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Entomofagia in Africa :Diversità, valori nutrizionali,
importanza e sostenibilità
Università di Padova
Biodiversità, Sostenibilità e Solidarietà 2008
François P. MALAISSE
Entomofagia in AfricaOutline• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Entomofagia in Africa
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Entomofagia in Africa
“ Dessine-moi un entomophage”
an entomophage in action
ethno-ecologist
entomophagy > < insectivory
entomophagous insectivorouspeoples animals
εντοµονϕαγειν
insectusvorare
entomology
necrophagycoprophagy
herbivorycarnivory
Edible insects > < eaten insects
Vocabulary
Specialised words :
• termitophagy
• acridophagy ----------
• campeophagy[καµπη = caterpillar]
H. Lelotte
Insect denominationVocabulary
• ethnospecies : insect species recognized by an ethno-linguistic unit and having a precise
denomination (= vernacular name)
• scientific denomination :
genus + specific + godfathername epithetApis mellifera (L.)
nàà-wili-wεlε(Gbaya language)
“the one doing tremblefrom craving”
Afrocerura sp.
P. Roulon-Doko
Insect
headthorax abdomen
metathorax
mesothorax prothorax
anterior wing
posterior wing
Larousse
Insects within Invertebrates
Shellfishes Molluscs
InsectsAnnelides Arachnides
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence
• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Human entomophagy... an old story
• Bible and acridophagy
• Pline and the “Cossus” of Romans
• Termites : comparison of a same collecting technic
by chimpanzees and Man
Human entomophagy... an old story
• Pline and the “Cossus” of Romans
Lucanus cervus
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
WHY NOT EAT INSECTS ?
• 1885 Vincent M. HOLT
• « But our culture is changing. Perhaps the time is now ripe for insectivory to invade Chelsea; gently at first around Sloane Square, with Choux-fleurs garnis de Chenille, ... »
1941
Insectescomestibles
Peuplesentomophages
Dr Emile BERGIER
1951
F.S. Bodenheimer
Julieta RamosElorduy de Conconi
1991Mexico
Jun MITSUHASHI
1984Tokyo
SergeBAHUCHET
1985Paris
LES PYGMEES AKAET LA FORET
CENTRAFRICAINE
FrançoisMALAISSE
1997Gembloux
Se nourriren forêt claire africaineApproche écologique et nutritionnelle
PauletteROULON-DOKO
1998 Paris
CHASSE, CUEILLETTE ET CULTURECHEZ LES GBAYA DE CENTRAFRIQUE
2005
The latest maincontribution
on Entomophagy
Maurizio G. Paoletti
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
- in the animal kingdom- eaten in the humanity- eaten at populations’ level
How much insects species
Insects as Food:A Case Study from
the Northwest Amazon
Catching and Eating Dragonfliesin Bali and Elsewhere in Asia
A brief note on edible insectsin Ecuador
The importance of edible insectsin the nutrition and economy of
people of the rural aeras of MexicoUse of insects as human food in Papua
New Guinea, Australia, and North-east India
Identify all the papersdealing with
entomophagy !
Table 3.- List of Anisoptera species eaten by Man
Present diversity : 2 families, 9 genera, 15 species
Family Species Reference CountriesAeshnidae (Region)Aeshna brevifrons Hagen Onore 1997 Equator Aeshna marchali Rambur Onore 1997 Equator Aeshna multicolorHagen Ramos-El. et al.1998 MexicoAeshna peralta Ris Onore 1997 EquatorAeshna spp. Meyer-Rochow 1997 IndiaAnax guttatus Burmeister van der Meer Mohr 1941 (Sumatra)
Pemberton 1995 (Bali)Anax sp.1 Conconi & Bourges 1977 MexicoCoryphaeshna adnexa Hagen Onore 1997 EquatorLibellulidaeCrocothemis sp.1 Pemberton 1995 (Bali)Neurothemis sp.1 Pemberton 1995 (Bali)Pantala flavescens F. van der Meer Mohr 1965 (Sumatra)Trithemis arterosa (Burmeister) Malaisse & Parent 1998 (Katanga)
today :1.762 insectsdealing with 103 families
and to 14 orders
Diversity of insectseaten by Man
Orders Families Genera SpeciesAnoploura 1 1 2Coleoptera 18 107 278Diptera 10 13 21Ephemeroptera 2 4 4Heteroptera 8 36 103Homoptera 9 26 72Hymenoptera 8 47 259Isoptera 3 13 21Lepidoptera 29 89 185Neuroptera 1 1 3Odonates 2 9 15Orthoptera 10 62 195Plecoptera 2 4 4Trichoptera 2 2 3
Diversity des edible items eaten bythe Babemba of Katanga
mushrooms
Vegetable items- fruits amylacés
- seeds- fr. charnus- reserve organs- leaves- flowers
honey mammals(game + rodents)
birds fishes reptiles
insects (caterpillars, termites,grasshoppers, beetles,punaises)
other animals
drinks- juces- infusions- fermented prod.
sel(53)
(252)(14)
(12)(128)
(41)(42)(16)
(7)(68)
(10)(280/286)(158/676)
(20)(4)
(7)(9)
(3)
(26)
(104)
> 980
Diversity of edible insectsColeoptera
18 families, among whom:• Buprestidae• Cerambycidae• Curculionidae• Dynastidae• Dysticidae• Melolonthidae• Scarabaeidae• Tenebrionidae
C. Seignobos et al.
Diversity of edible insectsColeoptera
1 families, among whom :
• Buprestidae
• Cerambycidae• Curculionidae• Dynastidae• Dysticidae• Melolonthidae• Scarabaeidae• Tenebrionidae Zographus aulicus
F. Malaisse 1997
Diversity of edible insectsColeoptera
18 families, among whom :• Buprestidae• Cerambycidae• Curculionidae• Dynasticae• Dysticidae• Melolonthidae• Scarabaeidae• Tenebrionidae
A. Verwilgen
Diversity of edible insects
• Calliphoridae• Chaoboridae• Ephydridae• Leptidae• Muscidae• Rhagionidae• Sarcophagidae• Stratiomyidae
• Syrphidae• Tipulidae
Diptera10 families, among whom :
J. Ramos Elorduy
Diversity of edible insects
Heteroptera8 families, among whom :• Belostomatidae• Coreidae• Corixidae• Naucoridae• Nepidae• Notonectidae• Pentatomidae• Scutelleridae
P. Menzel
Diversity of edible insects
Heteroptera8 families, among whom :• Belostomatidae• Coreidae• Corixidae• Naucoridae• Nepidae• Notonectidae• Pentatomidae• Scutelleridae
P. Menzel
Diversity of edible insects
A poor knowledge of bugs !
Peter MENZEL & Faith d’ALUSIO
1998
Diversity of edible insects
Homoptera9 families, among whom:• Aphididae• Cicadellidae
• Cicadidae• Coccidae• Dactylopidae• Flatidae• Fulgoridae• Membracidae• Psyllidae
P. Menzel
Diversity of edible insects
9 families, among whom :• Aphididae• Cicadellidae• Cicadidae• Coccidae• Dactylopidae• Flatidae• Fulgoridae• Membracidae
• Psyllidae in Livingstone (1857)
Homoptera
Diversity of edible insectsHymenoptera
6 families, among whom :• Apidae• Cynipidae• Formicidae• Halictidae• Thynnidae• Vespidae
J. Matera
Diversity of edible insectsHymenoptera
1 families,among whom :
• Apidae• Cynipidae• Formicidae• Halictidae• Thynnidae• Vespidae
Diversity of edible insects
Hymenoptera1 families,
among whom :• Apidae• Cynipidae• Formicidae• Halictidae• Thynnidae• Vespidae
Smeathmann in 1781
Diversity of edible insectsIsoptera
Diversity of edible insectsLepidoptera
25 families,among whom :
• Saturniidae• Notodontidae• Sphingidae• Bombycidae• Noctuidae• Limacodidae
Megathymidae
caterpillar of Aegiale
(Acentrocneme) hesperiaris,agave worm,
raising a glass of mezcal,
the national Mexican
drink
Diversity of edible insects
Odonates(Anisoptera)
2 families,among whom:
• Aeschnidae• Libellulidae
(imagos, larves)
xxxxxxxx
Anax imperator
Diversity of edible insects
Odonates(Anisoptera)
2 families, among whom :
• Aeschnidae• Libellulidae
(imagos, larves) P. Menzel
Diversity of edible insects
10 families, among whom :• Acrididae• Blattidae• Catantopidae• Gryllacrididae• Gryllidae• Gryllotalpidae• Mantidae• Phasmidae• Pyrgomorphidae• Tettigoniidae
Orthoptera
Diversity of edible insects
10 families, among whom :• Acrididae• Blattidae• Catantopidae• Gryllacrididae• Gryllidae• Gryllotalpidae• Mantidae• Phasmidae• Pyrgomorphidae• Tettigoniidae
Orthoptera
Diversity of edible insects
10 families, among whom :• Acrididae• Blattidae• Catantopidae• Gryllacrididae• Gryllidae• Gryllotalpidae• Mantidae• Phasmidae• Pyrgomorphidae• Tettigoniidae
Orthoptera
Zonocerus variegatus
Diversity of edible insects
10 families, among whom :• Acrididae• Blattidae• Catantopidae• Gryllacrididae• Gryllidae• Gryllotalpidae• Mantidae• Phasmidae• Pyrgomorphidae• Tettigoniidae
Orthoptera
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological studies
dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
1.- Termites’ biologyEthymology« tarmes » or « termes » : in lower latin
meaning « worm eating»formerly in english : white ant
Black ants and white antsFormicidae > < Isoptera
queenmale
Atta Syntermes
soldiers
Termites’ castes
queen
king
soldier
worker
large
small
winged adults
eggs queen king
larva
worker
soldier
nymph M
Reproduction1.- swarming preparation2.- taking flight3.- pariade (couple walking one after the other)4.- nest drilling5.- coitus x
Alate ofMacrotermes falciger
Large and small soldiers
queen
Nuptialroom
eggs queen king
larva
worker
soldier
nymph Eaten material + fungus comb and geophagy
winged adults
Fungus combchamber
pseudorhize
stipering
cap
perforatorium
termite mound surface
mycohead
Termitomyces sp.
chamber
mycoheadTermitomyces spp.
Fungus comb realised byMegagnathotermes katangensis(white mycoheads are easily distinguished)
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological
studies dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
The oldiest reference known for Africais given by Labat in 1732 (on page 183) which reports that, according to Cavazzi,alates termites are regarded as delicaciesby populations of Congo and Angolle: « What a treat to have them roasted ! »
Termitophagy
1781 : Smeathmann
alate
soldierworker
queen
H. Drummond1888
The white ant A theory
1922 : Hegh(756 p.)
E. HEGH
septembre 1922
A tremendous early ethnoecological study on ants and termites
byCarl-Axel SILOW
1983
1907 : von Berensberg
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1870-79 1880-89 1890-99 1900-09 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-
Number of publications with comments about termitophagy
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological studies
dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
World Isoptera (Termites) diversityFamily Genera Species
SubfamilyTermopsidae 5 20Hodotermitidae 3 19Mastotermitidae 1 1Kalotermitidae 22 419TermitidaeMacrotermitinae 14 349Nasutermitinae 91 663Amitermitinae 17 295Apicotermitinae 43 202Cubitermitinae 28 161Termitinae 43 288Total 282 2,761
Isoptera (Termites) systematic
heads of soldier for different species
Isoptera(Termites)diversityaccordingto latitude
Latitude North x
Nr of species
Tropic of Cancer
List of edible Termite species in the worldSubfamilies Genus Species Ethnolinguistic References
units (Country)Hodotermitinae
Hodotermes mossambicus Tswana (Botswana) Grivetti 1979Microhodotermes viator ? (South Africa) Bodenheimer 1951
MacrotermitinaeAcanthotermes acanthothorax Victoria (Uganda) Harris 1940Macrotermes bellicosus ? (Nigeria) Ukhun 1985Macrotermes falciger Shona (Zimbabwe) Chavanduka 1975Macrotermes mossambicus ? (Zambia) Silow 1983Macrotermes muelleri ? (D.R. Congo) DeFoliart 2002Macrotermes natalensis Masa (Cameroun) Mignot 2003
NasutitermitinaeLabiotermes labralis Tukanoan (Colombia) Dufour 1987Nasutitermes ephrateae Yanomamo (Venezuela) Paoletti et al. 2000aSyntermes aculeosus (Venezuela) Paoletti et al. 2000bSyntermes parallelus Tukanoan (Colombia) Dufour 1987Syntermes spinosus Tukanoan (Colombia) Dufour 1987Syntermes synderi Tukanoan (Colombia) Dufour 1987Syntermes tanygnathus Tukanoan (Colombia) Dufour 1987
Diversityof termitaria
Diversity in Guinea Bissau
Transect in Cantanhez area
1.- Trinervitermes togoensis 4.- Cubitermes subcrenulatus2.- Cubitermes bilobatodes 5.- Cubitermes severus3.- Macrotermes bellicosus 6.- Cephalotermes rectangularis
7.- Microcerotermes fuscotibialis
x
Diversity in Guinea Bissau
Macrotermes bellicosus
Diversity inGuinea Bissau
Trinervitermes togoensis
Cephalotermes rectangularis
Cubitermes subcrenulatus
Microcerotermesbequaertianus
Odontotermes sp.
MacrotermesfalcigerMegagnathotermes
katangensis
Odontotermes sp.Anoplotermes sp.Apicotermes sp.Microtermes sp.Allodontotermes sp.Duplidentitermes sp.Pseudacantotermes militaris
Ancistrotermeslatinotus
Cubitermes sp. 1-3Noditermes sp.Crenotermes sp.Amitermes importinusA. truncatidensOphiotermes shabaensisTrinervitermes dispar
[after Malaisse & Buhendwa 1982]
Termites diversity in a Katangan wet type open forest
in blue : edible species
Katanga :Stages of a
Macrotermesfalciger
termitaria
a
b
c
Termitaria
as a
sub-ecosystem
Upper Katangaafter Malaisse (1977)
Pseudacanthotermes spiniger
Organisation of a termitaria
xxxxx
empty chamber
royal chamberventilation tunnel
chamber withfungus comb
Density of Macrotermes large mounds : 5-6 per ha
mean height : 5.1 mmean volume : 256 cubic mmean basis : 174 sq. mmean cover : 5.6 %
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological studies
dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
Termites et termitières
Figure 3.-Importance relative de la diversité des termites comestibles selon les familles
MacrotermitidaeNasutitermitidaeHodotermitidaeHeterotermitidaeRhinotermitidaeApicotermitidaeTermitidae
Ethno-linguistic units of Burkina Faso (66 units)
Burkina Faso termitophagyNr Ethno- units Consumption Vernacular names
1 Birifor Q A Kpétèma (R, A)2 Bissa Q A Bérakir (Q), Bê (A), Bêssa (W)3 Blé A4 Bobo north A Byero (A)5 Bobo south Q A Biyoro (A)6 Bolon A Bibi (A)7 Bomu A Ya (A)8 Bwamu Q A Yihoha (Q), Yiho (A)9 Bwamu Laa Q A Yio manu (Q), Yio (A)
10 Bwamu Twi A Yio manu (Q), Yio (A)
Results gathered for 52+5 ethno-linguistic units,concern only 3 different products [A, Q and W] (of 10 known to exists), respectively 100, 23, 4%.
Nr Units Consumption Vernacular names(Q, A, W, S, N) Q = queen, A = alates, W = workers, S = soldiers,
N = nymphs, E = eggs. 1 Bwende Xc X Lunsua (A)2 Dikidiki X Lunsua (A)3 Kakongo Tusa (A), Tshielele (A)4 Manianga Xc X Mombumbu (A), Ngudia binsua (Q), Makekete (S)5 Mbata Konga nyingi (A)6 Mbeko Xc Lunsu (A)7 Mbinsa Xc X Bunsua (A)8 Mboma Xc Lunsua (A), Nkukua (A), Mvula (A), Nkunku (N)
Ngudia lunsua (Q), Makekete (S), Maki ma lunsua E
9 Mpangu Lunsua (A), Bunsua (A)• Ndibu Xc Lunsua (A), Ngudia lunsua (Q), Soda (S), Maki (E) • Nkanu X Xc X Lunsua (A), Bunsua (A)• Ntandu Xc X X Xc Lunsua (A)
X = frequent eating, X = occasional eating, Xc = product offered in markets
Edible termites in Lower Congo (18 units studied: 13 A, 6 N, rarely Q, W, S)
Ethno-linguistic units eating termites in AfricaSome 179 of the 1032 different ethno-linguistic unitsrecognized in Africa have been quoted to eat termites
(x = consumption, A = adults, W = worker, Q = queen)629bis Ik = Teuso Uganda x Turnbull 1972
630 Teso (Kumi, Ngora) Uganda A Osmaton 1951
632 Acholi Uganda A Q Osmaton 1951
684 Zande Sudan A W Colrat de Montrozier 1902
688 Mangbetu D.R. Congo ? Bequaert 1921
699 Alur Uganda A Osmaton 1951
• Muzey Cameroon A De Garine 2002
775 Massa Cameroon A Malaisse & Mapongmetsen (unp. data)
775bis Masa Bugudu Cameroon A Mignot 2003
789 Bongo Sudan A W Schweinfurth 1875
794 Mandja = Manza Central Afr. Rep. x Vergiat 1937
795 Nzakara Central Afr. Rep. x Retel-Laurentin 1986
800 Gbaya (Bodoe) Central Afr. Rep. x Roulon-Doko 1998
For Africa
163 sources consulted with 179 ethno-linguistic units eating termites
Adults (alates) 160Queens 35Soldiers 19Nymphs 13Workers 6Eggs 4Soil 2Combs 2
Number of edibleethnospeciesrecognized
Zande 9Luba Kasai 7Logo-Avokaya 7Mangbetu 5Aka 4Gbaya-Bodoé 3Yansi 3Bemba 3
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological studies
dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
Period of availability(adults)
• linked to swarming• very short period (one or two days for adults)• for each species : precise seasonality
(linked to the amount of rainfall)• precise hour of the day; frequently on twilightor beginning of the evening• corresponds to period of human diet scarcity
1.- with hand at twilight
2.- with cages, baskets, herbs rolled up in cone
3.- with torch at night
4.- soil extraction of larvae, nymphs, soldiers, adults, queen
5.- management of termitaria
Gathering technics
Mofu (Cameroon)Management of termite hills
Gathering technic
Termitophagy1.- Termites’ biology2.- Former ethnoecological studies
dealing with termites3.- Species diversity4.- Distribution of termites5.- Distribution of termitophagy6.- Gathering technics7.- Nutritional values
Termitophagy diversity
Isoptera3 families :• Hodotermitidae• Rhinotermitidae• Termitidae
- Macrotermitinae- Termitinae- Nasutermitinae- Apicotermitinae
Nutritional values of termites
Species H2O Fats Pro- Ash K Ca Mg Fe Energetic Ref.teins values
Kj kcalundetermined * a 44.4 36.0 (1)
Macrotermes * b 6.0 46.1 34.8 (8)bellicosus
Macrotermes * b 49.2 44.3 41.8 110 42 26 3182 760 (4)falciger **c 66.0 5.3 61.3 170 (3)
**b 71.0 84.0 7.0 7.0 300 380 250 1767 422 (9)Macrotermes a 0.9 46.1 38.4 6.6 476 40 417 8 2562 612 (5)subhyalinus
Odontot. feae c 33.0 39.1 28.0 2035 486 (7)
Nutritionalvalue
of adults
AshCarbo-
hydrates
Proteins
Lipids
6.6 %8.0%
38.4%
46.1%
glutamic ac. 10.5aspartic ac. 9.0leucine 7.5tyrosine 6.9lysine 6.6alanine 6.2arginine 5.8proline 5.6
palmitic acid 46.5linoleic acid 34.4oleic acid 12.8linolenic acid 3.9myristic acid 0.2
Relative importance of lipids according to castes
Fats Queen Alate SoldierC14 0.1 0.9 0.4C15 0.1 0.2 0.5-0.8C16 14.1 29.6 3.7-8.3C16:1 0.3 2.7 0.4-0.8C17 0.3 0.1 1.4-2.2C18 7.1 8.4 11.7-16.3C18:1 74.4 49.1 50.3-63.7C18:2 1.9 8.8 18.4-28.6Sum saturated 22.9 39.3 16.7-27.3Sum mono-unsaturated 74.7 51.8 50.9-63.7Poly-unsaturated 2.3 8.8 18.4-28.6Total lipids 18.5 42.2 3.1-6.8
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Old references on campeophagy in Africa
• 1658 Flacourt Ile Ste-Marie• 1686 van der Stel Namaquas• 1838 Ellis Betsileo• 1857 Livingstone Tswana Kwena• 1859 Livingstone• 1875 de Brazza• 1881 Serpa Pinto Ganguélas• 1911 Kassner Katanga• 1913 Tessmann Pangwe
An edible caterpillarpainted by Claudius
during theSimon van der Stel
expedition (1685 -1686), to be found in
Icones Plantarum et Animalium
Campeophagy
DE 1840 A 1856
EXPLORATIONSDANS L’INTERIEUR DE
L’AFRIQUE AUSTRALE
Paris 1859
Rd Dr David Livingstone
« les chenilles séchées sont un aliment
à haute valeur sociale »
Campeophagy
1881
PAR
le Major Serpa PINTO
« On nous apporta une grande corbeille remplie de chenilles très semblables, de toutes façons
à celle de l’Acheronthia atropos ...Les Ganguélas s’en montrent très friands ; ... »
COMMENTJ’AI TRAVERSE L’AFRIQUE
DEPUIS L’ATLANTIQUE JUSQU’A L’OCEAN INDIEN
A TRAVERS DES REGIONS INCONNUES
« die Kaffern fast fingerstarke, behaarte Raupen einer
Saturnidenart, ... in Gefässen sammelten, um dieselben in
gerösteten Zustande zu verzehren »
1903
1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Number of publications dealing with tropical African caterpillars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9dessins de A. Crozier
Introduction à l’ethnoécologie des
Pygmées Akade la Lobaye
(Empire Centrafricain)S. Bahuchet
(1978)1 - Mboyo (Imbrasia oyemensis)2 - Sounga (Imbrasia epimethea)3 - idem (dernier stade)4 - Doudouma (Attacidae, indet.)5 - Nguéguélé (Imbrasia obscura)6 - Gbadon (Noctuidae, indet.) 7 - Kanga (Pseudanthera discrepans)8 - Mbanga (Imbrasia truncata)9 - Gbohoko (= Ndossi) (Anaphe sp.)
Families of Lepidoptera with edible caterpillars
ArctiidaeBrahmaeidaeCastniidaeCossidaeGeometridaeHepialidaeHesperiidaeLasiocampidaeLimacodidaeLymantriidaeMimallonidae
MomphidaeNoctuidaeNotodontidaeNymphalidaePapilionidaePieridaePsychidaePyralidaeSaturniidaeSphingidae
Species diversity of edible caterpillars in Africa
Families Species References
Brahmaeidae Dactylocerus lucina Drury Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Lasiocampidae Bombycomorpha pallida Distant Ramos Elorduy 1991
Gonometa postica Walter Quin 1959
Pachymeta robusta Aurivillius Malaisse & Roulon-Doko
Limacodidae Hadraphe ethiopica Bethune-Baker Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Lymantriidae Rhypopterix poecilanthes Colenette Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Noctuidae Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Mignot 2003
Sphingomorpha chlorea Cr. Silow 1976
Spodoptera exempta (Walker) Mbata 1995
65 species belonging to 10 families
Species diversity of edible caterpillars in Africa
Families Species References
Brahmaeidae Dactylocerus lucina Drury Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Lasiocampidae Bombycomorpha pallida Distant Ramos Elorduy 1991
Gonometa postica Walter Quin 1959
Pachymeta robusta Aurivillius Malaisse & Roulon-Doko
Limacodidae Hadraphe ethiopica Bethune-Baker Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Lymantriidae Rhypopterix poecilanthes Colenette Malaisse & Lognay 2003
Noctuidae Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Mignot 2003
Sphingomorpha chlorea Cr. Silow 1976
Spodoptera exempta (Walker) Mbata 1995
65 species belonging to 10 families
Saturniidae (44)
Limacodidae (1)Psychidae (1)
Notodontidae (8)
Hesperidae (1)Cossidae (1)
Sphingidae (5)
Noctuidae (3)
Acraeidae (2)
Lymantriidae (2)
Thaumetopoeidae (2)
Saturniidae
Psychidae
Limacodidae Notodontidae
Sphingidae
Some families with edible Lepidoptera
Sphingidae : Acherontia athropos
Saturniidae
Insects’ cooking methods
• eaten( fresh( grilled( fried( boiled
• commercialised ( fresh( dried( smoked( in tins
1032
Adolf FriedrichHerzog zu Mecklenburg
How many ethno-linguistic
Groups in Africa ?
Tutsi, Hutu and Twa
Distribution of campeophagy in South-central and Southern Africa
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Entomofagia in AfricaImportance in Africa
Daily consumption of insects over 100 g (fresh weight) has been reported for morethan hundred ethno-linguistic groups.
Such intake is locally observed during 3-4 months. Insects may represented 70% of animal proteins intake.In some regions, insects are over-collected,and become rare. Management of this ressource is urgent.
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and
nutritional values• Present management of edible insects
Table 1.- Composition of edible caterpilars from Tropical Africa (values for 100 g of dry
matter).
Saturniidae NotodontidaeN = 20 N = 6
Proteins (g) (44,1) 63,7 +/- 10,4 (79,6) 53,7 +/- 5,4 Lipids (g) (8,1) 13,8 +/- 4,5 (21,5) 21,7 +/- 8,3Glucids (g) (3,7) 13,8 +/- 9,2 (29,4) 18,4 +/- 7,0 Ash (g) (3,8) 6,7 +/- 2,6 (14,4) 5,3 +/- 1,4Ca (mg) (50) 148 +/- 124 (500) 108 +/- 86P (mg) (500) 1099 +/- 680 (2300) 710 +/- 445 Fe (mg) (10) 81 +/- 81 (300) 42 +/- 31 E.v. (Kcal) (371) 449 +/- 36 (504) 463 +/- 49
E.v. = energetic value
Table 2- Composition in amino-acids of edible caterpillars(in % of proteins)
Amino-acid(s) SATURNIIDAE n = 14aspartic acid (8,5) 8,8 +/- 0,4 (9,3)glutamic acid (13,6) 14,5 +/- 0,8 (15,0)alanine (4,0) 4,4 +/- 0,4 (4,7)arginine (5,6) 6,2 +/- 0,6 (6,6)cystine (1,3) 1,6 +/- 0,3 (2,0)glycine (3,7) 3,8 +/- 0,2 (4,1)histidine (1,7) 2,8 +/- 0,6 (3,4)isoleucine (2,4) 4,5 +/- 2,0 (10,9)leucine (3,7) 6,6 +/- 1,4 (9,1)lysine (3,9) 6,9 +/- 1,2 (9,1)methionine (1,1) 1,9 +/- 0,5 (2,4)phenylalanine (1,7) 5,2 +/- 2,0 (6,5)(phenylalanine + tyrosine) (8,9) 11,3 +/- 2,0 (14,7)proline (2,0) 2,1 +/- 0,1 (2,2)serine (4,5) 4,7 +/- 0,2 (4,9)threonine (83,9) 4,4 +/- 0,3 (5,1)thryptophane (0,7) 1,3 +/- 0,5 (1,7)tyrosine (1,3) 5,5 +/- 3,0 (7,7)valine (4,2) 6,6 +/- 2,0
Tableau 3 - Composition en acides gras de chenillescomestibles (en % des acides gras totaux) acide gras Saturniidae
N=12acide laurique C12:0 (0,10) 0,17 +/- 0,06 (0,20)acide myristique C14:0 (0,10) 0,56 +/- 0,61 (2,30)acide pentadécanoïque C15:0 (0,10) 0,23 +/- 0,12 (0,50)acide palmitique C16:0 (8,74) 21,47 +/- 5,53 (28,45)acide palmitoléique C16:1 (0,10) 0,39 +/- 0,21 (0,87)acide margarique C17:0 (0,11) 3,70 +/- 9,14 (29,70)acide stéarique C18:0 (1,00) 18,99 +/- 7,46 (33,42)acide oléique C18:1 (1,70) 5,83 +/- 3,61 (8,40)
C18:1 cis-9 (4,85) 9,36 +/- 2,63 (12,90)C18:1 isom.* (0,23) 0,32 +/- 0,07 (0,42)
acide linoléique C18:2 (4,40) 9,15 +/- 6,11 (27,20)acide linolénique C18:3 (2,80) 34,14 +/- 10,78 (45,12)acide arachidique C20:0 (0,20) 1,51 +/- 2,43 (7,50)acide eicosadiénoïque C20:2 (0,10) 0,25 +/- 0,21 (0,40)autres acides gras (1,15) 2,43 +/- 1,15 (4,35)* isomère de position de la double liaison(D'après Demesmaecker 1997, Kodondi et al. 1987b, Malaisse & Lognay
Table 4 - Composition in vitamins of edible caterpillars(values for 100g dry matter)(After Kodondi et al. 1987a, Paulian 1963)
vitamin Attacidae HesperidaeN=3 N=1
folic acid µg (6,3) 21,1 +/- 15,4 (37,0)nicotinic acid mg 22,7pantothenic acid mg (7,3) 8,8 +/- 1,5 (10,2) 3,8biotine µg (23,0) 32,7 +/- 11,2 (45,0) 92,0cholecalciferol µg 22,2 (N=1)cyanocobalamine µg 6,0 (N=1)niacine mg (9,4) 10,4 +/- 0,9 (11,0)pyridoxine µg (50,0) 90,0 +/- 45,8 (140,0) 252,0retinol µg (30,0) 35,0 +/- 7,8 (44,0)beta-carotene µg (6,3) 6,8 +/- 0,7 (7,6)riboflavine mg (3,2) 4,1 +/- 1,0 (5,1) 3,4thiamine mg (0,2) 0,2 +/- 0,1 (0,3) 0,6alpha-tocophérol mg 51,0 (N=1)
Entomophagy
• Definitions and vocabulary• How long this practise has been in existence• Sources of documentation• Diversity• Two examples ( termitophagy
( campeophagy• Importance in Africa• Chemical composition and nutritional values• Present management
of edible insects
Products and services of tropical ecosystems
Tropical ecosystems
Local human welfare
Wood
Energy(Firewood,
grasses,litter)
Bark,roaps,
tannins,tinctory,
waxGame,
termites,caterpillars
FruitsMushroomsHoney
Medicaments
Ecologicalservices
Culturalvalues
Food resources
Tropical ecosystems :are tremendous self services !
Commercialisationof caterpilars
• local, regional, international• from Burkina Faso to Nigeria• Mopanie worm in Southern Africa
(5,000 tons dried caterpillars each year)• exportation to London, Paris, Brussels
Caterpillarfifth
instarCaterpillarin cocoon
Cocoon
AdultLaying
Caterpillarfirst
instar
Eclosion
Chrysalide
Biologicalcycle ofElaphrodeslactea Gaede
SaturniidaeCirine forda
Food plantsVittelaria paradoxa, Autranella con-goensis, Burkea africana, Albizia antunesiana, Erythophleum africa-num, E. guineense, Pappea capensis, Bridelia ferruginea, Julbernardia globiflora
Distributionfrom Burkina Faso toR.South Africa; quoted to be eaten in Burkina,Nigeria, R.C.A., D.R. Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, R.S.A.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of plants
Num
ber
of c
ater
pilla
rs
Diet of caterpillar in Katanga : absolutefrequencies of caterpillars(edible / non edible)according to the number of nourishing plants
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
30
16
1
3
5
7
9
Number of plant species
Num
ber
of c
ater
pilla
rs
(7)
(10)
(7)
Diet of caterpillars in Katanga : Absolute frequencies of number of caterpillars (total / edible) by nourishing plant species
Species Wood Fire- Edible Symbiosis Honey Food Other GLOBAL
cons- wood products with ecto- species for uses VALUE
truction mycorhize ediblefungi caterpillars
Uapaca ++ + +++ +++ (+) ++ D 12kirkiana
Julbernardiapaniculata
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ D 16
Classification systemfor trees regarding agroforestery
Biodiversity management in a sustainable way
Managementof miomboresources
Ressources,Scarcity and saisonnality
Collecting technics and biotechnology
Collectingcosts
local regional national internationalcommercialisation
localpreferences
National andinternational
legislationLocal human welfare
“Who is who” in entomophagyAnthropologists
EthnologistsLinguists
NutritionnistsEthnoecologists
Entomologists
BAHUCHET DE CONCONI MALAISSECNRS, Paris Univ. Mexico Fac. Gembloux
DUFOUR DE FOLIAERT PAOLETTIUniv. Colorado Univ. Wisconsin Univ. Padova
ISAACS MEYER-ROCHOWSydney Univ. Oulu
POSEY MITSUHASHI VulgarisationUniv. Pittsburg Univ. Tokyo
ROULON-DOKO ONORE COMBICNRS, Paris Univ. Quito Genève
TANGO MUYAY VAN HUYS MENZELR.D. Congo Univ. Wageningen Berkeley
TorahNew Testament
Coran
Fanatics of all religions
fight against eating insects!
... “only crickets are tolerated !!! ”