Entrepreneurship 8 th Edition
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Transcript of Entrepreneurship 8 th Edition
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Entrepreneurship 8th EditionAuthor:Robert D Hisrich,Micheal P. PetersDean a Shepherd
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Creativity & Innovation Creativity is the ability to develop new
ideas and to discover new ways of looking at problems & opportunities
Innovation is the ability to apply creative solutions to those problems & opportunities to enhance or to enrich people’s lives Innovator
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Creativity = Ideas
Creativity involves generating something from nothing
Creative ideas springs up from the most unexpected places
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Edwin Land, one of America’s most prolific inventors, credits his three year
old daughter with the idea of the Polaroid instant camera
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What an idea!!!!
But not valued in Business until implemented!!!
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Innovation = Ideas + Action
Entrepreneurship is the result of a disciplined, systematic process of applying creativity & innovation to needs & opportunities in the marketplace
Millions of people come up with creative ideas for new or different products & services; most of them, however, never do anything with them
Entrepreneurs are those who connect their creative ideas with the purposeful action & structure of a business
Thus successful entrepreneurship is a constant process that relies on creativity, innovation & application in the marketplace
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3000 new product ideas, 4 make it to development stage,
2 are actually launched & only ONE becomes a success in the market
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Creativity should be accompanied with Innovation!!
Entrepreneurs succeed by thinking and doing new things or old things in new way
Having a great new idea is not enough; transforming the idea into a tangible product, service or business venture is the essential next step
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Trends
• Green Trend
• Clean-Energy Trend
• Organic-Orientation Trend
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•Social Trend
•Health Trend
•Web Trend
Trends (continued)
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Sources of New Ideas (1 of 2)
Consumers.
Existing Companies
Distribution channels
fd
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Sources of New Ideas (2 of 2)
Federal government
Research and development
df
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Methods of Generating New IdeasFocus groups
number of group members from 6-12 Moderator focuses discussion of the group in a
directive or nondirective manner.Co. women’s slipper-concept of “warm &
comfortable slipper that’s fits and old shoe” – 12 women focus group
An excellent method for initially screening ideas and concepts.
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Brainstorming A Group method for obtaining new ideas &
solutions 4 Rules should be followed1.No criticism is allowed by anyone in the group2.Freewheeling is encouraged-wilder the idea
the better3.Quantity of ideas is desired- greater the no. of
ideas the greater the likelihood of the emergence of useful ideas
4.Combinations and improvements of ideas are encouraged- ideas of others can be used to produce still another new idea
Brainwriting is similar to Brainstorming…
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Focus group and brainstorming is different in the sense that FG is structured or moderated...while BS is not a debate or discussion
like that....its people giving lots of ideas without criticism allowed
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Methods of Generating New Ideas (2 of 2)
Problem inventory analysis
Consumers associates particular problems with specific products & then develop a new
product that do not contain the identified fault
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Problem inventory analysis (continued)Instead of generating new ideas themselves
consumers provided with list of problems in general product category
Then asked to identify & discuss products in this category that have particular problem
Effective method since its easier to relate known products to suggested problems & arrive at a new product idea than to generate an entirely new product idea by itself
Results must be carefully evaluated as they may not actually reflect a new business opportunity.
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Creative Problem SolvingCreativity: an important attribute of a successful
entrepreneur.
Creativity tends to decline with: Age, education, lack of use, and bureaucracy.
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Creative Problem-Solving Techniques
<<Insert Table 5.2>>
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Creative Problem-Solving Techniques (1 of 3)Brainstorming
Used in creative problem solving and idea generation.
Creative problem solving: a method for obtaining new ideas
Spontaneous contribution of participants Problem statement-neither too broad nor
too narrow Avoid inhibiting responses NO group member should be expert in field
of problem Ideas even if illogical, must be recorded Prohibit criticizing OR evaluating during BS
session
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Reverse brainstorming A group method for obtaining new ideas focusing on the negative.
Finding fault by asking questions “in how many possible ways can the idea flop”
Maintain group morale Stimulate innovative thinking Often involves identification of everything wrong with an idea- followed by discussion how to overcome these problems
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Brainwriting Form of written brainstorming. It is a silent, written generation of ideas by a group of people.
This sheet can b passed around on e-mail as well
Pass the sheet around – reach its owner
The only thing wrong with it is that there is no excitement of verbal discussion
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Creative Problem-Solving Techniques (2 of 3)
Gordon methodMethod for developing new ideas when the
individuals are unaware of the problem.u don’t give away too much detail about
the problemheadline would be “i wish there was
something v cud do about the bad colors in my TV screen” Or Latest trends in fashion world”
Checklist methodDeveloping a new idea through a list of related issues.
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Product Planning & Development Process Establishing Evaluation Criteria Criteria for evaluation need to be established at
each stage of the product planning and development process.
Criteria should be: All inclusive and quantitative to screen the
product carefully. Established to evaluate the new idea in terms of:
Market opportunity Competition Marketing system Financial factors Production factors.
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Market opportunity
Competition
Marketing system
Financial factors
Production factors.
•Need for the product idea must exist•Characteristics & attitudes of consumers that might buy the product, size & nature of market •Share of that market that product could capture • competing producers, prices, & marketing policies
should be evaluated•Product should be able to compete successfully with products already on the market by having features that will meet or overcome current or anticipated competition
•New product should be compatible with existing management capabilities & marketing strategies•Firm should be able to use its marketing experience & other expertise in this new product effort•Example: GE would have less difficult time adding a new kitchen appliance to its line than P&G• product should be able to be supported by & contribute to Co. financial structure•Break even point & Long term profit outlook for product need to be determined • if the new product idea cannot be integrated into
existing manufacturing processes, not only is the new idea is less positive- but new plan & production cost – plant space need to be determined
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Product Planning and Development ProcessDivided into five major stages:
Idea stage.Concept stage.Product development stage.Test marketing stage.Commercialization.
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The Product Planning and Development Process (1 of 3)
<<Insert Figure 5.6>>
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The Product Planning and Development Process (2 of 3)
Idea stage Promising new product/service ideas should
be identified. Impractical ones eliminated. Evaluation method – systematic market
evaluation checklist. Concept stage
Refined idea is tested to determine consumer acceptance.
Consumer acceptance can be measured through the conversational interview method.
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The Product Planning and Development Process (3 of 3)
Product development stage Determines consumer reaction to the physical
product/service. A tool frequently used – consumer panel. Consumer preference is determined through:
multiple brand comparisons, risk analysis, level of repeat purchases, or intensity of preference analysis.
Test marketing stage Increases certainty of successful
commercialization. Provides actual sales results, which indicate the
acceptance level of consumers. Positive test results indicate probability of
successful product launch
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E-commerce and Business Start-up E-commerce offers entrepreneurs an
opportunity to be creative and innovative.
Factors that facilitate a high-growth in electronic commerce: Widespread use of personal computers. Adoption of intranets in companies. Acceptance of the Internet as a business
communications platform. Faster and more secure systems.
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Using E-Commerce Creatively
Entrepreneurs starting an Internet commerce venture need to address the same strategic and tactical questions as any other entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurs have to decide to: Run Internet operations within the company,
or Outsource these operations to Internet
specialists.
Another option is to use the packages for e-commerce.
•Internet operations-company primary business•Availability of resources –web professional
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Components of Internet Commerce Two major components of Internet
commerce are: Front-end operations. Back-end operations.
Integration of front-end and back-end operations represents the greatest challenge for doing
Internet business. provides the opportunity for developing a
sustained competitive advantage.
The biggest mistake of many companies on the internet is believing that an attractive & interactive website will
secure success- leads to underestimating imp of end operations
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Web Sites- connection btw Co & its Customers
Keys to a good Web site: Ease of use ( info product /services ) Structure and organization of information Visibility Search capability E-mail response system Speed. Technical aspects
Should work properly in different browsers and platforms.
Should appear in all marketing materials.
professional
design Web
designer
Indicator of
legitimacy
Shopping cart- credit card
payments Secure
servers httpsAdvertise-
search engines,
banner ads, emailSecure servers https
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Tracking Customer Information Database:
Tracks activity of the: Industry. Segment. Company.
Supports personal marketing targeted at individual clients.
Should be able capture customer attention with customized one-to-one marketing.
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Doing E-Commerce as an Entrepreneurial Company
To do business through the Internet:Products should be delivered economically and conveniently. Products need to interest a wide market
Company must be ready to ship the product outside its own geographical location.
Online operations have to bring significant cost reductions-as compare to brick & mortar operation
Company must possess the ability to economically draw customers to its Web site.
Fresh fruits &
vegitables ?
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Summary Starting point –successful Co.-
product/Service they offerSources of ideas ranges – comments of
consumers TO changes in Govt regulationsMonitoring comments of ConsumersEvaluating new products offered by
competitorsFamiliar with the ideas contained in
previously granted patents
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Becoming actively involved in R&D Specific tech’s entrepreneur use to generate
ideas
After idea generation the planning and developing process begins
Large number ideas screened/ evaluated Potential ideas moved- concept, product
development, test marketing, commercialization stage
Focus group-Brainstorming-Problem inventory analysis