MAHARASHTRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYAURANGABAD(PLASTICS & POLYMER ENGINEERING DEPT.)

PRESENTATION ON: -

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

NAME- Anshul GautampurkarCLASS- T.Y. (P.P.E.)ROLL NO.- T3715

OVERVIEW: -

What is an entrepreneur? Characteristics of an entrepreneur Planning to be an entrepreneur Growth pressures, managing a family

business, and corporate intrapreneurship

ENTREPRENEURS: -

Do things that are not generally done in the ordinary course of business

Some entrepreneurs become celebrities...others become ridiculed for their failed dreams

All contribute to the spirit of free enterprise

ENTREPRENEURS V/S INTRAPRENEURS: -

Entrepreneurs are people that notice opportunities and take the initiative to mobilize resources to make new goods and services.

Intrapreneurs also notice opportunities and take initiative to mobilize resources, however they work in large companies and contribute to the innovation of the firm.

Intrapreneurs often become entrepreneurs.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP:-

Entreprendre...17th century French...the individual who undertook the risk of a new enterprise... “undertakers”.

They were “contractors” who bore the risks of profit or loss.

Entrepreneurs are not equal to inventors...inventor might only create anew product, whereas an entrepreneur will gather resources, organize talent, and provide leadership to make it a commercial success.

ENTREPRENEURS: - MANY DEFINITIONS, ONE MEANING

Adam Smith...The Wealth of Nations: spoke of the “enterpriser” as an individual who undertook the formation of an organization for commercial purposes

A. Smith...mentioned “role of industrialist...,person with unusual foresight who could recognize potential demand for goods and services”

John Stuart Mill...describes an entrepreneur as a business founder

Carl Menger...Principles of Economics: “Economic change does not arise from circumstances but from an individual’s awareness and understanding of those circumstances

WHO ARE ENTREPRENEURS ?

Common traits Original thinkers Risk takers Take responsibility for own actions Feel competent and capable Set high goals and enjoy working toward them Self employed parents Firstborns Between 30-50 years old Well educated – 80% have college degree and

1/3 have a graduate level degree

ENTREPRENEURS...TRAITS II

Energetic and diligent Creative, need to achieve Dynamic Leader Responsive to suggestions Take initiatives Resourceful and persevering Perceptive with foresight

ENTREPRENEURS: -

successful

Creative and Innovative

Position themselves in shifting or new markets

Create new products

Create new processes

Create new delivery

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS

Successful Entrepreneurs

Key Personal Attributes

Good Technical Skills

Strong Managerial Competencies

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Is a dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. This wealth is created by individuals who assume the major risks in terms of equity, time and career commitment of providing value for some product or service

The entrepreneur must somehow infuse value to the product or service...

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INVENTION AND INNOVATION IS:

Invention - is the creation of new products, processes, and technologies not previously known to exist.

Innovation - is the transformation of creative ideas into useful applications by combining resources in new or unusual ways to provide value to society for or improved products, technology, or services.

THE CREATIVE PROCESS Idea Germination Preparation Incubation Illumination Verification

ELEMENTS IN THE INNOVATION PROCESS

Analytical Planning Organizing Resources Implementation Commercial Application

KEY PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES

Entrepreneurs are Made, Not Born! Many of these key attributes are developed early

in life, with the family environment playing an important role

Entrepreneurs tend to have had self employed parents who tend to support and encourage independence, achievement, and responsibility

Firstborns tend to have more entrepreneurial attributes because they receive more attention, have to forge their own way, thus creating higher self-confidence

KEY PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES (CONT.)

Need for Achievement A person’s desire either for excellence or to

succeed in competitive situations High achievers take responsibility for attaining

their goals, set moderately difficult goals, and want immediate feedback on their performance

Success is measured in terms of what those efforts have accomplished

McClelland’s research

KEY PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES (CONT.)

Desire for Independence Entrepreneurs often seek independence from

others As a result, they generally aren’t motivated to

perform well in large, bureaucratic organizations Entrepreneurs have internal drive, are confident in

their own abilities, and possess a great deal of self-respect

KEY PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES (CONT.)

Self-Confidence Because of the high risks involved in running an

entrepreneurial organization, having an “upbeat” and self-confident attitude is essential

A successful track record leads to improved self-confidence and self-esteem

Self-confidence enables that person to be optimistic in representing the firm to employees and customers alike

QUESTIONS TO KEEP IN MIND

What are my motivations for owning a business?

Should I start or buy a business?

What and where is the market for what I want to sell?

How much will all this cost me?

Should my company be domestic or global?

CHARLES GOODYEAR

An innovatorAn entrepreneur

CHARLES GOODYEAR-AN INNOVATOR, AN ENTREPRENEUR.

Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven Connecticut, on 29th December, 1800.

In 1814, learnt the hardware business and worked industriously until he was twenty-one years old, and then, returning to Connecticut, entered into partnership in his father's business in Naugatuck, where they manufactured ivory and metal buttons, and a variety of agricultural implements.

In 1826, opened a hardware store, where he did most of his work. His specialties were the valuable agricultural implements that his firm had been manufacturing, he found himself heading a successful business.

This continued to increase until between 1829 and 1830 he broke down in health, being troubled with dyspepsia. At the same time came the failure of a number of business houses that seriously embarrassed his firm. They struggled and finally failed.

Between the years 1831 and 1832, the condition of his products was such that they had to be tested for a year before it could be determined if they were perfect or not. To their surprise, thousands of dollars worth of goods that they had determined to be of good quality were being returned, the gum having rotted, making them useless. Goodyear at once made up his mind to experiment on this gum and see if he could overcome the problems with these rubber products.

By then a creditor had him arrested and imprisoned. While there, he tried his first experiments with India rubber and he managed to incorporate in it a certain amount of magnesia which produced a beautiful white compound and appeared to take away the stickiness.

He thought he had discovered the secret, and improved his invention in New Haven. The first thing that he made was shoes, and he used his own house for grinding, calendering and vulcanizing. His compound at this time consisted of India rubber, lampblack, and magnesia, the whole dissolved in turpentine and spread upon the flannel cloth which served as the lining for the shoes. It was not long, however, before he discovered that the gum, even treated this way, became sticky. His creditors, completely discouraged, decided that he would not be allowed to go further in his research.

Goodyear, however, had no mind to stop here in his experiments. Selling his furniture and placing his family in a quiet boarding place, continued his experiments. His next step was to compound the rubber with magnesia and then boil it in quicklime and water. This appeared to solve the problem. At once it was noticed abroad that he had treated India rubber to lose its stickiness, and he received international acclamation. He seemed on the high road to success, but still his products were vulnerable even to weak acids.

In the line of these, he discovered that rubber dipped in nitric acid formed a surface cure, and he made many products with this acid cure which were held in high regard.

Exposure to such harsh chemicals, adversely affected his health, and once nearly suffocated by gas generated in his laboratory. Goodyear some how survived.

Together with an old business partner, he built up a factory and began to make clothing, life preservers, rubber shoes, and a great variety of rubber goods. But due to the panic of 1837 he again went bankrupted.

His next move was to go to Boston, where he became acquainted with J. Haskins, of the Roxbury Rubber Company. Goodyear found him to be a good friend, who lent him money and stood by him when no one would have anything to do with the visionary inventor. He therefore invented a huge machine for doing the mixing by mechanical means. The goods that were made in this way were beautiful to look at, and it appeared, as it had before, that all difficulties were overcome.

Goodyear discovered a new method for making rubber shoes and received a patent which he sold to the Providence Company in Rhode Island. However, a method had not yet been found to process rubber so that it would withstand hot and cold temperatures and acids, and so the rubber goods were constantly growing sticky, decomposing and being returned to the manufacturers.

THE LAST ONE

In 1838, Goodyear met Nathaniel Hayward in Woburn, Massachusetts, where Hayward was running a factory. Some time after this Goodyear himself moved to Woburn, all the time continuing his experiments. He was very much interested in Hayward's sulfur experiments for drying rubber. Hayward told Goodyear that he had used sulfur in rubber manufacturing.

Some say (Damian Francis Mullin, circa Feb 1865) that Goodyear tried the experiment with a similar material over an open flame, and saw that the gum elastic was charred, but on the edge of the charred areas were portions that were not charred, but were instead perfectly cured. Other sources claim that Goodyear accidentally spilled the rubber mixture on a hot stove. The key discovery was that heating natural rubber and sulfur created vulcanized rubber. This process was eventually refined to become the vulcanizing process.

The inventor himself admitted that the discovery of the vulcanizing process was not the direct result of the scientific method, but claims that it was not accidental. Rather it was the result of application and observation.

THANK YOU

HAVEA

NICEDAY