluting Industry

edJKrange$

onot allo% ne% industries.&isiting industries must

s%itch to "ero pollution by :58 else close them do%n.

!llo% ne% industries but %ith strict

regulation R social audit.

Non polluting

industry greenJblue$ !llo% but %ith strict regulation R social audit

iver pro#ectsJdamsNo river pro#ects higher

than C meters.Not higher than 5>m

!ny height allo%ed but %ith detailed

environmental impact assessment.


45/78

45

Env & Bio - Mrunal

o%er plants onot allo% ne% po%er plants.

&isting= %ith strict regulation R social

audit.Ne% plants=only if they2ve "ero

pollution.

ransport

• No ne% rail%ay lines and ma#or roads, ecept

%here it is highly essential e.g @oa$,

• !void ne% high%ays, &press%ays

!llo%ed but only %ith strict regulation R

social audit.

ourism %aste management, traffic, %ater and energy use=strictly regulate. recall iger tourism article$.

@eneral recommendations

!gro

5. romote organic agricultural practices

. @ive money for se+uestration of carbon in soils.

C. onot allo% any @enetically . Instead of giving subsidies for chemical fertili"ers, give the farmers subsidies for biogas, organicagriculture etc.

8. onot allo% monoculture plantation of eotic species li(e eucalyptus.

M. &ncourage planting of endemic speciesQ

9. &traction of medicinal plants %ith strict regulations

!nimal

husbandary

5 romote cattle breed that can %ithstand adverse agro climatic conditions of Western @hats.

onot allo% %eedicides in cash crop areas alongside the roads. Because almost all plants comingunder the %eed category are rich cattle fodder.

C onot allo% introduction of any invasive alien species.

1isheries

5 onot allo% dynamite and other eplosives to (ill fishQ

provide fish ladders at all reservoirs

C monitor and control trade in a+uarium fishes.

!%areness5


46/78

46

Env & Bio - Mrunal

*ci-ech and I5 'se them for impact assessment for all ne% pro#ects such as dams, mines, tourism, and housing.

repare hydrological data base of rivers

4onstruction

5 eco-friendly building material and construction methods,

onot allo% filling of marshesJ %etlands.


47/78

47

Env & Bio - Mrunal

ro#ect !thirappilly ro#ect @undia

*tate Gerala Garnata(a

iver 4hala(udy @undia

4apacity :R ::

!thirappilly ro#ect Why problem?

lants - *ome ne% species of plants reported in this region- critically endangered species of riparian trees found here.

Birds

Gerala has four species of Hornbills

5. the


48/78

48

Env & Bio - Mrunal

!dar ribal displacement

•

!dar tribe is considered to be the most primitive of the *outh Indian forest tribes

• hey are a primitive hunter and food gatherer tribe originally restricted to the forests and hill tracts of 4hala(udy river basin.

• heir population is fe%er than 5>::.

• hey2ll be affected by the dam.

@iven these factors,


49/78

49

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• !s you already (no%, @adgil recommended that

• %hole Western @hat be divided into C "ones

• no ne% mining licences should be given in "one 5 and .

• @overnment must stop all eisting mines in Zone 5 by :58.

• @overnment must stop illegal mining activities immediately.

•

• \his is a bitter pill. !nd no @overnment %ants to s%allo% than(s to po%erful mining lobby of *outh West India %ith

deep poc(ets and political connections.$

• !ny%ays, @adgil submitted his report in :55.

• But &nvironment ministry did not release this report for mediaJpublic discussion. because


50/78

50

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• herefore, all agents of @overnment must be responsible for their conduct.

• he people of this country have a right to (no% every public act, everything that is done in a public %ay by their publicfunctionaries.

• If @adgil report is disclosed, it2ll enable citi"ens to debate in an informed manner and they can provide useful feedbac(the government.

• ..I !ct re+uires suo moto disclosure by the public authority S%hile2 formulating important policies and not Cafter<

formulating them'

• herefore I direct the


51/78

51

Env & Bio - Mrunal

C. Gerala @overnment fears that if %e try to evict those mafias and other farmers, it2ll led to huge protests and violence ahappened in . @adgil says set up ne% Western @hats &cology !uthority W@&!$. But %e are capable of preserving the Western @hats %ithin provisions of the eisting la%s.

4ontroP>


52/78


53/78

53

Env & Bio - Mrunal

1ood Web

• 1ood 4hainT] @rass] grasshopper ]frog ] fish ] man

• 1ood chain assume the isolated linear line. But in real life, frog could be eating other insects apart from grasshopper. 1could be eating smaller fishes apart from frog. *o there eists an interconnected Net%or( of 1ood 4hain R 1ood 4hain1ood chain_$.

• his interconnected net%or( of food chains = food %eb.

Why is 1ood %eb important?

• *uppose in a #ungle, the deer species is %iped out due to some human poachingJ diseases J natural disaster.

• hen its predators lion,tiger$ can feed on other animals such as fo, %olf, crane, peacoc( etc. until deer population gro

again.

• hus, food %eb= help living organism survive in case of minor or ma#or setbac(s in their food chain.

• food %eb=provides stability to the ecosystem.

&nergy 1lo% in the &cosystem

• *o far you (no% %hat is food chain and %hat is food %eb.

• ou also (no% %hat is rophic level. each step in a food chain$.

• When energy is passed from one tropic level to net trophic level, some part of energy is %asted. *o energy declines as move up in the chainJ %eb J pyramid.

Why?

5. Because some energy is %asted as body heat.

. No herbivore deer, co%$ can entirely digest and absorb the plant nutrients.

C. *ome energy is %asted %hile capturing the prey. e.g. iger chasing a deer.$

7. *ome energy remains trapped e.g. iger only eats the flash of a deer. He doesn2t eat the s(in, hair, bone and teeth of a d


54/78

54

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• *o the energy stored in the s(in, hair, bone and teeth of a deer =not moved up in the food chain.

• Ho%ever this energy is later utili"ed %hen scavenger hyena$ comes into picture. Because Hyena2s stomach acid is sopo%erful, it can digest the s(in, hair, bone, teeth and other remnants of a deer corpse.

nd la% of themodynamics

• When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy is 3ost. *uppose a #ungle receives 5::: calories %

*unlight everyday.

•


55/78

55

Env & Bio - Mrunal

•


56/78

56

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• It lasts for a relatively long time nearly : years$ after one application.

• is cheap to produce, been etensively used across %orld.

• roblem cannot be metaboli"ed digested$ by any living organism.

• *uppose %as sprayed on %ater.

• here are millions of plan(tons in the %ater. &ach of them absorbed >ppm of . *ince they cannot digest , itremains unprocessed in their body.

• ! fish eats 9 such plan(tons, so it gets 9 > =7: ppm of in its body.

• ! bird eats >: such fishes, so bird gets 7: >: =::: ppm of in its body.

• *o the amount of (eeps increasing as %e move up in the food chain. his phenomenon is (no%n as bio magnifica

• Bio magnification is bad because it produces variety of diseases in the species R its offsprings babies$ via teratogenesi

• eratogenesis = formation of defective embryo.

o sumup

• Biomagnification is a man2induced process'

• Biomagnification occurs %ith non2degradable chemicals5substances5pollutants only'

• 1or eample esticides, anti-(noc(ing agents used in internal combustion engines, paints, artificial perfumes etc.

• Biomagnification doesn2t occur %ith degradable chemicalsJsubstances for eample sugar, tea, cheese, mil( etc. becaus

they can be digested by some$ living organisms.


57/78

57

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Biotic otential.

• 'nlimited food R ideal environmental conditions =a species can produce offspring O maimum rate. his is (no%n as

Biotic potential.

• It can be high or lo%, depending on ho% many offspring children$ can a species produce in ideal conditions.

Biotic

potential &ample Why?

HighBacteria, insects, mice,

rabbitsproduce a large number of offspring in a short time.

lo% larger species li(e elephants,

tigers and humans

@estation period is long. *o they produce only a fe% offspring species during

their lifetime, even if ideal food and environment conditions are given.

4arrying 4apacity

• It means the maimum population that an environment can support and sustain.

• When the carrying capacity is reached, birth rates e+ual death rates and the population should maintain a steady state

e+uilibrium.

Interspecies relations

Interaction *pecies ! *pecies B &ample

5.


58/78

58

Env & Bio - Mrunal

redation vs arasitism

redation arasitism

iger (illing deer. ape%orm in human digestive tract.

done only for food. one for food R shelter.

rey deer$ (illed immediately Host not (illed immediately

redator is usually$ big in si"e. *maller.

redator2s biotic potential is usually very lo%. tiger, lion etc.$ arasite2s biotic potential is usually higher.

4K 55 T 4onvention on Biological iversity 4B$, Hyderabad :5 Kutcomes, Bushmeat, &mpty ;ungle syndrome

Intro

• When it comes to environment protection, climate change, %ildlife protection, there are multiple conventions and eachconvention has /parties0.

• hose parties hold conferences at regular interval.

• such conferences are called /conference of arties0 4K.

• In a single calendar year there can be more than on 4K because these are different conventions$.

1or eample

What? When? Where? IssueJtopicJconvention?

4K-55 Kct :5 Hyderabad, India Biodiversity 4B$

4K-59 Nov-ec :5 oha, Latar 4limate change 'N144$

4K-58


59/78

59

Env & Bio - Mrunal

ear 4KP Where

:5: 5: Nagoya, ;apan

:5 55 Hyd, India

:57 5 yeong4hang, *.Gorea theme = Biodiversity for*ustainable evelopment$

India and 4B

• he 4onvention on Biodiversity 4B$ has near universal membership %ith 56C countries. he '*! is the only ma#orcountry that is not a arty.

• India has ratified the 4B.

• India also enacted the Biological iversity !ct in :: and notified the ules in ::7 to give effect to the provisions of

4B.

• No% India has got presidency of 4B for t%o years. :5-57$. previously it %as %ith ;apan.

4K55H4B$

• otal 5M: countries participated in the conference.

• 4urrent decade :55-::$ has been declared as the 'nited Nations ecade on Biodiversity and 'nited Nations ecafor eserts and the 1ight against esertification.

• 4K55-H4B is the first conference during above special Sdecades2.

• ;ust fe% days before the official 4K55, Hyderabad also hosted the 8th meeting of parties to 4artagena protocol on

biosafety under 4B$. his is (no%n as 4K- 4K-


60/78

60

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• Was developed by National Institute of esign, !hmedabad for the @overnment of India. his logo symbolises the cycl

life %ith a tiger, a dolphin, a bird and a %omen %ith grains depicting lin(age of biodiversity %ith livelihoods.

• Kn top is the slogan in *ans(rit %ith &nglish translation SNature rotects if *he is rotected2

4K55H4B$ KutcomesJ !greements

• /H4B0 is not the official name. ;ust visuali"e &leven cops policemen$ hiding kabaad trash$= 55th 4K %as held i

Hyderabad for 4onvention on Biodiversity.

• he revious 4K P5:$ %as held O Nagoya, !ichi refecture, ;apan in :5:.

!ny%ays, let2s chec( the outcome of 4K-55H4B$

P5 4!*H

Who? What did they say?

eveloped countries

&'J'*$

• We2ll double $ the funding to help developing states to meet !ichi Biodiversity argets, by:5>.

• roughly it means, developing countries %ill get about C: billion '*=s. 5,>:,::: crore ove

the net 9 years.


61/78

61

Env & Bio - Mrunal

eveloping

4ountries

• 1or the first time, developing countries at 4K 55, including India and several !frican states,

pledged additional cash above and beyond their core funding to%ards 4B

• India committed over '*D >: million.

!ll •

By :5>, We2ll prepare national financial plans for biodiversity and increase domestic&penditure for it.

P Kcean

• 4K-55H4B$ gave much focus to Kcean, marine biodiversity.

• 4ountries agreed to pay more attention to *argasso *ea, the onga archipelago and (ey corals sites off the coast of Bra"

*argasso *ea • middle of the North !tlantic Kcean.

onga !rchipelago• *outh acific Kcean.

• onga is a sovereign state.

• We2ll factor biodiversity into environmental impact assessments &I!$ for infraJdevelopment pro#ects in costal areas.


62/78

62

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• We call upon the fisheries management bodies to play a stronger role in protecting biodiversity.

Pa Kcean rotected lanet :5

• rotected planet :5=it is name of the report released by 'N&.

• his report says

o

Half of the %orld2s richest biodiversity "ones remain entirely unprotected.

o If you %ant to meet the !ichi Biodiversity targets, then you2ve declare an additional 9 million s+uare (ilometer

marine and coastal areas as protected.

• We, the 4K55H4B$ players, %ill sho% these results to 'N @eneral assembly and as( them amend 'nited Natio4onvention on 3a% of the *ea accordingly R international agreement for biodiversity conservation in marine areas beynational #urisdiction.

Pb Kcean esearch

We2ll do more research into adverse effect of

5. under%ater noise from ships on marine biodiversity, and

.


63/78

63

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• In !frica, forest is often called Sbush2, so meat from #ungle= bushmeat.

• 3arge scale hunting of mon(eys, elephants, %ild-buffalos etc. for Sbushmeat2 = led to &mpty forest syndrome.

&mpty forest syndrome?

• ou already (no% that protection of #ungle and %ildlife=both important.

•

&mpty forest syndrome = #ungles are still visible but animals gone.

n other %ords, &mpty forest syndrome is a situation in %hich animals disappear at a much faster rate than their habitats. WH

Because

5. Bushmeat as eplained above$

. rading of *(in, Hides, tus(s etc. for ma(ing #e%elry, trophies etc.

C. . 4limate change

!ny%ays bac( to the main topic outcome of 4K55$

• In 4entral !frica, gorillas, chimpan"ees and many more %ild animals are hunted as bush meat is the only cheap sourceprotein and food security for the poor communities.

• he players O4K55 H4B$ adoped /Hyderabad bushmeat recommendations0 for Ssustainable2 use and 4hampions and their pledges

• 4K-55 invited parties and partner organi"ations to ma(e pledges to support one or more !ichi Biodiversity argets.

• 'nder this

India ledged to give >: million '*


64/78

64

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• Nagoya rotocol=under 4B,

• 1or sharing benefits from genetic resources.

• Kfficial name= Nagoya rotocol on !ccess to @enetic esources and the 1air and &+uitable *haring of Benefits !risingfrom their 'tili"ation !B*$.

• India has already ratified Nagoya rotocol on !ccess and Benefit sharing.

• No% that %e2ve got years2 presidency for 4B, India %ill %or( tirelessly to get the rotocol ratified by >: countries so

that it comes into force during the residency of India.

PM


65/78

65

Env & Bio - Mrunal

n case you %onder %hy have I suddenly shifted from &conomic surveys to &nB? eason 5th chapter tal(s about sustainable

evelopment and climate change and under that three international summits of :5 %ill have to be covered any%ays vi".

5. IKR: = done last year

. H4B= done yesterday

C. oha4K=doing It right no%.

hen %e2ll go bac( to 5th chapter of economic survey and concentrate only on the India related stuff R5th 1$ for sustainablevelopment and climate change.

By the %ay, '*4 has uploaded mar(sheet of recommended candidates of 4*&:5, although it doesn2t sho% score in Individu

ub#ects only %ritten total and intervie% total is given. clic( me to see the 1

C 4K* under 'N144

1irst, understand the basic of 'N144 and Gyoto protocol from earlier article clic( me

4K= conference of parties.

ear 4KP 4


66/78

66

Env & Bio - Mrunal

Gyoto

&tended

• It established a second commitment period of the Gyoto rotocol, %hich %ill begin on ;anuary 5,

:5C and end either on ecember :5M or ecember ::.

• ;apan, ussia and 4anada refused to #oin the second commitment period under the Gyoto rotocol

:: •

post :: arrangements %ould be finali"ed by :5> and implemented from ::.

L&3K • +uantified emission limitation and reduction ob#ectives L&3Ks$ for developed country Gyoto

rotocol arties %ill be determined during :5.

urban

latform • o discuss the post :: arrangements for global climate change regime.

Web registry

• %eb-based registry %as also agreed upon to be set up under the management of the 'N1444*ecretariat.

• his registry %ill serve as a platform for the developing countries to upload their Nationally

!ppropriate @reen 4limate

1und

• to support pro#ects, programmes, policies and other activities in developing nations.

• he 1und %ill start operating from :5C

• developed nations %ill provide money in this fund

59th 4K oha :5$?

• 59th session of the 4K to the 'N1444, %as held Ooha, Latar.

• It has resulted in a set of decisions clubbed together as C!oha &limate $ateway


67/78

67

Env & Bio - Mrunal

layers What is their stand?

5. 4hina

. India

3ol", as developing countries, %e are not legally re+uired to cut do%n our emissions, so %e2ve nothing

lose here. !ctually more cash to gain via @reen climate fundA$

5. ussia

. Ne% Zealand

C. ;apan

7. 4anada

W!IA his stupid protocol doesn2t bind 4hina or India cut their emissionsA he %hole concept of

/4B0 4ommon But ifferentiated esponsibility$ is a big #o(e. Why should %e be the sacrificial

lambs?We don2t %ant to be in this second commitment period of Gyoto.

'*! hahaha, be it first commitment or second commitment, I had never ratified the Gyoto protocol. *o,

adios suc(ers.

Gyoto . his revie% %ill be is a reality chec( on ho% big the climate change threat

and %hat further action is needed to prevent it.

4!DH

eveloped countries

• hey2ve reiterated commitment to mobili"e '*D5:: billion to developing

countries by ::.

• But they didnot give any specific targets for mid-term financing bet%een

:5C-:5M$.

@ermany, 'G, 1rance, enmar(,

*%eden and &' • they made 1inance pledges %orth total D8 billion for period upto :5>


68/78

68

Env & Bio - Mrunal

@reen 4limate 1und

• Its office$ %ill be hosted in the *ongdo district in Incheon city of *outh

Gorea.

•


69/78

69

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5.@ender

balance • We2ll strive for gender balance in our countries negotiating teams.

.)ulnerable

#unta

• for vulnerable population e.g. those living in costal areas that2ll get submerged in future$.

• We2ll create concrete institutional arrangements to help them

C.34s

• parties agreed for %ays to implement National !daptation lans for least developed countries34s$

• also funding and other support for 34s

7.Web registry

• ecall that in 5Mth 4K urban,!frica, :55$ this %eb registry %as launched.

•

No% the parties have completed a registry to record for developing country that see( recognition ofinancial support for their mitigation programs.

>.

• climate change education and training

• create public a%areness

• enable the public to participate in climate change decision-ma(ing

8.1orestry • enhance the efforts to fight deforestation.

M.4apture n

*tore

• under the Gyoto rotocol2s 4lean evelopment


70/78

70

Env & Bio - Mrunal

No 4!DH

;ust li(e IKR:. Here too, the developed nations didn2t give firm time table for money transfer. With

more and more players eiting the game, the promose of raising 5:: billion '* at the end of ::,

seems li(e a /mission impossible0.

No 4ompensation )ulnerable countries vociferously demanded compensation mechanism for loss and damage resulting

from climate change. But no agreement %as reached.

!gro (ept out

• !griculture is responsible for 57 of the global emissions.

• But there %as no agreement among parties to cut do%n emission from this sector. becausedeveloping countries li(e India don2t %ant any /haste0 in this matter.$

Kthers first • &' says %ill raise its target of cutting emissions by : percent by :: to C: percent only if

other countries sho%ed sufficient commitment.

too late

• here is a provision in the agreement for countries to tighten their emissions targets in :57

• but many developing countries thin( that by the time any revie% is instigated it may already b

too late to (eep temperature rises belo% 4.

4ivil society

• although 4K59 itself %as held Ooha Latar but lot of meetings bet%een parties %ere done in various countries.

• It is easier for big


71/78

71

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• /mission permits= Kne !!' permit$ allo%s a country to emit 5 metric tonne of 4K.

• By the %ay /Hot air0= term used to describe surplus !!'s held by ussia, '(raine and other former soviet bloc countr

!!' carryover

• OKH!4K59, arties agreed that if any country had accumulated surplus !!' permits$ during 5st period of Gyoto

then those permits %ill be valid for second period also.

• st Problem= ussia has left the game, so those permits are useless for them.

• ussia %ants to sell a%ay those !!' surplus to other players %ho2re still in the game for second period of Gyoto protoc

:5C-::$.

• his leads us to second problem

!!' *elling

OKH!4K, parties agreed that

• *urplus !!'s from 5st period$ can be sold and purchased during nd period of Gyoto.

• B(. condition the selling party must be in the game for nd period :5C-::$

?nd problem ussia has lot of surplus !!'s. But ussia has %ithdra%n itself from second commitment period of Gyoto.

herefore, ussia cannot sell its surplus !!' permits to other players %ho are still in the game e.g. @ermany or 1rance.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

4K-56J'N144X Warsa% 4limate 4hange 4onference, India2s *tand, Kutcomes, 3imitation

rologue

Before going to Warsa%, oland, ma(e sure you2ve read earlier articles on

5. ()7&& and Kyoto protocolclic( me

. !oha &9PD5()7&&clic( me

uring Nov :5C, Warsa%, oland hosted

4K5

6

• 56th 4onference of the arties 4K56$ to the 'nited Nations 1rame%or( 4onvention on 4limate 4hange

'N1444$

4


72/78

72

Env & Bio - Mrunal

click $e to enlarge i$age

1ollo%ing timeline should help you see the bigger picture

3i(e-


73/78

73

Env & Bio - Mrunal

o ermanent. e.g. loss include loss of life, culture, livelihood, ecosystems, or territory.

o 4an be economic or non-economic e.g loss of entire cultureJtribal religion in a lo% lying island$

• amage

o epairable. e.g. deforestation and temperature rise.

• In short- the oor countries %ant caDh from rich countries because rich countries caused climate change and poorcountries suffering etreme %eatherJdisasters because of them.

• emand gre% because thousands died in hilippines by yphoon Haiyan #ust as the 4K-56 started.

But eveloped countries donot %ant to admit any legal liability T after all, 4hina and India are also rich @ %ise$, and emitt

more greenhouse gas than many of the developed countries.

&R

• &R educing &missions from eforestation and egradation 3'*.

• 'nder &R 4aDh comes from developed countries =]green climate fund=]developing countries=]national agenc

• It is a result based understandingJframe%or(. , finally OWarsa% tal(s :5C, the participating nations agreed for

&R mechanism.

• 'G, Nor%ay and '*! have already allocated D'*9: million to a World Ban(-led fund operating & pro#ects.

& vs &R

%/!! %/!!>

Knly 'N

'N2s & P6(S follo%ing

5. 1orest 4arbon artnership 1acility %hich is is a global partnership of governments, businesses,civil society, and Indigenous eoples.

. World ban(2s 1orest Investment rogram 1I$

;ust

deforestation

eforestation P6(S follo%ing

• sustainable management of forests

• Increasing forest carbon stoc(s

• 1orest conservation

4!DH

• In all climate change tal(s- everything boils do%n to one thing caDH.


74/78

74

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• &arlier developed countries had promised to give D5:: billion dollar fund for developing countries by the end of ::.

• But developed countries did not elaborate ho% they2ll come up %ith so much cash.

• oor countries %anted some cash in the meantime :5C-56$ but this demand %as re#ected in Warsa% tal(.

ny%ays, enough of the issues, let2s chec( India2s stand

India2s stand O4K-56 Warsa%

We %ant 4B

• !s usual, India called for 4B 4ommon but ifferentiated esponsibility.

• We accept that 'N1444 4onvention and the Gyoto rotocol are also applicable to all.

• but this 2ni'ersality does not mean uniformity. We2re against any legally binding commitments.

• eveloping countries should be provided the fleibility to choose their actions.

• ich nations should not to treat global %arming issues %ith a business perspective of providing mar(ets to their


75/78

75

Env & Bio - Mrunal

5. We2ve made /voluntary0 commitment that %e2ll reduce emissions intensity of our @ by : to > by :: compare %ith ::> level.$

. We have also committed that our per capita emissions %ill not eceed those of the developed countries in future also.

C. We2re large country %ith a very small carbon footprint. our per capita emission is only 5.M tonnes per annum, despite oheavy dependence oil import, %e2re committed to follo% the path of sustainable development.

India2s stand on !griculture vs climate change

• India is against any mitigation mechanism to reduce emission from agriculture.

• for eample, if 'N144 gangmember comes up %ith some idea that all nations should stop paying urea subsidies or cheelectricity to their farmers or stop paying grants to slaughter houses etc=]

hen India %ill oppose such Smitigation2 mechanism for agriculture

• Because , :5>-:5M and then up::.

C. ublic finance should be the primary source of fund for climate finance. '* %ants ma#ority of caDh should come fromprivate companies,


76/78

76

Env & Bio - Mrunal

• %ants H14 matter to be covered

under

•

%ill also provide epertise and aid, to help developing nations cope %ith etreme events related to


77/78

77

Env & Bio - Mrunal

climate change.

• :58 %e2ll revie% the eact form of this mechanism.

4ash


78/78

78

Env & Bio - Mrunal

o ich nations are treating global %arming issues %ith a /business perspective of providing mar(ets to domestic

companies0.

o Ho% rich nations V including ;apan, 4anada and !ustralia V to scale do%n ambition and lo%ering of targets o

emissions.

o Ho% @reen 4limate fund is useless %ithout any coffers.

5:.

Env & Biodeversity Notes for Civils

Documents

Transcript of Env & Biodeversity Notes for Civils