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INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY

STACEY BEALMEARExtension Agent, Urban HorticultureYuma County

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Outline

Who Cares About Insects Anyway Insect Classification Anatomy and Metamorphosis Insect Orders Integrated Pest Management

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Who Cares About Insects?

Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus)Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators

Decomposition (nutrient recycling)

Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)

Food for humans and other animals

Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)

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The Most Diverse Group

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg

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http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg

Tree of lifeWhere do insects fit?

KingdomPhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies

King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti

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Insect Classification

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif

Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta

(Hexapoda) Order =

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Insect Classification

~30 orders Grouped by similarities Morphology and DNA

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

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Insect Classification

Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = ArthropodaClass = InsectaOrder = Lepidoptera Family = NymphalidaeGenus = AglaisSpecies = urticae

http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg

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Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg

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Insect Anatomy

All Insects Have:3 Body Segments3 Pairs of Legs1 Pair of Antenna

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Insect Anatomy

Legs Important for identification Always connected fromthorax

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif

http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg

http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm

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Insect Anatomy

Antennae Sensory organ Helps with identification

Copyright © 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4

http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg

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Insect Anatomy

Wings None, one or two sets Outgrowths of the exoskeleton Found on the thorax Important for

identification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg

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Insect Anatomy

Mouth Parts Important for identification Used to capture, manipulateand chew food

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

ChewingMouthparts

http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg

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Insect Internal Anatomy

Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system Insect blood

(Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen

Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food

Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway“

Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.

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Insect Internal Anatomy

Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes

No veins or arteries

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/800px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg

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Metamorphosis (What is it?)

Grow by molting Juvenile to Adult Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html

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Hemimetabolism

Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar Resemble adults Lack wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html

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Holometabolism

Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar Do not resemble adults Lack wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html

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Metamorphosis

Most go through complete metamorphosis

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

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Insect Orders

Matthew C. Wilson

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Coleoptera-Beetles

Over 600,000 species have been identified

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Coleoptera-Beetles

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings

One hardened (elytra) One soft

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg

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Coleoptera-Beetles

Larvae with head capsule and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg

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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts Two pairs of membranous

wings

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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg

http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/

Skippers

Butterflies

Moths

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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Frenulum

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm

http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg

Moth

http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg

Butterfly

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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Larvae Three pairs of true legs 5 or less pairs of prolegs Prolegs with crochets

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html

http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg

http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html

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Diptera-Flies

Complete metamorphosis Sponging/piercing 1 pair of wings

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg

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Diptera-Flies

http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png

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Diptera-Flies

Larvae lack Legs Head capsule

Mouth hooks

http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg

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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts (Most) Two pairs of wings

http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html

Hemuli

http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg

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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Most with thread waist

http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg

http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg

http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg

Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs

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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ants or Wasp?

http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg

Ants - Pedicel on waist- Elbowed antennae

http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm

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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ichneumonid Wasps-

http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg

http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Incomplete metamorphosis Sucking mouthparts Two pairs of wings

http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif

http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpghttp://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Half leathery and half membranous wing

http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs

http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpgUC Statewide IPM Program

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG

http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales

http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg

http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG

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Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids

Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html

http://www.solarnavigator.nethttp://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm

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Mantodea-Mantids

Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg

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Mantodea-Mantids

http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpghttp://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg

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Dermaptera-Earwigs

Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings

http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg

http://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg

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Thysanoptera-Thrips

Unique metamorphosis Rasping-Sucking mouthparts Two sets of wings

http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg

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Thysanura-Silverfish

Nonmetamorphosis Chewing mouthparts No wings

Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hairBeen in existence for 300 million years

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Collembola-Springtail

Nonmetamorphosis Chewing and sucking mouthparts No wings

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/springtail.jpg

Feed on decaying matter

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Time for a break48

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Integrated Pest Management

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What is IPM?

Systematic approach to pest management that focuses first on preventing problems

Monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, educating yourself and choosing a combination of tactics to keep pest populations at an acceptable level

Cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg

Holistic view

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Prevention and Landscape Design

Design/Maintenance Naturalistic

Plant Selection Well adapted

Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates

http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm

Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!

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Monitoring

Sample twice per week during the growing season Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and

slower when it is cool

One aphid 75 daughters Daughters reproduces in two or three days 75 daughtersThis is 5,625 aphids in three generation only!

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Monitoring Schemes53

Monitoring Tools54

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Identify Injury

Piercing-Sucking MouthpartsChewing MouthpartsSiphoningSponging

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

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Chewed Leaves or Blossoms

Chewing Injury Defoliation Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Leaf mining

http://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-095f4.jpg

http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.jpg

http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg

http://www.bgi-usa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg

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Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches

Chewing Injury Shoot dieback Branch dieback Exit holes

http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.jpg

http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage2.jpg

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg

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Chewing Mouthparts

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4

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Caterpillars Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback

Insect Products Frass Protective covers

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg

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Beetles

Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Bark rippling Bark cracking Branch dieback

http://images.google.com/imgres

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Leaf Miners

Pests of many plants Foliage Injury Caused

Mining

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0

http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg

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White Grubs

Pest of many plants Feed on plant roots Injury Caused

Wilting Discoloration Turf death

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Discolored and Distorted Leaves

Sucking Injury Stippling Streaking Leaf yellowing

http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/Chilli-Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html

http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461781570

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Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg

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Aphids

Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused

Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant disease

Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold

Alex Wild

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Whitefly

• Pests of many plants• Feed on foliage Injury Caused

Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant diseases

Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold

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True Bugs and Hoppers

• Pests of many plants

• Feed on foliage Injury Caused

Stippling Leaf Cupping

Insect Products Fecal spots (lace

bugs)

http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg

http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg

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Mealy Bugs

Pests of many plants Injury Caused

Discoloration Dieback

Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold

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Scale Insects

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Yellowing Dieback

Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant

Steve Hise

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Spider Mites

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Stippling Discoloration Dieback

Insect Products Webbing

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm

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Rasping-Sucking Mouthparts

http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG

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Thrips Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Streaking Cupping Vector plant diseases

Insect Products Fecal spots

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Distorted Branches or Trunk

Leaf galling Twig galling Bark rippling Bark cracking Leaf cupping

http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_3.jpg

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/OakRoughBulletGall.jpg

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0

http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$FILE/hcbc_042b.jpg

http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image006.jpg

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Insect Products Signs

Honeydew Exoskeletons Sooty mold Fecal spots Silk Protective cases Frass Fluffy white wax

http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpghttp://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJPG.jpg

http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nest.jpg

http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpghttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg

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Insect Management

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Insect Management

Cultural Control Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control

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Cultural Control

Start with healthy transplants Plant a diversity of crops Right Plant, Right Place Provide correct careSpacingWater FertilizerPruningDrainagepH

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Sanitation

Sanitation Remove pest source Clean equipment Pickup old fruit Remove alternate hosts (weeds)

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Physical Control

Row covers Traps (sticky, pheromone …) Heat Hand removal Spraying with water Remove infested plant parts Diatomaceous Earth Vacuuming Tilling soil

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Biological Controls

The Good Guys! Protect them from pesticides Choose least toxic Spot spray Avoid spraying plants in bloom

Create habitat for them Plant a variety of flowers Ground covers make good

habitat Beneficial insects also need

water

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Predators

Insect Order Predators Pests controlledHeteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers, lygus bugs

(nymphs), spider mitesHeteroptera Minute pirate bugs Aphids, spider mites, thrips, immature

stages of many small insectsHeteroptera Assassin bugs Caterpillars, plant bugsNeuroptera Green lacewings Aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs

(immature), spider mites, thrips, small larvae

Diptera Hover flies (syrphid flies)

Aphids

Coleoptera Lady beetles Aphids, mealy bugs, scales, spider mites

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Big Eyed Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available

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Convergent Lady Beetle

aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other soft-bodied insects and insect eggs

Commercially available

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Green Lacewing

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available

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Praying Mantis

Generalist predators on wide variety of insects Commercially available

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Mealybug Destroyer

Mealybugs and scales Commercially available

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Minute Pirate Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available

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Damsel Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Not commercially available

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Syrphid

Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects

Not commercially available

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Assassin Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small to medium-sized insects

Not commercially available

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Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle

Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including

Not Commercially available

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Parasitoids

Insect Order Parasitoids Pests controlled

Hymeoptera Ichneumonids,Braconids, Chalcids, Mymarids

Aphids (larvae), cutworms, loopers, omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths, tortrix moths

Diptera Tachinids Codling moths, Colorado potato beetles, corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, hornworms, imported cabbage worms, plant bugs, tussock moths, others

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Aphidius

Aphids Commercially available

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Tachinid Fly

Some are host specific and others have various host insects

Not commercially available

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Ordering Biological Controls

http://greenmethods.com/site/

The Green Spot Ltd.93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH03290-6204 USAPhone: 603.942.8925Fax: 603.942.8932

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Chemical Control

A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects Herbicide- Weeds Miticide- Mites Acaricide- Ticks and Mites Fungicide- Fungus Rodenticide- Rodents

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Read the label

Follow all directions for Recommended concentration Safety Disposal

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Danger-Warning-Caution98

Safety equipment

Wear the correct protective equipment

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Storage

Store in original container

Tightly closed Out of reach

(children and pets)

Clean, dry, well vented area

Out of sun and freeze

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Disposal

Never dump pesticides Consult label for proper disposal Never reuse empty containers Triple rinse sprayers before storage

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After use

Take off shoes before entering the house

Wash yourself with soap and water

Wash clothes Separate from other

clothes

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Things to Remember

Never spray on a windy day! If a little is good, more is NOT better!

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Pesticides

Depends on the plants use

Safer brand products Horticultural oils and soaps Pyrethrins

http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg

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Pesticides

Bayer Advanced Products Systemic insecticide Imidacloprid

Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and

decompose

http://www.bayeradvanced.com

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Wrap up

Insects are AWESOME

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Questions

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