Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts · 2013-07-16 · v Co-Chairs’ Report...

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Ensuring the SustainableDevelopment of

Oceans and CoastsA CALL TO ACTION

TOWARD THE 2002 WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

JOHANNESBURG

Co-Chairs’ Report fromThe Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10

Held at UNESCO, ParisDecember 3-7, 2001

Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission, UNESCO

Center for the Study of Marine Policy University of Delaware, USA

Editor’s note:

The Co-Chairs’ Summary is based on the papers presented at the conference, thepanel discussions, the Working Group reports, and background materials preparedby the Secretariat. The Co-Chairs’ Summary has been prepared by the Co-Chairs,with the advice of the Conference Executive Committee, and it does not necessarilyreflect the views of all the Conference participants.

Additional Conference reports, including a Ministerial Perspectives Volume con-taining the speeches of ministers attending the conference and the reports of theWorking Groups, will be available in early February, 2002.

For copies of this report or the other publications, please contact:

Julian Barbière Catherine JohnstonIntergovernmental Center for the Study of Marine PolicyOceanographic Commission University of Delaware1, rue Miollis 301 Robinson Hall75732 Paris Newark, Delaware Cedex 15, France 19716 USATel. 33-1 4568 4045 Tel. +1(302) 831-8086Fax 33-1 4568 5812 Fax +1(302) 831-3668Email: j.barbiè[email protected] Email: [email protected]

Conference Co-Chairs:

Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary,Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission, UNESCO 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FranceTel: 33-1 4568 3938Fax: 33-1 4568 5810Email: [email protected]

Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Center for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareRobinson Hall 301, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USATel: +1(302) 831-8086Fax: +1(302) 831-3668Email: [email protected]

Conference Coordinators

Julian Barbière, IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission, UNESCO

Stefano Belfiore, Center for the Study ofMarine Policy, University of Delaware

Members:

Charles Ehler, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (USA)

Indumathie Hewawasam, World Bank

Seoung Yong-Hong, Ministry of MaritimeAffairs and Fisheries (Korea)

Magnus Johannesson, Ministry ofEnvironment (Iceland)

Francisco Mabjaia, Ministry ofEnvironment (Mozambique)

Evelyne Meltzer, Department of Fisheriesand Oceans (Canada)

Jean-François Minster, IFREMER (France)

Sian Pullen, World Wildlife Fund (UnitedKingdom)

Tamari’i Tutangata, SPREP (Samoa)

Veerle Vandeweerd, UNEP/GPA (The Netherlands)

Conference Executive Committee

Ensuring the SustainableDevelopment of

Oceans and CoastsA CALL TO ACTION

TOWARD THE 2002 WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

JOHANNESBURG

Co-Chairs’ Summary

Prepared by Dr. Patrico Bernal, Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),

and Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Center for the Study of Marine Policy (CSMP)

with Stefano Belfiore (CSMP) and Julian Barbière (IOC)

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts – A Call to Action

ACOPS, United Kingdom; AmericanSociety of Limnology and Oceanography,USA; Arctic Council, Finland; AsianDevelopment Bank, Philippines;Australian Oceanographic Data Centre,Australia; Bedford Institute ofOceanography, Canada; Bureau ofMeteorology, Tasmania, Australia;Caribbean Environment Programme,United Nations Environment Programme,Jamaica; Center for EnvironmentalScience, USA; Center for Maritime Policy,University of Wollongong, Australia;Centre National de la RéchercheScientifique, France; CSIRO MarineResearch, Australia; Deakin University,Australia; Department of EnvironmentalAffairs and Tourism, South Africa;Department of Natural Resources,Canada; El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico;Environment and SustainableDevelopment Programme, Commissionof European Union, Belgium; EPOMEX,Mexico; Federal Ministry of Environment,Nigeria; Fisheries Resources andEnvironmental Division, Food andAgriculture Organization, Italy; FrozenFish International, Germany; GESAMP,United Kingdom; Global Coral ReefMonitoring Network, Australian Instituteof Marine Science; Global InternationalWaters Assessment, Sweden; GlobalOcean Ecosystems Dynamic, UnitedKingdom; GLOBE International, USA;Graduate College of Marine Studies,University of Delaware; Green Globe 21,United Kingdom; GreenpeaceInternational, The Netherlands;Greenpeace USA; Horn Point Laboratory,University of Maryland, USA; IFREMER,France; International Geographic Union;International Maritime Organization,United Kingdom; International SeabedAuthority, Jamaica; INTERTANKO,Norway; James Cook University,Australia; Lead Program, Mexico; MarineAquarium Council; Marine ResearchInstitute, Iceland; Ministry ofEnvironment, Iceland; Ministry ofEnvironmental Affairs and Tourism,

South Africa; Ministry of Fisheries,Iceland; Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Russian Federation; Ministry of Industry,Science and Technology of the RussianFederation; National Institute of Ecology,Mexico; National OceanographicCommission, Cuba; Netherlands Institutefor Fisheries Research, Netherlands; NorthAmerica Commission for EnvironmentalCooperation, Canada; Ocean GovernanceStudy Group, USA; Oceans BlueFoundation, USA; OSPAR Convention,United Kingdom; PEMSEA, Philippines;Portuguese Committee,Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission, Portugal; RAC-Marine,Australia; Research Institute for OceanEconomics, Japan; Regional ActivityCentre for Priority Actions Programme,Croatia; SeaWeb, USA; Texas A&MUniversity, USA; The Coastal Union,Netherlands; The Nippon Foundation,Japan; The World Conservation Union,Costa Rica; The World ConservationUnion, Switzerland; TransatlanticConsortium for Marine Policy; UN Officeof Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairsand the Law of the Sea, USA; Universityof British Columbia, Canada; Universityof Cardiff, United Kingdom; University ofEast Anglia, United Kingdom; Universityof Genoa, Italy; University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy; University of Nantes,France; University of New Hampshire,USA; University of the Philippines,Philippines; University of Tromsoe,Norway; University of Washington, USA;Urban Harbors Institute, University ofMassachusetts-Boston, USA; VictorianCoastal Council, Australia; WasedaUniversity School of Law, Japan; WorldForum of Fish Harvesters and FishWorkers; World Heritage Centre,UNESCO, France; World MaritimeUniversity, Sweden; World MeteorologicalOrganization, Switzerland; World TourismOrganization, Spain; World WildlifeFund, Switzerland; World Wildlife Fund,United Kingdom

Conference in-kind and/or travel support:Conference Patrons: Government of Brazil

Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada

Government of France

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Korea

The Nippon Foundation, Japan

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, USA

Canadian International Development Agency

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Center for the Study of Marine Policy, University of Delaware

Conference Sponsors: International Ocean Institute

Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island/U.S. Agency for International Development

United Nations Environment Programme, GPA Coordination Office

World Bank and World Bank Institute

South Pacific Regional EnvironmentProgramme

Collaborating OrganizationsMinistry of Environment,

Government of Mozambique

Land-Oceans Interactions in the Coastal Zone

Department of State, USA

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, Barbados

Ministry for the Environment and Heritage, Australia

International Collective in Support of Fish Workers, India

Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands, UNESCO

Conference Financial Support

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Co-Chairs’ Report – The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10

Table of Contents

FOREWORD .....................................................................................................................v

LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and GENERAL CONCLUSION ................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS AND COASTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................3

2. OBJECTIVES AND CONDUCT OF THE CONFERENCE.......................................5

3. MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL SINCE UNCED..............................................................6A. Review of the Implementation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21.........................6

B. Major Problems and Constraints Faced ........................................................10

4. DISCUSSION OF MAJOR OCEAN AND COASTAL ISSUES................................11A. Poverty Reduction and Healthier Coastal Communities .............................11

B. Implementation of and Compliance with International Agreements.........12

C. Capacity Building for Governance of Ocean and Coastal Areas..................13

D.Protection of Coastal and Marine Areas and Biodiversity............................15

E. Monitoring and Assessment of the Marine Environment ...........................16

F. Small Island Developing States .....................................................................17

G.Emerging Issues..............................................................................................18

5. SUMMARY OF MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................19

6. GENERAL CONCLUSION ...................................................................................22

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................23

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................24

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ForewordThe Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development,Johannesburg convened from December 3-7, 2001 at UNESCO in Paris. The Conference involved over 400 partici-pants from 61 countries, assembling an array of experts from a diverse range of sectors including governments,United Nations agencies and other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) representing environmental, industry, and scientific/technical perspectives.

The Conference was convened nearly ten years after the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, with the aim of assessing the present status of oceans and coasts andprogress achieved over the past decade, addressing continuing and new challenges, and laying the groundwork forthe inclusion of an oceans perspective at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), to be held in Johannesburg.

The Earth Summit put into motion many changes related to ocean and coastal management—including the adop-tion of a number of international agreements on oceans; substantial new investment by international and nationaldonors; extensive efforts by national governments to establish programs in coastal and ocean management; and sig-nificant advances in global scientific efforts to understand and better manage oceans and coasts.

This is a crucial time for oceans and coasts. After a decade of significant change at international, national, and locallevels, Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10 provided an opportunity to take stock, to assess what has been accomplished onoceans and coasts since the Earth Summit. Agenda 21 established an ambitious program of action. But, the world haschanged and new priorities have emerged. From the ministerial perspectives, the panel speakers, and the workinggroup discussions that occurred at the conference, a clear and central theme emerged: It is imperative that oceans andcoasts be included in the discussions at the WSSD, as sustainable development and poverty reduction cannot be achieved without healthy oceans and coasts.

There was a general consensus among participants of declining trends in ocean and coasts around the world. Fisheries, marinemammals, coral reefs, and coastal ecosystems such as mangrove swamps are among our marine assets presently at risk, anddemand attention at all levels. Although some of the statistics and trends are troubling, and indeed alarming, inclusion ofocean issues at the WSSD provides a key opportunity for governments from around the world to chart the course over the nextdecade for one of mankind’s richest natural heritages: our oceans.

We are deeply thankful to the many Governmental, NGO, and IGO organizations that have provided support for the conference and which are listed at the beginning of this volume. We especially appreciate their encour-agement and faith that an unusual "hybrid" meeting like this one—which brought together Governments, NGOs,and IGOs together in the same venue— could produce significant results for consideration by the internationalcommunity.

We would also like to extend our gratitude to all of the participants at the conference, both for their thorough panelpresentations and their enduring devotion to the working groups before, during, and after the conference.

Finally, we would like to offer our heartfelt thanks to the Conference Executive Committee, the ConferenceOrganizing Committee, and the Secretariat Staff for their many contributions to the conference.

Dr. Patricio Bernal Dr. Biliana Cicin-SainIntergovernmental Center for the StudyOceanographic of Marine Policy,Commission, UNESCO University of Delaware

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts – A Call to ActionEnsuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts – A Call to Action

ADB Asian Development BankCIDA Canadian International

Development AgencyCSMP Center for the Study of Marine PolicyCBD Convention on Biological DiversityDANIDA Danish International

Development AgencyEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneGCRMN Global Coral Reef

Monitoring NetworkGEF Global Environment FacilityGIWA Global International

Water AssessmentGOOS Global Ocean Observing SystemGPA Global Programme of Action for the

Protection of the Marine Environmentfrom Land-Based Activities

ICM Integrated coastal and ocean management

IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

ILO International Labour OrganizationIMO International Maritime OrganizationIOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IUCN World Conservation UnionIUU Illegal, unregulated and

unreported [fishing]LME Large marine ecosystemJICA Japan International Cooperation

AgencyMPA Marine protected areaODA Official development assistanceRFO Regional fishery organizationSIDA Swedish International Development

AgencyUN United NationsUNCED United Nations Conference on

Environment and DevelopmentUNEP United Nations Environment

ProgrammeUSAID U.S. Agency for International

DevelopmentWSSD World Summit on Sustainable

DevelopmentWTO World Trade Organization

List of Acronyms

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward

the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development: AssessingProgress, Addressing Continuing and New Challenges, held atUNESCO in Paris from December 3-7, 2001, assessed globalprogress on oceans and coasts in the implementation ofChapter 17 of Agenda 21 and related instruments. TheConference involved 424 participants from 61 countries—164ocean experts from governments, 162 members of non-govern-mental organizations and academic institutions, and 98members of intergovernmental, international, and regionalorganizations. This Summary by the two Co-chairs highlightsthe main conclusions. Detailed recommendations are given inthe body of the document and summarized in table format atthe end of the document.

Poverty reduction during the coming decade willrequire more access to sustainable economic liveli-hoods and wealth derived from the ocean, and devel-opment of safer, healthy coastal communities

The UN Millennium Declaration notes the need to halve,by 2015, the proportion of very poor people in the world, andto reduce the scourge of diseases like malaria and water-borneinfections. Today, 250 million clinical cases of gastroenteritisand upper respiratory diseases are caused annually by bathingin contaminated sea water. This is a key concern, and perhapsone of the most difficult challenges facing our use of theoceans. Meeting these needs requires new commitments tomake the benefits of trade and globalization available tocoastal communities, participatory management of resources,programs specifically targeted to reducing vulnerability ofcoastal people and infrastructure, and commitments to fullparticipation of women and youth in decision-making andactivities related to locally-based coastal and ocean decisions.

Full implementation and effective compliance withinternational agreements is needed

The significant number of international agreements thathave come into effect since 1992 now need to be properlyimplemented and enforced, and their implications for nation-al level action more fully addressed. There is an urgent needfor better cooperation and coordination among regional andinternational bodies governing oceans and fisheries to ensureharmonized and efficient implementation. For example, theimplementation of the fishing instruments concluded inrecent years (UN Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, the Codeof Conduct for Responsible Fishing, and the ComplianceAgreement) is an essential element in putting fisheries on asustainable development path that could address existingoverfishing of many species.

Capacity building for good governance of coastal andocean use is necessary

Scientific advances and technology development will con-tinue to open untapped potential for use of coastal, offshoreand Exclusive Economic Zones, and deep ocean areas. Yet ourunderstanding of the role and vulnerability of these newresources and habitats is still limited. All countries, rich andpoor, lack the needed capacity to manage even the existinglevel of development in a well-integrated way. Thus the capac-ity of local and national governments to apply effectiveinstitutional and legal frameworks for integrated coastal andocean management must be strengthened. This will enablethem to pursue opportunities for economic development inthe coasts and oceans while protecting their ecological integri-ty and biodiversity. It will require, among other things, raisingpublic awareness of coastal and ocean issues, the re-targetingof financial assistance to take into account lessons learnedfrom experience, and the building of the capacity of the edu-cational institutions in coastal nations. Capacity building isrequired within governments, local communities, and NGOs,as well as to enable effective involvement of the private sector.

The health of the oceans and coasts is directly linkedto the proper management of river basins, includingfreshwater flows to the marine environment

Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land-basedsources. In the developing world, more than 90% of sewageand 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into sur-face waters where they pollute agricultural lands, watersupplies and coastal waters. Ecosystem approaches that linkmanagement of river basins to marine ecosystems, such asthose promoted by the Global Programme of Action for theProtection of the Marine Environment from Land-BasedActivities, must be effectively implemented. This is especiallyimportant in the context of the coastal megacities (70% ofcities over 8 million people are coastal), such as Lagos,Nigeria—where 65% of the estimated 13.4 million populationlive in poverty.

Protecting coastal and marine areas and biodiversitytakes an ecosystem approach

The very significant shift from a sectoral to an ecosystem-based approach that recognizes precaution and linkagesamong activities is an important achievement of the pastdecade. The Convention on Biological Diversity provides aninternational framework for an ecosystem-based approachthat will depend upon protection of marine habitats at region-al and national levels. Ecosystem-based fisheries managementstrategies have been developed and applied by RegionalFisheries Organizations. A global representative system ofmarine protected areas is now needed as one essential compo-nent for ecosystem understanding, management andbiodiversity protection.


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Strengthening science-based monitoring and assess-ment of the oceans is essential for managing the long-term sustainability of marine ecosystems

Effective international coordination needs to be put inplace to support an integrated assessment of the status ofoceans and coasts, and their use. A periodic, comprehensiveglobal report on the State of Oceans and Development is needed,building upon existing regional and sectoral efforts. It couldbe complemented by similar reports at the national leveldesigned to be used to discharge the reporting duties of coun-tries under several international agreements. This reportshould anticipate and plan for emerging ocean and coastalissues, such as offshore aquaculture and bioprospecting ofmarine genetic resources.

The special problems and issues of Small IslandDeveloping States must be addressed

Small island developing states have special problems andopportunities related to the oceans which need to be recog-nized and addressed. These nations, small in land area,typically have control and stewardship responsibilities overhuge expanses of ocean: their Exclusive Economic Zones.

Small island states are a special case since many of them arevulnerable to climate change phenomena, such as sea levelrise. Small islands states are responsible for the stewardship ofvast areas of the oceans, containing high biological diversity,the most extensive coral reef systems in the world, and signif-icant seabed minerals. Small islands states have a critical roleto play in the sustainable development of the oceans.

An urgent call

A substantial body of scientific evidence supports theurgent call by the conference to place coastal and ocean issuessquarely on the World Summit’s agenda. As the world’s popu-lation continues to grow and to concentrate in coastal areas,there will be even greater pressures on coastal and oceanresources. In contrast with the many deteriorating trendsaffecting oceans and coasts today, there is an alternative visionfor the future—one of healthy and productive seas, cleancoastal waters, and prosperous coastal communities. Giventhe pivotal role of oceans and coasts in global sustainabledevelopment, it is imperative that the World Summit developsthe action plan needed to insure the sustainability and life-support functions of the world’s oceans and coasts.


GENERAL CONCLUSION

The Conference wishes to transmit a sense of urgency to the WSSD for addressing the issues surrounding the sustainable development of oceans and coasts. Participants at the Conference generally agreed that we are in a critical situation of declining trends that requires immediate actionsby nations and governing bodies worldwide. This sense of urgency and priority was corroborated inministerial statements, as well as by non-governmental, governmental, and international experts, scientists, commercial fishing, and industrial representatives attending the meeting. It is essential thatwe link economic development, social welfare, and resource conservation in order to achieve sustain-ability of oceans and coasts. The Conference issues an urgent call to action to decision makers in theWSSD process to develop a detailed action plan for the sustainable development of the world’s oceansand coasts.

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1. INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF OCEANSAND COASTS FOR SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

This report presents the results of the Global Conference onOceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward the 2002 World Summit onSustainable Development: Assessing Progress, AddressingContinuing and New Challenges, held at UNESCO in Paris fromDecember 3-7, 2001.

Oceans and coasts are an integral aspect of global sustain-able development. The oceans—comprising 72% of the Earth’ssurface—are what link our far away continents together, theyprovide the essential life-support function without which lifeon earth would not be possible, they provide the cheapestform of transportation for our goods, they provide us withenergy, food, recreation, and spiritual renovation. Of all theareas covered in Agenda 21, sustainable development can per-haps best be realized in oceans and coasts with considerablesavings. Oceans and coastal areas present excellent opportuni-ties for development if conducted in a sustainable manner.However, extending the old and proven institutions operatingon land under the jurisdiction of the national states to oceansand coasts is not a minor task. An integrated approach to gov-ernance is needed to take full advantage of the benefits thatthe marine environment offers—be they economic, social,recreational, or cultural.

Coastal areas are crucial to supporting life on our planet.They comprise 20 percent of the Earth’s surface yet containover 50 percent of the entire human population. By the year2025, coastal populations are expected to account for 75 per-cent of the total world population (UN, 1992). More than 70percent of the world’s megacities (greater than 8 millioninhabitants) are located in coastal areas (IOC, 1999). Coastalecosystems are highly productive, they yield 90 percent ofglobal fisheries and produce about 25 percent of global bio-logical productivity. Yet they are responsible for cleaning andchemically reprocessing the ever-increasing flow of artificialfertilizers and other side-products of modern economic activi-ties. Over 500 million people depend on coral reefs for foodand income (Wilkinson, 2001).

Oceans and coasts support a diverse array of activities yield-ing enormous economic and social benefits, e.g.:

◆ Marine transportation accounts for 90 percent of interna-tional trade;

◆ Exploitation of coastal and offshore mineral resources pro-vides about 25 to 30 percent of the world’s energy suppliesand continues to expand, especially in deeper waters (UN,2000);

◆ Fisheries are important both socially and economically; theindustry provides direct and indirect livelihood for 400 mil-lion people;

◆ Marine aquaculture represents a rapidly growing industryand globally accounts for 30 percent of the world’s fish con-sumption;

◆ The travel and tourism industry is the fastest growing sectorof the global economy. It is estimated to have generated$3.5 trillion in revenues and close to 200 million jobs in1999. Coastal tourism is a major portion of the grossdomestic product in many small island nations (WRI,2001).

The multitude of activities supported in ocean and coastalareas is placing increasing pressure on the integrity of thecoastal and marine ecosystems and many of the ocean andcoastal resources are threatened through overexploitation. Forexample:

◆ 47 percent of global fisheries are fully utilized and 28 per-cent are overutilized. Overall, 75 percent require urgentmanagement to freeze or reduce capacity (FAO, 2000).

◆ Of 126 species of marine mammals, 88 are listed on theIUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Marsh et al, 2001).

◆ 11 percent of coral reefs were completely destroyed prior tothe 1998 El Niño event while 16 percent were severelydegraded in 1998 alone. Another 20 to 30 percent arethreatened in the next 10 years, while current projectionsindicate possible losses of 50 to 60 percent within 30 years(Wilkinson, 2001).

◆ It is estimated that overall 50 percent of the world’s man-grove forests have been lost (WRI, 2001).

◆ Important seagrass habitats, occupying over 600,000 km2

are rapidly being destroyed; in South East Asian countries,20 to 60 percent of seagrass beds have been lost (Fortes,2001).

◆ 12 billion tons of ballast water containing, at any one time,10,000 marine species are shipped around the globe eachyear, spreading alien and invasive species (Bax and Aguero2001).

◆ Over the past two decades, the frequency of recorded harm-ful algal blooms resulting in mass mortality and morbidityof marine organisms has increased significantly (WRI,2001).

◆ The projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) note that continued use of fossil fuels willexacerbate global climate changes with severe conse-quences for ocean and coastal ecosystems. Forty-six millionpeople per year are currently at risk of flooding from stormsurges and, without adaptation measures, a 1-m sea-levelrise might displace tens of million people in Bangladesh(IPCC, 2001).

◆ Food security for an increased human population drives theintensification of agricultural production and results in theincreased application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbi-


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cides. For example, synthetic fertilizer use is predicted tomore than double globally between 1990 (74 million tons/year of Nitrogen) and 2050 (182 million tons/year)(Seitzinger and Kroeze 1998; Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998).Atmospheric deposition, associated with the combustion offossil fuels, is predicted to almost double (22 to 39 milliontons/year) to terrestrial systems over that same time period,as is nitrogen in human sewage (9 to 16 million tons /yearof Nitrogen). As a result, inorganic nitrogen inputs tocoastal ecosystems are predicted to double (from 21 to 42million tons/year of Nitrogen) (Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998).The increased inputs of nitrogen to terrestrial and aquaticsystems will undoubtedly lead to increased human healthand environmental degradation, including degradation ofcoastal ecosystems.

The United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, andthe 1997 Special Session of the General Assembly reviewingthe implementation of Agenda 21 urged national, regional,and international institutions to take action for the sustain-able development of coastal and marine areas.

Three existing major international agreements incorporatethe principles, objectives and actions needed to ensure thesustainable development and protection of oceans and coasts:The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNC-LOS); Agenda 21, in particular, Chapter 17, Protection of theOceans, All Kinds of Seas, Including Enclosed and Semi-EnclosedSeas, and Coastal Areas for the Protection, Rational Use andDevelopment of Their Living Resources; and the Rio Declarationon Environment and Development.

Following UNCED 1992, progress has continued in build-ing the legal and institutional support for the sustainabledevelopment of oceans and coasts. New international agree-ments, such as the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, theGlobal Programme of Action for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-Based Activities (GPA), and theJakarta Mandate of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD), have been concluded providing more detailed frame-works for addressing critical aspects of the sustainablemanagement of the oceans, especially through better compli-ance and enforcement.

The importance of oceans and coasts for sustainable devel-opment has recently been restated by a series of global andregional intergovernmental and expert meetings. TheReykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the MarineEcosystem (Reykjavik, 1-4 October 2001) has called for theadoption of the ecosystem approach in managing the world’sfisheries. The Intergovernmental Review Meeting of theGlobal Programme of Action for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-Based Activities (Montreal, 26-30November 2001) has given new impetus to the improvementof international coastal and oceans governance under ocean-related conventions and provided a specific plan of action forthe control of sewage and for new sources of financing. The

Bonn Freshwater Meeting (Bonn, 3-7 December 2001) hasfocused on strategies that will help manage fresh water sup-plies and better address the interconnections between coastalareas and adjacent water basins. The Regional PreparatoryCommittees (PrepComs) to the World Summit on SustainableDevelopment (WSSD) have highlighted the importance ofmarine and coastal resources to the development of regionaleconomies and have called for enhanced environmental pro-tection. All the regional PrepComs held in preparation of theWSSD1 highlighted the importance of developing at theWSSD specific initiatives for addressing oceans and seas,coastal zones, and fresh water and sanitation. In this regard,integrated coastal management (ICM) is recognized as theappropriate approach to ensure comprehensive managementof land and bodies of water, ecosystem-based marine resourcemanagement, and integrated water resource management.

The World Summit for Sustainable Development, to beheld in Johannesburg in September 2002, presents a uniqueopportunity to agree upon a limited number of targets as uni-versal benchmarks for a focused action-oriented programaddressing the main issues and causes of marine degradation,based on renewed political and financial commitments at alllevels. Integrated coastal and ocean management approachescan help to generate the necessary multi-disciplinary andcross-sectoral frameworks needed to develop coastal andocean areas appropriately, enhancing the welfare of coastalcommunities, while maintaining ecological integrity and bio-diversity.

As is detailed in this report, significant progress has beenmade since UNCED in laying the groundwork toward sustain-able development of the oceans—a new cluster of globalagreements provide the direction for good governance ofcoastal and ocean use; many countries, both developing anddeveloped, have experimented with various approaches toocean and coastal management; significant funding, by bothnational and international donors has taken place; and a sig-nificant body of knowledge and practical experience on oceanand coastal management has been accumulated.

However, ocean resources and environmental conditionshave continued to decline, and, unless oceans and coasts aregiven high priority by the world’s governments, under presenttrends and circumstances, the outlook for oceans and coasts inthe year 2020, leaves little room for optimism. Action isrequired now to correct the present course. As the world’s pop-ulation continues to grow and to concentrate in coastal areas,there will be even greater pressures on coastal and oceanresources. There is an alternative vision for the future—one ofhealthy and productive seas, clean coastal waters, and pros-perous coastal communities. Given the pivotal role of oceansand coasts in global sustainable development, it is imperativethat the World Summit develops the action plan needed toinsure the sustainability and life-support functions of theworld’s oceans and coasts.


1 ECE Regional Ministerial Meeting for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Geneva, 24-25September 2001; African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development,Nairobi, 18 October 2001; Regional Preparatory Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean forWSSD, Rio de Janeiro, 23-24 October 2001; and Asia - Pacific High Level Regional Meeting for the WorldSummit on Sustainable Development, Phnom Penh, 27-29 November 2001

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2. OBJECTIVES AND CONDUCT OF THE CONFERENCE

The Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10:Toward the 2002 World Summit on SustainableDevelopment: Assessing Progress, Addressing Continuingand New Challenges was held at UNESCO in Paris fromDecember 3-7, 2001.

The Conference addressed all aspects of oceans and coastsand their interrelationships. Recognizing that several special-ized bodies of the United Nations were holding conferencesassessing specific aspects of the marine realm, such as fisheries,in anticipation of the Johannesburg meeting, the Conferenceorganizers decided to take an overall look at progress achievedon all aspects of oceans and coasts since UNCED. This com-prehensive perspective is inspired by both UNCLOS which inits Preamble emphasized that the problems of ocean space areclosely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole, andby Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 which emphasized that newapproaches to marine and coastal area management are need-ed, approaches which are integrated in content andprecautionary and anticipatory in ambit.

The aim of the Conference was to make a scorecard, as towhere we are 10 years after Rio. The aim was to assess:

How much has been achieved?

◆ What problems/constraints have been encountered?

◆ What lessons have been learned?

◆ What works and what does not?

◆ What trends are present now that were not present 10 yearsago?

◆ What efforts need to be refocused or redirected? and,

◆ To make targeted recommendations for the global agendafor oceans and coasts for the next decade.

The conference was attended by 424 participants from 61countries2 and dependencies: 164 ocean experts from govern-ments, 162 members of non-governmental organizations(including private sector, environmental organizations, aca-demic/scientific groups), and 98 members of inter-governmental, international and regional organizations.

The Conference was jointly organized by a consortium ofpublic and private institutions from governmental, intergov-ernmental, and nongovernmental sectors and was co-chairedby Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission (IOC), of UNESCO, and Dr.Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Center for the Study of MarinePolicy (CSMP), University of Delaware, USA. The CSMP andIOC served as the Conference’s Secretariats.

The Conference received funding and in-kind and travelsupport from a wide variety of governmental, nongovern-mental, and intergovernmental organizations from aroundthe world (See list on page ii).

The Conference was addressed by a number of Ministersand other Eminent Persons:

Hon. James C. Greenwood, President, Global LegislatorsOrganization for a Balanced Environment (GLOBE)International, and U.S. House of Representatives

Hon. Seoung-Yong Hong, Vice-Minister, Ministry ofMaritime Affairs and Fisheries, Korea

Hon. Herb Dhaliwal, Minister, Department of Fisheries andOceans, Canada

Hon. Rokhmin Dahuri, Minister, Ministry of MaritimeAffairs and Fisheries, Indonesia

Hon. Exequiel Ezcurra, President, National Institute ofEcology, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources,Mexico

Hon. Otu-Ekong Imeh T. Okopido, Minister of State, FederalMinistry of Environment, Nigeria, and Chairman of AMCEN

Hon. José Sarney Filho, Minister, Ministry of Environment,Brazil, presented by Ambassador Jose Israel Vargas

Hon. Árni Mathiesen, Minister, Ministry of Fisheries, Iceland

Hon. Francisco Mabjaia, Vice-Minister, Ministry forCoordination of Environmental Action, Mozambique

Hon. Victor Kalyuzhni, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs,Russian Federation, and Special Representative of the Presidentin the Caspian Region

Hon. Ni Yuefeng, Deputy Administrator, State OceanicAdministration, China

Hon. Roberto Tortoli, Undersecretary, Ministry ofEnvironment, Italy

Hon. David Kemp, Minister, Ministry for the Environmentand Heritage, Australia, presented by Veronica Sakell,Director, National Oceans Office, Australia

Ambassador Satya Nandan, Secretary-General, InternationalSeabed Authority, Jamaica

Ambassador Mary Beth West, U.S. Department of State

Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni Slade, PermanentRepresentative, Mission of Samoa to the United Nations, andChair, Alliance of Small Island Developing States

Ambassador Peter Stenlund, Chair, Arctic CouncilSecretariat, Finland

The Conference was concluded with a special address by:Hon. Rejoice T. Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister, Department ofEnvironmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa, whospecifically welcomed delegates to participate in theJohannesburg Summit.


2 Participants came from the following countries/dependencies: Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados,Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba,Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Ireland,Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands,New Caledonia, Nigeria, Norway, Palau, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Samoa,Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand,Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States of America.

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The Conference heard presentation of papers and panel dis-cussions on the following topics:

Panel 1—Ministerial Perspectives on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10

Panel 2—Implementation of International Agreements onOceans and Coasts and Their Harmonization

Panel 3—Patterns and Issues in Donor Investments inOceans and Coasts

Panel 4—The State of the Ocean Commons: Results ofMajor Ocean Research Programs

Panel 5—Biodiversity, Critical Habitats and Species at Risk

Panel 6—Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).Conditions and Efforts: Global and Regional Perspectives

Panel 7—Private Sector Initiatives for SustainableDevelopment and Conservation of Oceans and Coasts

Panel 8—Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). TyingEfforts to Outcomes: National and Local Perspectives.

Panel 9—National Ocean Policy—EEZ Planning andManagement

Panel 10—Fisheries and Aquaculture: A Sustainable UsePerspective for Areas of National Jurisdiction and the HighSeas

Panel 11—Present Status and Future Directions in MarineProtected Areas

Panel 12—Status of and Prospects for the MarineEnvironment

Panel 13—Issues in Small Island Developing States

Panel 14—Building Capacity for Improved Ocean andCoastal Management: A Roundtable

Panel 15—The Regional Scale of Ocean Governance:Examining Key Ingredients for Success in RegionalCooperation

Panel 16—Emerging Issues in Ocean and CoastalManagement

Panel 17—Improvements in Global and Regional OceanGovernance

The Conference considered the information presented inthese panels and the discussions held by eight WorkingGroups during the conference to discuss the following topics:

Working Group 1—Harmonizing InternationalAgreements, Governance Improvements, RegionalPerspectives, and Emerging Issues

Working Group 2—Targeting Donor Aid

Working Group 3—Assessing and Managing the MarineEnvironment

Working Group 4—Marine Biodiversity and ProtectedAreas

Working Group 5—Integrated Ocean and CoastalManagement

Working Group 6—Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture

Working Group 7—Small Island Perspectives

Working Group 8—Capacity Building

This Co-Chairs’ Summary is based on the papers presentedat the conference, the panel discussions, the Working Groupreports, and background materials prepared by the Secretariat.The Co-Chairs’ Summary has been prepared by the Co-Chairs,with the advice of the Conference Executive Committee, andit does not necessarily reflect the views of all the Conferenceparticipants.

The report identifies concrete actions that could be takenby governments, international organizations, and others toaddress outstanding issues on oceans and coasts in the WorldSummit on Sustainable Development process.

The report also takes into account the results of thepreparatory work to the WSSD and in particular the AfricanRegional Preparatory Process, and builds on the results of theReykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries, the MontrealIntergovernmental Review of the GPA, and the Bonn WaterMeeting.

Discussions from the conference have been summarized byThe Earth Negotiations Bulletin and may be found athttp://www.iisd.ca/linkages/sd/ocrio+10. An interactive dis-cussion of the results of the Conference is taking place athttp://icm.noaa.gov.

3. MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTSAND CONSTRAINTS AT THEGLOBAL LEVEL SINCE UNCED

A. Review of the Implementation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21

Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 stresses both the importance ofoceans and coasts in the global life support system and thepositive opportunities for sustainable development that oceanand coastal areas represent. Seven major program areas areincluded in Chapter 17: (a) integrated management and sus-tainable development of coastal areas, including ExclusiveEconomic Zones, (b) marine environmental protection, (c)sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources ofthe high seas, (d) sustainable use and conservation of marineliving resources under national jurisdiction, (e) addressingcritical uncertainties in management of the marine environ-ment and climate change, (f) strengthening international,including regional, cooperation and coordination, and (g) sus-tainable development of small islands.


Table 1—Development of International Oceans Agreements post-UNCED

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Progress in achieving the objectives of Chapter 17 is report-ed for all program areas. Significant progress has been achievedover the past decade in promoting an integrated approach tocoastal management. Both the precautionary approach and theecosystem-based approach have been progressively incorporat-ed into measures to achieve marine environmental protection.A great deal of progress has been achieved in the area ofresponsible fisheries development and management as a resultof UNCLOS and the adoption of a number of complementaryinternational instruments and voluntary agreements. The past10 years have seen a turning point in terms of understandingand measuring the role of the oceans in global climate changeand in developing the observational tools needed to forecastchange. International cooperation on the oceans has devel-oped new modes of action and thinking, including theestablishment of the United Nations Open-ended InformalConsultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea(UNICPOLOS) in 2000 (UN, 2001).

It is very clear that significant progress and institutionalchange has been achieved since the Rio Earth Summit (Cicin-Sain and Bernal, 2001). This has been manifested in fourmajor ways:

a) The adoption and implementation of a number ofmajor ocean agreements

b) New funding of initiatives in ocean and coastal man-agement

c) Many new actions by governments at national andlocal levels

d) Significant progress in the development of scientificknowledge, data, and information systems on oceansand coasts

International Agreements

Following UNCED, a number of conventions, agreements,and programs of action have been negotiated, adopted, orentered into force to address different ocean and coastal issues(see Table 1). In addition, the precautionary approach and thepolluter pays principle—endorsed at UNCED—are now wide-ly recognized and used as key elements in the development ofinternational environmental law in the protection of oceanand coasts.


Theme Agreement

Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1994 (entry into force)

International Seabed Authority (ISBA) 1996 (operational)

International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) 1997 (operational)

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) 1997 (operational)

Marine environment Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, 1993 Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships

Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution 1994

Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment 1995from Land-based Activities (GPA)

Agreement establishing the South Pacific Environment Programme (SPREP) 1995 (into force)

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response 1995 (into force)

Protocol to the London Convention 1996

Convention for the Protection, Management and Development 1996 (into force)of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region

Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council 1996

Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 on Regulations for the 1997Prevention on Air Pollution from Ships

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the 1998 (into force)North East Atlantic

OSPAR and Helsinki Convention 1998 (into force)

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Marine environment Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 1998 (into force)

continued New timetable for Annex I to MARPOL 73/78 (Oil Discharges) 2001for phasing out single hull oil tankers

International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling 2001Systems on Ships

Stockholm Convention on POPS 2001

Marine safety International Convention on Liability and 1996and liability Compensation for Damage in connection with the Carriage of Hazardous

and Noxious Substances by Sea

Liability Protocol to the Basel Convention 1999

International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001

Sustainable use and Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and 1993conservation of Management Measures by Vessels Fishing in the High Seas marine living resources (“Compliance Agreement”)

New regional fisheries management organizations established or in preparation After 1993(Helsinki Convention, Commission for the Conservation of the Southern Blue Tuna—CCSBT, South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization—SEAFO, West and Central Pacific Organization, Convention for the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea)

Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing and four related 1995International Plans of Action (IPOAs)

Agreement on of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the 2001 Law of the Sea Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling (entry into force)Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (“Fish Stocks Agreement”)

Marine biodiversity Jakarta Mandate on the “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine and 1995Coastal Biological Diversity”

International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) 1995

Annex VI to OSPAR Convention 1996

Protocol on Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity 1996in the Mediterranean

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000

Sustainable Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development 1994development of of Small Island Developing States small islands

Deep seabed mining Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the 1994United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982

Regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the 2000international seabed area

Underwater cultural Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO) 2001heritage

River basins ECE Convention on Transboundary Lakes and Rivers 1992

UN Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997

Theme Agreement

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New Funding

In the last decade, significant new funding for coastal andmarine programs and activities has been provided by manymultilateral and national donors, and financial institutionssuch as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, theInter-American Development Bank, SIDA, CIDA, JICA, DANIDA, USAID, among many others. In Latin America, forexample, the investments by international donors in coastalmanagement between 1992 and 2000 totaled approximately$1.3 billion (Rivera-Arriaga, 2001). The World Bank strategy forcoastal and marine areas has entailed investments of the orderof $500 million in Africa (Hewawasam, 2001) and of $175 mil-lion in lending operations in the Asia-Pacific region. The AsianDevelopment Bank has invested $1.2 billion for marineresources projects in the Asia-Pacific region (King 2001).

The restructuring of international funding mechanisms ledto the establishment of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)and related programs (GEF 2001):

◆ The International Waters initiative has funded 53 projectstotaling $438 million between 1991 and 2000, operational-izing an integrated approach to river basin andcoastal/marine management.

◆ The Biodiversity Initiative has funded 58 projects totaling$244 million through 2000 to protect coastal, marine, andfreshwater ecosystems.

◆ The Climate Change initiative has funded many projects toassist small island developing nations in addressing impactsfrom climate change, totaling $60 million by 1999.

National Efforts at Integrated CoastalManagement

Following UNCED, national and subnational governmentshave undertaken many initiatives to protect and developcoastal and marine areas and to build capacity for integratedcoastal and management. In 1993, there were 59 nationsengaged in ICM initiatives at national and/or local levels(Sorensen 1993). In 2000, there were 98 nations engaged inICM initiatives at national and/or local levels (Cicin-Sain etal., 2001). In terms of institutional changes, in 2000, a recentstudy noted that 46 percent of coastal countries have enactedcoastal-related legislation, while 42 percent of countries reporthaving some sort of coordinating mechanism for ocean andcoastal management (Cicin-Sain et al, 2001). There are, how-ever, significant regional differences in the way nationsapproach ICM; for example, regarding the distribution ofauthority and responsibility between national and subnation-al authorities, the influence of external donors, the number ofdemonstration or pilot projects, and the role of regionalorganizations in promoting ICM.

Significant progress in the development of scientific knowledge, data, and information systems on oceans and coasts

One of the major lessons learned since UNCED is that thetransition towards sustainable development must be science-based and supported by the appropriate engineering andtechnology.

The past 10 years have seen a turning point in terms of theunderstanding the role of the oceans in global climate change.With significant improvements of models and technology tomonitor climate changes, the scientific community has beenable to narrow the level of uncertainty on many oceanprocesses. The collection of previously unavailable informa-tion is now being organized and utilized through a concertedinteragency and intergovernmental effort to continuouslymonitor the major planetary processes. The building of theinstitutional framework for developing the much-neededEarth System Science is well underway. The World ClimateResearch Project, the International Geosphere and BiosphereProgramme and the International Human DimensionsProgramme on Global Environmental Change are visible testi-mony to this success.

The success of these programmes hinges upon the existenceof a number of high quality worldwide observational net-works. In order to acquire the critical data necessary forunderstanding global change, these networks need to bemaintained and sustained in time. The full and openexchange of environmental data that is essential for the pro-tection of life-supporting natural systems, is a principle thatcalls for universal recognition.

Since 1998, the three UN-sponsored Global ObservingSystems, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), theGlobal Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) and the GlobalClimate Observing System (GCOS) have been working togeth-er as part of a single Integrated Global Observing Strategy(IGOS), in partnership with national space agencies, for betterobservation of the atmosphere, oceans and land.

Answering a call from Agenda 21, the Global OceanObserving System (GOOS) is being developed byUNESCO/IOC together with the WMO and the InternationalCouncil of Scientific Unions (ICSU). With an initial systemalready operating, GOOS is capable today of predicting ElNiño and other ocean phenomena and is responsible for pro-ducing a large and open data stream from the ocean forweather and climate forecasting.

A crucial role in developing global governance for sustain-able development is the establishment of authoritativestatements based on scientific assessments. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jointlysponsored by UNEP and WMO has been very successful in thisregard. The new report by the IPCC, released in 2001, foundthere is new and stronger evidence that most of the globalwarming observed over the last 50 years is attributable tohuman activities. Floods, drought and extremely high tem-

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peratures could threaten the life and livelihoods of millions ofpeople living in low-lying coastal areas. Residents of smallisland developing States would be most at risk from warmertemperatures and rising sea levels, while the degradation ofcoastal habitats including coral reefs could accelerate.

B. Major Problems and Constraints Faced

Despite the positive progress in the last decade in imple-mentation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, problems andconstraints still remain hindering the achievement of sustain-able ocean and coastal development.

As noted earlier in section 1, the “on-the-ground” condi-tion of coastal and ocean resources is one of the decliningtrends that are cause for significant concern and call for imme-diate action by nations and governing bodies worldwide.

In addition, a number of other factors— related to theimplementation of efforts at coastal and ocean managementat international, regional, and national levels—prove prob-lematic. These can be summarized as follows (Mabudafhasi2001):

◆ Increased fragmentation and lack of coordination amonginternational conventions and institutions;

◆ Complexity of the governance systems, emerging from thispattern of institutionalization, hindering the participationand ownership by developing countries;

◆ Shortcomings in the results of international conventionsdue to the lack of appropriate compliance and enforcementmechanisms;

◆ Development institutions under-funded and often ineffec-tive;

◆ Donor funds not always aligned to developing country pri-orities; and

◆ Poor implementation of the international Agenda develop-ment targets.

The coordination and harmonization of internationalagreements has been made difficult by a series of factors.These include: (a) excess of zeal in the protection of the indi-vidual mandates inhibiting cooperation; (b) insufficientattention given to the need of harmonizing national report-ing, which represents a heavy burden on many countries,especially small developing countries; (c) insufficient imple-mentation and coordination of efforts at the national level;(d) lack of coherent national policies; (e) inadequate andinconsistent compliance and enforcement at the nationallevel because of the absence of adequate financial resources,access to technical expertise, and appropriate legislation andinstitutional frameworks; (f) insufficient use of environmentaland performance indicators to measure the effectiveness ofthe agreements; (g) the budgetary constraints of most secre-tariats of international agreements (UNEP, 2001).

Donor funding has been constrained by: (a) lack of aware-ness, which translates into lack of political will; (b) ocean andcoastal related agencies, being at an early stage of develop-ment, do not receive adequate financial or other resources;and (c) lack of ability to conceptualize and develop viableprojects. While international support for integrated ocean andcoastal management initiatives around the world hasincreased significantly, challenges have persisted at many dif-ferent levels, posing obstacles to implementation. Thesechallenges include problems of governance, single-issue orien-tation and limitations in scope and financing. While UNCEDemphasized the interconnection of environment and devel-opment issues, the focus of donor aid is often tied to a singleissue, whether biodiversity, vulnerability to climate change, oraddressing coastal erosion. Typically, there are many such“single issue” projects funded by multiple donors in the samenational context that are characterized by the scarcity ofdomestic resources, and results in few connections among theprojects. The challenge is to create synergy among such proj-ects by establishing clear incentives built into the fundingprocess so that they are woven into a comprehensive integrat-ed coastal and ocean management effort (Working Group 2Report, 2001).

Over-fishing and over-capacity—exacerbated by technolog-ical progress—remain a problem worsened by illegal,unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, poor gear selectivi-ty, and discarding both on the high seas and within ExclusiveEconomic Zones (EEZs). The problem is sometimes com-pounded by the low capacity of some developing countries toeffectively control the fishing operations of long-range fleetsoperating under access agreements, and by the lack of meas-ures to prevent the reflagging of vessels to avoid rules ofregional fishery management organizations (RFMOs). In thisregard, the World Trade Organization (WTO) should coordi-nate and support the efforts by the RFMOs to deter andeliminate IUU fishing. These factors not only jeopardize thenatural recovery of such fish stocks, but also threaten the cul-tural heritage and cause extreme social and economichardships on small fishing families, coastal people, and indige-nous peoples in particular (Working Group 6 Report, 2001).

In terms of marine and coastal protected areas, while theoceans comprise over 70% of the earth’s surface, less than 1%of the marine environment is within protected areas, com-pared with nearly 9% of the land surface. Management ofthese areas is mixed, since many marine protected areas areonly “paper parks” (Ehler, 2001; Working Group 4 Report,2001).

Despite substantial efforts in education and training, insuffi-cient local capacity remains a major barrier to meaningfulimplementation of ocean and coastal management programs.Possibly there has been too much emphasis since 1992 on for-mal education and training (university degrees, short courses,etc. typically taken abroad) and not sufficient emphasis onbuilding a critical mass of practitioners and other key stake-holders and providing them with the enabling conditions and

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continued support they need to develop and implement pro-grams. Capacity building programs also seem to haveconcentrated on technical and scientific material rather than abroader coverage taking in areas such as policy matters, decisionmaking methods, institutional capacity building and the for-mation of true partnerships between groups. In addition,capacity programs have not specifically targeted under-repre-sented groups such as women and youth. The still high “failure”rate of sustaining coastal and marine projects after donor sup-port ends, the apparent “added-on” nature of many trainingprograms, the heavy reliance on outside expertise in coastalmanagement projects in developing countries and the contin-ued use of non-local examples in training programs suggeststhat meaningful capacity-building remains today as an urgentand essential action item for achieving sustainable developmentin coastal regions (Working Group 8 Report, 2001).

4. DISCUSSION OF MAJOR OCEAN AND COASTAL ISSUES

A. Poverty Reduction and Healthier Coastal Communities

Issue

More than half of the world’s population currently liveswithin 100 km of the coast, and by 2025 it is estimated that75% of the world’s population, or 6.3 billion people, will livein the coastal zone, concentrated in coastal megacities andmany living in poverty on less than two dollars a day.

Poverty reduction during the coming decade will requireincreased access to sustainable economic livelihoods andwealth derived from the ocean, and development of safer,healthier coastal communities. In the developing world, morethan 90% of sewage and 70% of industrial wastes are dumpeduntreated into surface waters where they pollute water sup-plies and coastal waters. 250 million clinical cases ofgastroenteritis and upper respiratory diseases are caused annu-ally by bathing in contaminated sea water (GESAMP, 2001).

A key to poverty reduction and the attainment of healthiercoastal communities is through the establishment of programsin integrated coastal management (ICM) which are designed toguide ocean and coastal development while maintaining (orachieving) environmental quality. ICM is intended to achievesustainable development of coastal and marine areas, to reducevulnerability of coastal communities to natural hazards, and tomaintain essential ecological processes, life support systems,and biological diversity. ICM addresses implications of devel-opment, conflicting uses, and interrelationships amongphysical processes and human activities, and promotes link-ages and harmonization between sectoral coastal and oceanactivities. It is essential that ICM include the major economicactivities related to ocean and coastal resources which can pro-vide sources of livelihood to coastal residents—especiallyfishing, tourism, and aquaculture.

Fishing remains the most widespread economic activity inthe ocean in many regions in the world. The future integrityof coastal communities and of the world’s food security isdirectly curtailed due to decline of resources; it is thereforeessential to assist communities in the generation of alternativelivelihoods.

Coastal tourism is a major economic activity in manydeveloping country contexts and, as is well known, it must beproperly managed to ensure, inter alia, proper siting of touristfacilities to avoid coastal erosion and environmental damage.Incentives must be put in place for local populations to direct-ly benefit from tourism.

Aquaculture, a growing practice in many developing coun-tries, must be properly planned, sited, and monitored to avoidtypically-occurring problems of pollution and resulting landloss for other coastal uses.

Public health in coastal communities must be enhanced,especially through the financing and operation of propersewage treatment facilities.

Another factor contributing to poverty are ocean-relatednatural disasters, which include the effects of extreme El Niñoevents, long-term sea level rise, tropical cyclones and theirassociated waves, storm surges and flooding, and tsunamis,which have their maximum impacts in coastal areas and smallislands. These impacts can result in massive loss of human lifeand property as well as in the destruction of coastlines andnatural habitats. Restoration measures from disasters cost mil-lions of dollars annually to developing and developedcountries alike.

Vision

The UN Millennium Declaration calls to halve, by 2015,the proportion of very poor people in the world, and to reducethe scourge of diseases like malaria and water-borne infec-tions. This is perhaps one of the most difficult challengesfacing the use of the oceans.

Meeting these needs requires new commitments to makingthe benefits of trade and globalization available to coastalcommunities, participatory management of resources, pro-grams specifically targeted to reducing vulnerability of coastalpeople and infrastructure, and commitments to full participa-tion of women and youth in decision-making and activitiesrelated to locally-based coastal and ocean decisions.

Achievements

In many contexts, ICM programs are effective in providinga governance framework for multiple-use coastal and oceanmanagement. These programs, however, must be of an appro-priate scale to guide the development of important economicactivities such as tourism and aquaculture, which is difficult toachieve in some cases where ICM encompasses only a smallpart of a nation’s coastal zone.

The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of theMarine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) pro-

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vides a useful framework for developing countries to combatcoastal pollution and the associated health hazards, emanat-ing from municipal sewage systems and other land-basedsources. Protocols, guidelines and targets are being establishedthrough the development of National Plans of Action.

Progress has been made in the area of responsible fisheriesdevelopment and management as a result of the coming intoforce of UNCLOS in 1994 and the adoption of a number ofcomplementary international instruments and voluntaryagreements, most notably the Fish Stocks Agreement thatentered into force on 11 December 2001.

A number of regional fishery management organizations(RFMOs) have undertaken a systematic review of their man-date and functioning with the view to improving theirperformance in management. Cooperation among govern-ments, non-governmental organizations and industry has ledto the elaboration of a series of Guidelines in support of theCode of Conduct for Responsible Fishing in the areas of sus-tainable aquaculture, fisheries operations, fisherymanagement, fish processing and trade, precautionaryapproach, and indicators of sustainable development in fish-eries, including species introductions. Guidelines are alsounder preparation for ecosystem-based fisheries management.Significant progress toward such guidelines has been made insome nations (Working Group 6 Report).

Constraints and Challenges

There is a strong need to address poverty reduction throughsustainable development in ocean and coastal regions bystrengthening the ability of nations to identify and examinein a systematic manner, the interdependencies between pover-ty, the many types of ocean-based livelihoods and the currentmanagement practices of ocean and coastal resources. This inturn may: (a) reduce people’s vulnerability to risks by gettinginformation to poor communities and empowering them toadapt; (b) enhance livelihoods of poor people by helping themto secure access to resources and markets and strengtheningtheir ability to use those resources sustainably; and (c)improve people’s health by raising their awareness of andreducing their exposure to environmental factors.

Key Recommendations (A)

1.1 Establish and implement programs in integratedcoastal and ocean management to guide developmentopportunities in coastal areas of developing countries whilemaintaining or achieving environmental quality.

1.2 Target donor aid more explicitly to achieve povertyreduction/public health improvement in coastal areas ofdeveloping countries, for example:

– Encourage the GEF to analyze how project proposalsfunded under the GEF will address poverty alleviation/pub-lic health gains.

– Encourage donors to set up a “Small Project Fund” foraddressing ocean and coastal issues. “Small grants” of usu-ally less than $25,000 per project can be useful sources for:(a) capacity building, particularly among local authoritiesand nongovernmental organizations; (b) dissemination ofgood practice; (c) preparation of larger project proposals;and (d) demonstration projects to promote sustainablelivelihoods.

1.3 Recognize sustainable aquaculture and responsiblefisheries as parallel and essential elements of a commonstrategy to ensure global seafood security and fill the sup-ply gap forecasted for the next decade. In cases wherefishing must be curtailed due to decline of resources, it isessential to assist communities in the generation of alter-native livelihoods.

1.4 Focus on innovative approaches to small-scale fish-eries and aquaculture, empowering the sector, establishingfishing rights including access to necessary infrastructureto support livelihoods and tenure systems, integratingfisheries into coastal management, and taking account ofthe interactions and compatibilities between aquacultureand harvest fisheries.

1.5 Support the implementation of the GlobalProgramme of Action for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-Based Activities, and in particularthe Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater.

1.6 Prevent destruction, loss of human lives and associ-ated costs through appropriate forecasting, early warning,prevention, preparedness, and mitigation measures ofocean-related natural disasters.

B. Implementation and Compliance withInternational Agreements

Issue

The significant number of international agreements thathave come into effect since 1992 now need to be properlyimplemented and enforced, and their implications for nation-al level action more fully addressed. There is an urgent needfor better cooperation and coordination among regional andinternational bodies governing oceans and fisheries to ensureharmonized and efficient implementation.

The sheer number of different treaty and legal regimesaffecting marine and coastal issues, each with its own gover-nance arrangements, risks non-coordination and wastefulduplication of efforts. In a few key areas, small improvementsin coordination could significantly enhance compliance andenforcement. Clusters of related conventions could start to bejointly implemented in the short term, with no additionalinstitutions and little restructuring. Such clusters could bene-fit from co-location of secretariats and agencies especially inthe regions, with consequent coordination of work on sub-stantive issues, including the work of their scientific bodies, as

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well as cooperation on thematic, functional, and crosscuttingissues. Existing environmental (UNEP), fisheries (FAO), andscience (IOC) regional organizations could meet regularly injoint sessions improving coordination of their programs.Clusters could also help coordinate and streamline nationalreporting requirements by identifying key indicators for com-mon reporting so as to reduce the burden on developing statesand to leverage reporting incentives over different regimes(Freestone, 2001).

Vision

Coordination between global and regional bodies shouldexploit the comparative advantages of each. Global agree-ments have a major role in agenda setting, in identifyingsynergies as well as lacunae in the existing systems and inidentifying new issues and approaches. Regional or ecosystem-based arrangements are crucial for successful implementation.They rely heavily on the commitment of member countriesand can more effectively translate global agendas into region-al action, be sensitive to particular regional needs andpriorities, and exploit important regional synergies. In orderfor countries with limited human and financial capacity toparticipate effectively in the plethora of legal instruments andagreements, whenever feasible, efforts could be made toencourage individual country representation to be delegatedtoat the regional level (Kimball, 2001).

Achievements

Since UNCED 1992, important progress has been madetowards sustainable ocean governance: (a) A number of inter-national agreements, voluntary instruments, and programs ofaction on oceans and coasts have been negotiated and/orcome into force; (b) there have been evolving new approach-es to ecosystem management; (c) regional instruments andprograms continue to develop; (d) new actions have beenundertaken by national authorities; and (e) considerable dis-cussion on international mechanisms for cooperation onoceans issues has taken place.


Despite considerable progress, persistent challenges stillremain. At the global level, there is a need to consider to devel-op new instruments in some cases and to ensure fullratification, full implementation, and enforcement, as well asharmonization of multilateral agreements on oceans andcoastal areas and greater cooperation and coordination of inter-governmental institutions. Regionally and nationally, there is aneed to harmonize coastal and ocean activities through inte-grated frameworks for the planning and management of coastalareas and exclusive economic zones. At all levels, there is a needto achieve greater transparency, participation, and accountabil-ity in decision making on oceans and coasts.

Key Recommendations (B)

2.1 Develop a common Global Vision for Oceans, Seas,and Coasts which provides the goals and objectives for thegovernance of the oceans and coasts, to which the multi-tude of international regulatory regimes and institutionscontribute.

2.2 Promote transparency, participation, and accounta-bility in decision-making on oceans and coasts at all levels.

2.3 Undertake a broad diplomatic process for wider rat-ification and implementation of multilateral agreementsrelated to oceans and coasts, and develop strategies forinsuring peace and security of oceans and coasts, includingpeaceful settlement of ocean disputes.

2.4 Promote joint implementation of clusters of inter-national legal instruments and programs addressing oceansat global, regional and national levels, through, for exam-ple: memoranda of understanding among governingbodies, joint work of scientific bodies, joint considerationof related agreements, and joint work programs.

2.5 Streamline national reporting around clusters ofinternational legal instruments and programs addressingoceans and coasts.

2.6 Encourage the creation of national ocean andcoastal councils to formulate national policies on oceansand coasts and to implement, in a coordinated fashion,clusters of international agreements on oceans and coasts.

2.7 Regional scales of ocean governance should be rec-ognized and promoted as an essential approach to pursuethe sustainable development of oceans and coasts and tointegrate global approaches with local ones.

C. Capacity Building for Governance ofOcean and Coastal Areas

Issue

Scientific advances and technology development will con-tinue to open untapped potential for use of coastal, offshoreand Exclusive Economic Zones, and deep ocean areas. Yet ourunderstanding of the role and vulnerability of these resourcesand habitats is still limited. All countries, rich and poor, lackthe needed capacity to manage even the existing level ofdevelopment in a well-integrated way.

Thus the capacity of local and national governments toapply effective institutional and legal frameworks for integrat-ed coastal and ocean management must be strengthened. Thiswill enable them to pursue opportunities for economic devel-opment in the coasts and oceans while protecting theirecological integrity and biodiversity. It will require, amongother things, raising public awareness of coastal and oceanissues, the re-targeting of financial assistance to take into

14


account lessons learned from experience, and building of thecapacity of the educational institutions of coastal nations.Capacity building is required within governments, local com-munities, and NGOs, as well as to enable effectiveinvolvement of the private sector.

Vision

Integrated ocean and coastal and management should bepromoted as an effective framework that facilitates good gov-ernance, especially by increasing accountability, transparencyin decision making, as well as the alleviation of povertythrough ensuring alternative sustainable livelihood optionsfor local coastal communities, and enhancing food and eco-nomic security. To this end, enabling conditions forinvestment opportunities within the context of sustainabledevelopment must be established (Working Group 5 Report).

Achievements

Since 1992, there have been increased interventions incoastal and marine resource management worldwide, both inthe formulation and improvement of policy and institutions,and in the design and implementation of management pro-grams and projects. As noted earlier, there are currently closeto 100 coastal nations that have developed some type of inte-grated ocean or coastal management initiatives either atnational or local levels, indicating almost a doubling of effortsince UNCED. It is significant to note that most initiatives inless developed nations have been supported by the donorcommunity, often as a means of addressing serious povertyproblems in coastal areas.


Notwithstanding the extensive institutional developmentthat has taken place, along most coasts, the environmentaltrends remain negative. Human activities have, and continueto significantly reduce the capacity of coastal ecosystems toproduce the goods and services that together are the life sup-port system for increasing populations and intensities ofcoastal use. Not only are the qualities of the natural environ-ment under assault, but so are the health and well being ofmillions of people who depend on coastal resources as theirprimary source of food and income. Numerous efforts havebeen undertaken, but integrated coastal management at thelocal scale will not flourish unless national governments pro-vide national enabling conditions, including policy,legislation, and coordinating mechanisms. Success in scalingup integrated coastal management and successful sustainedlocal efforts require governance systems that can producemutually reinforcing and integrated planning and decision-making that ranges from individual communities toprovinces, nations, and to collaborative regional efforts.

Key Recommendations (C)

3.1 Involve both the national and subnational levels ofgovernment in the development and implementation ofintegrated coastal management programs, avoiding exclu-sive reliance on pilot projects which often do not “scaleup” to include other parts of the coastal zone.

3.2 Increase the capacity of local governments andcommunity-based groups to manage coastal and marineareas with appropriate scientific inputs and participatoryprocesses.

3.3 Take decisive actions to ensure effective manage-ment measures for the coastal areas of each nation, movingfrom the implementation of demonstration projects to amore complete coverage of each nation’s coastline, by com-mitting to working toward the following targets:

– 20% of national coastlines under management by 2012– 60% of national coastlines under management by 2022– 100% of national coastlines under management by 2032

3.4 Promote the formulation of policies for the man-agement of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) as a newfrontier to maximize the economic return from oceanresources, in particular through the development of com-mon visions for sustainable development across all oceansectors using an ecosystem-based approach and the settingof national and regional ocean management objectives andpriorities.

3.5 Encourage donors to create synergy among many“single issue” projects (such as biodiversity, coastal erosion)funded by multiple donors in the same national contextwhich often operate with few connections among them,and to weave these into a comprehensive coastal manage-ment effort.

3.6 Promote good practice and performance measure-ment standards for donor-funded projects in integratedcoastal management and encourage progress and account-ability at all levels.

3.7 Improve the interconnection between educationand training in integrated coastal management to allow formore systematic capacity building in the field. To this end,donors and governments should consider the establish-ment of regional consortia of local universities onintegrated coastal management.

3.8 Promote the development of Regional Partnershipaimed at improving the management of coastal and marineresources, following successful cooperation modelssuch as the African Process for the Development andProtection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa recently endorsed by the Summit ofthe Organization of African States and the AfricanRegional Preparatory Process for WSSD.

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D. Protection of Coastal and Marine Areasand Biodiversity

Issue

Coastal and marine biodiversity are subject to increasingpressures from multiple and often competing human activi-ties. The diversity of coastal and marine species is declining orunder threat of extinction: out of 126 species of marine mam-mals, 88 are on the threatened species list and 70% of theworld coral reefs are threatened.

Vision

The conservation of coastal and marine biodiversityrequires the involvement of all interested parties, the adoptionof the ecosystem approach in resource management, and avariety of measures, including the establishment of networksof marine protected areas and no-take zones incorporated intointegrated coastal management and fisheries managementstrategies.

Accomplishments

In the last decade, the Convention on Biological Diversityhas established itself as the recognized forum for the develop-ment of policy measures for biodiversity, reinforced, for thecoastal and marine component, by the Jakarta Mandate andthe promotion of ICM as a governance framework. The 2000Cartagena Protocol attached to the CBD addresses issues withgenetically modified organisms. Other achievements includethe establishment of a clearinghouse mechanism, the 1995Global Biodiversity Assessment, the 1995 International CoralReef Initiative, and the 2001 Ecosystem Assessment. Increaseduse of coastal and marine protected areas (MPAs) for biodiver-sity conservation and fisheries management is to be lauded,but it remains inadequately applied at the ecosystem level.Currently, there are more than 1,300 MPAs in the world.Increasingly, MPAs are being created as part of systems ofcoastal management – a key tenet of national ocean policyplanning – moving beyond MPAs as isolated islands of con-servation to work at the watershed and ecosystem scale.


Despite the concentration of efforts and resources in datacollection and processing, there is yet no sufficient informa-tion and knowledge on coastal and marine biodiversity toproperly inform decision-making. Consumption patterns andanthropogenic pressures continue to grow with little promisefor reversing the trend. The increasing reliance on coastal andmarine resources creates a feedback loop that harms bothcommunities and the richness of species. The management ofcoastal and marine resources is still prevailingly sectoral,which impedes the consideration of biodiversity as a crosscut-ting theme in development instruments. The integration ofthe CBD into the WTO process to reflect the real value of eco-logical processes and the role of species in maintaining themremains insufficient. Concerning marine protected areas,

while the oceans comprise over 70% of the earth’s surface, lessthan 1% of the marine environment is within protected areas,compared with nearly 9% of the land surface, and manage-ment of these areas is mixed, many are only “paper parks.”Also, fisheries and aquaculture and MPA communities oftenhave little interaction and efforts are needed to better inte-grate MPAs in ICM programs.

Key Recommendations (D)

4.1 Consider a timetable and specific resource commit-ments to further implement the Jakarta mandate onmarine and coastal biodiversity under the CBD.

4.2 Develop an internationally accepted marine biodi-versity classification system for the marine realm thatsupports the development of a rationale for MPA systemswithin jurisdictions.

4.3 Establish and expand a comprehensive global repre-sentative network of marine protected areas that includesregional and national systems of highly protected/no takeareas for the maintenance of connectivity and corridors.

4.4 Ensure the effectiveness of existing MPAs throughthe development and application of performance measures

4.5 Incorporate marine protected areas into an overallintegrated coastal and ocean management system usingthe social sciences to enhance the participatory process,and assess and address impacts on local human communi-ties.

4.6 Consider establishing MPAs or special conservationareas in the high seas in areas under threat, such asseamounts.

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E. Monitoring and Assessment of the Marine Environment

Issue

Coastal ecosystems are increasingly and inadvertentlybeing altered by human activities. The production of food andenergy and the pressures of human population are directlylinked to these alterations and some attempts at direct manip-ulation of the coastal as well as open ocean environments arenow underway without adequate management and regula-tion. The world ocean plays a fundamental role in controllingatmospheric climate. In turn, climate variability and globalclimate change affect human activities and the marine envi-ronment. The effective management of coastal and oceanicecosystems in this changing environment will require thecauses and effects of these changes to be fully understood.

Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land-basedsources. In the developing world, more than 90% of sewageand 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into sur-face waters where they pollute water supplies and coastalwaters. It is thus important to recognize that the health ofoceans and coasts is directly linked to the proper managementof river basins, including freshwater flows to the marine envi-ronment.

Vision

A major challenge for the next decade is formulation andimplementation of comprehensive environmental policies forintegrated management of the marine environment and itsnatural resources. Meeting this challenge requires (a) signifi-cant advances in the acquisition, analysis, and synthesis ofinterdisciplinary environmental data, and (b) the establish-ment of mechanisms to enhance the exchange of data andinformation between the science and management communi-ties. A central element is the implementation of anoperational observing system that is adequate for the detec-tion of changes occurring in the marine environment fromestuaries to the deep sea and the development and applicationof modeling and forecasting techniques to achieve operationalcapabilities analogous to weather prediction (Working Group3 Report).

Ecosystem approaches that link management of riverbasins to marine ecosystems, such as the Global Programme ofAction for the Protection of the Marine Environment fromLand-Based Activities, must be effectively implemented. Thisis especially important in the context of coastal megacities(70% of cities over 8 million people are coastal), such as Lagos,Nigeria—where 65% of the estimated 13.4 million people livein poverty.

Accomplishments

Success has been achieved in several different areas sincethe Earth Summit. A number of initiatives have been taken bythe intergovernmental agencies, which will provide a frame-work for the global application of scientifically based and

coordinated action. Some of these are the Global OceanObserving System (GOOS)–introduced by the IOC in 1991 andco-sponsored by WMO and UNEP; the Global Coral ReefMonitoring Network (GCRMN); the UNEP Regional SeasProgram; the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) projects; and theGlobal International Water Assessment (GIWA). There havebeen three major conceptual advances in coastal science. First,humans are now thought of as forming an integral compo-nent of the ecology and function of ecosystems. Second, thewater continuum of river basin catchments into the coastalocean has been identified as a fundamental unit for coastalassessment and management. Third, the ecosystem approachto management has been developed and is an important con-sideration in managing coastal areas. New monitoring toolsare also in place now, from molecular-level assays to spaceplatform observations. Specific international programs thathave made great significant strides since UNCED includingthe IGBP program which is completing its first 10-year stageassessment of global change with several core projects address-ing the coastal zone and the marine environment. The GlobalProgramme of Action for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-based Activities (GPA), adopted in1995, provides the major programmatic framework foraddressing anthropogenic sources of marine pollution.


Additional efforts must be undertaken to jointly addressthe problems of fresh water and coastal and marine pollutionfrom land-based activities. For a more effective implementa-tion of the GPA and advancement of ocean governance,coordination and cooperation among the many differentinstitutions and economic sectors, as well as additional finan-cial resources are required. A global assessment of the marineenvironment is urgently needed, bringing sectoral assess-ments together in an integrated way and forecasting changesin ocean/coastal uses and their implications. The developmentof environmental, socio-economic, and program performanceindicators is also needed to assess the effectiveness of coastaland ocean management programs.

Key Recommendations (E)

5.1 Develop a periodic, comprehensive global report onthe State of Oceans and Development building on existingregional and sectoral efforts. This report should anticipateand plan for emerging ocean and coastal issues, such as off-shore aquaculture and bioprospecting of marine geneticresources.

5.2 To support the global assessment, implement anoperational observing system that is adequate to detectchanges occurring in the marine environment from estuar-ies to the deep sea and the development and application ofmodeling and forecasting technique to achieve operationalcapabilities analogous to weather prediction.

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5.3 Advance the scientific understanding of interac-tions among marine, terrestrial and atmospheric systemsand of how human activities influence these interactionsthrough synthesis and improved understanding of: (a) theocean-climate system, and of (b) coastal systems that areaffected by the ocean-climate system and land-basedhuman activities.

5.4 Improve the linkage between science and manage-ment through partnerships that enable more effective useand exchange of data and information to the benefit ofcommunities and society as a whole, by including, interalia, the socio-economic aspects of marine pollution andphysical degradation in the State of the Oceans andDevelopment report, and through the development of envi-ronmental and socio-economic indicators measuring theperformance of management actions related to oceans andcoasts.

5.5 Support the implementation and financing of theGlobal Programme of Action for the Protection of theMarine Environment from Land-Based Activities.

F. Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Issue

Both Agenda 21 and the 1994 Barbados Programme ofAction highlight the fact that islands are faced with the great-est complexities and challenges of sustainable development.One of the most useful definitions of the challenge is found inAgenda 21 that recognized “Small Island Developing States,and islands supporting small communities are a special caseboth for environment and development. They are ecological-ly fragile and vulnerable. Their small size, limited resources,geographic dispersion and isolation from markets, placethem at a disadvantage economically and prevent economiesof scale.”

Vision

To make progress to reverse the trends, a vision for the sus-tainable development of small islands is needed based on:replacing the conventional concept of economic growth withthat of human development; emphasizing self sufficiency anddomestic and inter-regional markets before international; pro-moting in-country value-adding to products and processes;harnessing investment in coastal and marine areas to provideequitable opportunities to improved livelihoods; reviewingaid practices to ensure full involvement of stakeholders in theconceptualization and design of both large and small projects;increasing the amount of, and access to, ‘small project funds’as these represent useful amounts of money; improving cross-sectoral integration at the regional level; developing a code ofethics for donors; and encouraging inter-regional exchangesbetween civil society.

Achievements

From the review of current policy for small islands, it isclear that there have been some successful approaches toaddressing their pressing environmental and sustainabledevelopment concerns. These include: community-centeredenvironmental initiatives; improved coordination at nationaland, in particular, regional levels; increased capacity in thepublic sector to deal with environmental issues; increasedawareness within communities and increasing participation;and a strengthened regional legal framework to deal withcommon environmental concerns (Working Group 7 Report).


The following constraints or impediments to the sustain-able development of small islands can be recognized: (a) lackof capacity at the national and community levels; (b) frag-mented institutional arrangements with a lack of vertical andhorizontal integration across marine sectors; (c) inconsistentshort and long-term goals that do not safeguard the rights offuture generations; (d) sustainable development strategies inthe framework of climate change and globalization; (e) aiddependency; (f) use of geopolitical conflicts to underpin sup-port for developing countries; (g) donor-driven relationshipbetween official development assistance (ODA) which isdeclining and direct foreign investment which is growing,with consequent inequitable distribution of benefits; and (h)connection between poverty reduction and sustainable devel-opment – poverty reduction should not simply be a shift fromsubsistence to cash economies since increase in power to con-sume has no connection with sustainable development(Working Group 7 Report).

Key Recommendations (F)

6.1 Integrate economic, environmental, and social vul-nerability factors into a vulnerability index with specialapplicability to SIDS.

6.2 Secure greater and sustainable returns from oceanresources through improved domestic policies and legisla-tion, improved terms of trade in ocean resources, andhigher levels of domestic and foreign investment.

6.3 Build capacity for the sound management of theexclusive economic zones of Small Island DevelopingStates.

6.4 Call for Barbados +10 to be convened as a full andcomprehensive review to focus on achievements, con-straints and new initiatives necessary to significantlyadvance sustainable development within SIDS.

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G. Emerging issues

Issue

In addition to the persistent challenges posed by global andregional ocean governance, new issues are emerging, and oth-ers are evolving that will need to be addressed. Emergingissues can be identified in five main clusters. (a) Population-related and societal issues such as management of coastalmegacities and consideration of gender and indigenous peopleissues; (b) Environment-related issues, such as expandingpathways for emergent diseases and invasive species whichmay affect marine species, human health, and the environ-ment. (c) Issues related to trade and to marineindustry-related issues, such as addressing conflicts betweenworld trade and sustainable development of marine resources;impacts of tourism on marine environments; decommission-ing of offshore platforms; megaships and expansion of ports,and recycling of ships; (d) Issues linked with new uses of thesea such as the exploration of the genetic resources of the deepseabed, the protection of underwater cultural heritage, theexpansion of offshore aquaculture, and marine eco-tourism;(e) Issues associated with security and peace, as well as withcombating piracy and other crimes at sea such as drug traf-ficking and the smuggling of migrants (Working Group 1 andSecretariat Background document 2001).

Vision

The international community needs to develop the capaci-ty to assess and anticipate trends in the use of ocean andcoastal resources and areas, such as through the establishmentof a State of Oceans and Development report. Emergingtrends and their implications should also be the subject of dis-cussion at international forums bringing togethergovernments, NGOs, and IGOs.

Achievements

Progress can be reported in the development of governanceand management frameworks of some of the above areas. Forexample, the GPA has adopted the Strategic Action Plan ofMunicipal Wastewater, which can improve the environmentaland health conditions of urban coastal waters. Rules and stan-dards for the decommissioning and disposal of offshoreinstallations have been adopted under the LondonConvention. The International Maritime Organization (IMO),the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP) are attempting todevelop guidelines for the re-cycling of ships. UNESCO hasadopted a Convention for the Protection of the UnderwaterCultural Heritage. IMO has adopted Guidelines onManagement of Ships’ Ballast Waters and is working on aDraft International Convention for the Control of AlienOrganisms and Pathogens in Ships’ Ballast Waters.


Some of the emerging issues in oceans and coasts have notyet been addressed by the existing governance and manage-ment frameworks. International, regional, and nationalgovernance frameworks should develop, as appropriate, byrevising existing or by creating new legal instruments andmeasures to address emerging issues, including those beyondnational jurisdiction. The use of codes of conduct, protocols,and charters should be considered. Among the most pressingissues are the management of the genetic resources of the deepseabed and the possible establishment of marine protectedareas in the high seas to protect especially vulnerable areas.

Key Recommendations (G)

7.1 Consider international instruments or voluntaryguidelines to manage access to and exploitation of thegenetic resources of the deep seabed (for example, throughprotocols in the form of a protocol or voluntary guidelinesattached to the CBD and/or to UNCLOS).

7.2 Address the human health issues posed by geneti-cally modified organisms through the ratification andimplementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafetyattached to the CBD and the control of alien and invasivespecies.

7.3 Address issues in the high seas, including consider-ing the establishment of marine protected areas in deephydrothermal vent areas and the conservation of sensitivehabitats such as seamounts.

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SUMMARY OF MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONSTable 2 provides a summary of the major recommendations of this

report of the Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10.

Table 2—Summary of major recommendations

Issue Recommendations

Poverty reduction and healthier coastalcommunities

1.1 Establish and implement programs in integrated coastal and ocean management toguide development opportunities in coastal areas of developing countries whilemaintaining or achieving environmental quality.

1.2 Target donor aid more explicitly to achieve poverty reduction/public healthimprovement in developing countries, such as, for example:

—Encourage the GEF to analyze how project proposals funded under the GEF willaddress poverty alleviation/public health gains.

—Encourage donors to set up a “Small Project Fund” for addressing ocean andcoastal issues. “Small grants” of usually less than $25,000 per project can be usefulsources for: (a) capacity building, particularly among local authorities and non-governmental organizations; (b) dissemination of good practice; (c) preparation oflarger project proposals; and (d) demonstration projects to promote sustainablelivelihoods.

1.3 Recognize sustainable aquaculture and responsible fisheries as parallel and essentialelements of a common strategy to ensure global seafood security and fill the supplygap forecasted for the next decade.

1.4 Focus on innovative approaches to small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, empower-ing the sector, establishing fishing rights including access to necessary infrastruc-ture to support livelihoods and tenure systems, integrating fisheries into coastalmanagement, and taking account of the interactions and compatibilities betweenaquaculture and harvest fisheries.

1.5 Support the implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protectionof the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities, and in particular theStrategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater.

1.6 Prevent destruction, loss of human lives and associated costs through appropriateforecasting, early warning, prevention, preparedness, and mitigation measures ofocean-related natural disasters.

2.1 Develop a common Global Vision for Oceans, Seas, and Coasts which provides thegoals and objectives for the governance of the oceans and coasts, to which themultitude of international regulatory regimes and institutions contribute.

2.2 Promote transparency, participation, and accountability in decision-making onoceans and coasts at all levels.

2.3 Undertake a broad diplomatic process for wider ratification and implementation ofmultilateral agreements related to oceans and coasts (such as UNCLOS, Fish StocksAgreement, etc.), and develop strategies for ensuring peace and security of oceansand coasts, including peaceful settlement of ocean disputes.

2.4 Promote joint implementation of clusters of international legal instruments andprograms addressing oceans at global, regional and national levels, through, forexample: memoranda of understanding among governing bodies, joint work ofscientific bodies, joint consideration of related agreements, and joint work pro-grams.

Implementation and compliance with international agreements

20


2.5 Streamline national reporting around clusters of international legal instrumentsand programs addressing oceans to ease countries’ reporting burdens.

2.6 Encourage the creation of national ocean and coastal councils to formulatenational policies on oceans and coasts and to implement, in a coordinated fash-ion, clusters of international agreements on oceans and coasts.

2.7 Regional scales of ocean governance should be recognized and promoted as anessential approach to pursue the sustainable development of oceans and coastsand to integrate global approaches with local ones.

3.1 Involve both the national and subnational levels of government in the develop-ment and implementation of integrated coastal management programs, avoidingexclusive reliance on pilot projects which often do not “scale up” to include otherparts of the coastal zone.

3.2 Increase the capacity of local governments and community-based groups to man-age coastal and marine areas with appropriate scientific inputs and participatoryprocesses.

3.3 Take decisive actions to ensure effective management measures for the coastalareas of each nation, moving from the implementation of demonstration projectsto a more complete coverage of each nation’s coastline, by working toward com-mitting to the following targets:

– 20% of national coastlines under management by 2012



3.4 Promote the formulation of policies for the management of exclusive economiczones (EEZ) as a new frontier to maximize the economic return from oceanresources, in particular through the development of common visions for sustain-able development across all ocean sectors using an ecosystem-based approach andthe setting of national and regional ocean management objectives and priorities.

3.5 Encourage donors to create synergy among many “single issue” projects (such asbiodiversity, coastal erosion) funded by multiple donors in the same national con-text which often operate with few connections among them, and to weave theseinto a comprehensive coastal management effort.

3.6 Promote good practice and performance measurement standards for donor-fundedprojects in integrated coastal management and encourage progress and accounta-bility at all levels.

3.7 Improve the interconnection between education and training in integrated coastalmanagement to allow for more systematic capacity building in the field. To thisend, donors and governments should consider the establishment of regional con-sortia of local universities on integrated coastal management.

3.8 Promote the development of Regional Partnerships aimed at improving the man-agement of coastal and marine resource, following successful cooperation modelssuch as the African Process for the Development and Protection of the Coastal andMarine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa recently endorsed by the OAU Summitand the African Regional Preparatory Process for WSSD.

Implementation and compliance with international agreements Continued...

Capacity building for governance of ocean and coastal areas


21


4.1 Consider a timetable and specific resource commitments to further implementthe Jakarta mandate on marine and coastal biodiversity under the CBD.

4.2 Develop an internationally accepted marine biodiversity classification system forthe marine realm that supports the development of a rationale for MPA systemswithin jurisdictions.

4.3 Establish and expand a comprehensive global representative network of marineprotected areas that includes regional and national systems of highlyprotected/no take areas for the maintenance of connectivity and corridors.

4.4 Ensure the effectiveness of existing MPAs through the development and applica-tion of performance measures.

4.5 Incorporate marine protected areas into an overall integrated coastal and oceanmanagement system using the social sciences to enhance the participatoryprocess, and assess and address impacts on local human communities.

4.6 Consider establishing MPAs or special conservation areas in the high seas in areasunder threat, such as seamounts.

5.1 Develop a periodic, comprehensive global report on the State of Oceans andDevelopment, building on existing regional and sectoral efforts. This report shouldanticipate and plan for emerging ocean and coastal issues, such as offshore aqua-culture and bioprospecting of marine genetic resources.

5.2 To support the global assessment, implement an operational observing systemthat is adequate to detect changes occurring in the marine environment fromestuaries to the deep sea and the development and application of modeling andforecasting techniques to achieve operational capabilities analogous to weatherprediction.

5.3 Advance the scientific understanding of interactions among marine, terrestrialand atmospheric systems and of how human activities influence these interac-tions through synthesis and improved understanding of: (a) the ocean-climatesystem, and of (b) coastal systems that are affected by the ocean-climate systemand land-based human activities.

5.4 Improve the linkage between science and management through partnerships thatenable more effective use and exchange of data and information to the benefit ofcommunities and society as a whole, by including, inter alia, the socio-economicaspects of marine pollution and physical degradation in the State of the Oceansand Development report, and in particular through the development of environ-mental and socio-economic indicators measuring the performance of manage-ment actions related to oceans and coasts.

5.5 Support the implementation and financing of the Global Programme of Actionfor the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities.

6.1 Integrate economic, environmental, and social vulnerability factors into a vulner-ability index with special applicability to SIDS.

6.2 Secure greater and sustainable returns from ocean resources through improveddomestic policies and legislation, improved terms of trade in ocean resources, andhigher levels of domestic and foreign investment.


Protection of coastaland marine areas and biodiversity

Monitoring and assessment of themarine environment

Small island developing states

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GENERAL CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the Conference wishes to transmit a sense of urgency to the WSSD

for addressing the issues surrounding the sustainable development of oceans andcoasts. Participants at the Conference generally agreed that we are in a critical situ-ation of declining trends that requires immediate actions by nations and governingbodies worldwide. This sense of urgency and priority was corroborated in ministe-rial statements, as well as by non-governmental, governmental, and internationalexperts, scientists, commercial fishing, and industrial representatives attending themeeting. It is essential that we link economic development, social welfare, andresource conservation in order to achieve sustainability of oceans and coasts. TheConference issues an urgent call to action to decision makers in the WSSD processto develop a detailed action plan for the sustainable development of the world’soceans and coasts.

6.3 Build capacity for the sound management of the exclusive economic zones ofSmall Island Developing States.

6.4 Call for Barbados +10 to be convened as a full and comprehensive review to focuson achievements, constraints and new initiatives necessary to significantlyadvance sustainable development within SIDS.

7.1 Consider international instruments or voluntary guidelines to manage access to andexploitation of the genetic resources of the deep seabed (for example, in the form ofa protocol or voluntary guidelines attached to the CBD and/or to UNCLOS).

7.2 Address the human health issues posed by genetically modified organisms throughthe ratification and implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafetyattached to the CBD and the control of alien and invasive species.

7.3 Address issues in the high seas, including considering the establishment of marineprotected areas in deep hydrothermal vent areas and the conservation of sensitivehabitats such as seamounts.

Emerging issues


Small island developing states Continued...

23


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UN. 2000. Oceans and Seas—Report of the Secretary-General. A/55/61. New York: UN.

UN. 2001. Oceans and Seas—Report of the Secretary-General. E/CN.17/2001/PC/16. New York: UN.

UNEP. 2001. Intergovernmental Working Group of Expertson the Development of Guidelines on Compliance andEnforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements(Nairobi, 22-26 October 2001),http://www.unep.org/DEPI/Compliance-and-Enforcement/Final%20Report%20of%20October%20Meeting.doc

Wilkinson, C. 2001. “The World’s Coral Reefs Have DeclinedSince 1992: Radical Action is Now Required.”Conference paper.

Working Group 1. 2001. Report on “HarmonizingInternational Agreements, Governance Improvements,Regional Perspectives, and Emerging Issues.” Conferencematerials.

Working Group 2. 2001. Report on “Targeting Donor Aid andPrivate Sector.” Conference materials.

Working Group 3. 2001. Report on “Assessing and Managingthe Marine Environment.” Conference materials.

Working Group 4. 2001. Report on “Marine Protected Areasand Biodiversity.” Conference materials.

Working Group 5. 2001. Report on “Integrated Ocean andCoastal Management.” Conference materials.

Working Group 6. 2001. Report on “Sustainable Fisheries andAquaculture.” Conference materials.

Working Group 7. 2001. Report on “Small IslandPerspectives.” Conference materials.

Working Group 8. 2001. “Capacity Building.” Conferencematerials.

WRI. 2001. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems—CoastalEcosystems. Washington, D.C.: WRI.

24

Mr. Thorkild AarupIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Gayatri AcharyaWorld Bank InstituteWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. Tim AdamsSecretariat of the Pacific CommunityNoumea, New Caledonia

Ms. Lorena Aguilar ReveloSenior Gender AdvisorThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)San José, Costa Rica

Mr. Justin AhanhanzoIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. T. Olatunde AjayiDirectorNigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Lagos, Nigeria

Dr. Rolf AkessonMinistry for Agriculture and FisheriesStockholm, Sweden

Mr. Robert Koami AkpabliEnvironmental ManagerCarl Duisberg GesellschaftBremen, Germany

Dr. Bernardo AliagaIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Maria Fátima AlvesResearcherUniversidade de AveiroAveiro, Portugal

Mr. Jens AmbsdorfExecutive DirectorLighthouse FoundationHamburg, Germany

Dr. Franco AndaloroResearch DirectorCentral Institute for Marine Applied ResearchRome, Italy

Ms. Melissa AndersonIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Nelson AndradeCoordinatorUNEP Caribbean EnvironmentProgrammeKingston, Jamaica

Mr. Francisco Arias IsazaDirector General Marine and Coastal Research Institute of Colombia (INVEMAR)Santa Marta, Colombia

Dr. Salvatore AricòLiaison with the Secretariat of the CBDMan and the Biosphere Programme,UNESCOParis, France

Mr. Zainal ArifinIndonesian Institute of SciencesJakarta, Indonesia

Dr. Josef AschbacherCoordinatorEuropean Space Agency (ESA)Paris, France

Mr. Stefán ÁsmundssonLegal Advisor in International LawMinistry of FisheriesReykjavik, Iceland

Dr. Milton AsmusDean for Research and Graduate Studies,Department of OceanographyFundação Universidade do Rio GrandeRio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Ms. Margarita AstrálagaRegional Coordinator for the AmericasRamsar Convention BureauGland, Switzerland

Mr. Larry AwosikaNigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine ResearchLagos, Nigeria

Dr. Rhodora AzanzaProfessorMarine Science InstituteUniversity of the PhilippinesQuezon City, Philippines

Dr. Isaac Azuz-AdeathCETYS-UniversityMexico

Ms. Nelia Badilla ForestUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeley, CA. USA

Mr. Francois BailetInternational Ocean InstituteDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Ms. Miriam BalgosCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Dr. Rhoda BallingerCardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom

Dr. Manuel BarangePlymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouth, United Kingdom

Dr. Charles BarberVice PresidentInternational Marinelife AllianceHonolulu, HI, USA

Mr. Julian BarbièreIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Ms. Tonya BarnesWriter/EditorEarth Negotiations BulletinNew York, NY, USA

Mr. Philippe BarréMinistry of Foreign AffairsParis, France


Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio +10Towards the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg

List of Participants

25


Ms. Sophie Bastien-DaigleDepartment of Fisheries and OceansMonchon, Canada

Ms. Sapna BatishSea Grant FellowNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Silver Spring, MD, USA

Mr. Jay BatongbacalPhilippine Center for Marine Affairs, Inc.Quezon City, Philippines

Mr. Bruno BautilConsultantGrez-Doiceau, Belgium

Dr. Nic BaxCentre for Research on Introduced Marine PestsHobart, Tasmania , Australia

Dr. Reginald BeachAssociate Director for OceanAtmosphere and SpaceOffice for Naval ResearchLondon, United Kingdom

Mr. Stefano BelfioreCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Ms. Kathy BelpaemeProvince of West FlandersBrugge, Belgium

Dr. Leah Bendell-YoungAssociate ProfessorSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, B.C., Canada

Dr. Patricio BernalExecutive SecretaryIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Barbara BestCoastal Resource and Policy AdvisorU.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopmentWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Diénaba BeyeIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Raphael BillePh.D. candidateÉcole Nationale du Genie Rural des Eaux et Forets (ENGREF)Paris, France

Professor Patricia BirnieVisiting FellowLondon School for Economics andPolitical ScienceLondon, United Kingdom

Mr. Byron BlakeAssistant Secretary-GeneralCARICOMGeorgetown, Guyana

Mr. Joao Lanari BoConselheiroBrazil Delegation to UNESCOBrazil

Mr. Patrice BonedIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Ms. Virginie BonnetIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Ms. Roberta BoscoloInternational CLIVAR Program OfficeSouthampton, United Kingdom

Ms. Yvonne BouquetIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Michel BourgeotInterpreterParis, France

Mr. Jean-Pierre BoyerSecretary GeneralFrench Commission for UNESCOParis, France

Ms. Sarah BrandelU.S. Senior Arctic OfficialU.S. Department of StateWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Charlotte BreideMaritime LawyerDJ Freeman SolicitorsLondon, United Kingdom

Mr. Leo BrewsterDeputy DirectorCoastal Zone Management UnitSt. Michael, Barbados

Dr. Peter BridgewaterDirector, Division of Ecological SciencesUNESCOParis, France

Mr. Philip BurgessDirector, Marine and International Environment AustraliaCanberra, ACT, Australia

Mr. Hermien C. BusschbachInternational Water Policy AdvisorMinistry of Transport, Public Works and Water ManagementThe Hague, The Netherlands

Dr. Paula CaballeroAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS)Bogota, Colombia

Mr. Etienne CailliauInternational HydrographicOrganizationBrest, France

Dr. Fabiana CallegariUniversita degli Studi di GenovaGenoa, Italy

Mr. Patrick CanelSr. Urban Management SpecialistWorld Bank InstituteWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. Robert CanningDepartment of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)London, United Kingdom

Dr. Gillian CambersUniversity of Puerto RicoMayaguez, Puerto Rico

Mrs. Virginia ChadwickThe Great Barrier Reef Marine Park AuthorityTownsville, QLD, Australia

Dr. Young-Tae ChangKorea Maritime InstituteSeoul, Republic of Korea

Dr. Russell ChapmanLouisiana State UniversityUSA

26


Dr. Biliana Cicin-SainDirector, Center for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of Delaware, USA

Ms. Sally CochranU.S. Department Of StateWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Yuval CohenDirector GeneralIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchHaifa, Israel

Ms. Muriel ColeNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Niamh ConnollyUniversity of CorkCork, Ireland

Ms. Ann CorneyElsevier Science Ltd.Oxford, United Kingdom

Mr. Alexandre CoutelleIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Dr. Walter CoutoCoordinatorEcoplata ProgramMontevideo, Uruguay

Mr. Anthony CoxSenior Analyst, Fisheries DivisionOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Paris, France

Dr. Simon CrippsHead, Marine UnitWWF InternationalGland, Switzerland

Dr. Alessandro CriseVice DirectorNational Institute of Oceanography and Experimental GeophysicsSgonico, Italy

Dr. Chris CrosslandExecutive OfficerLand-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)Den Burg-Texel, The Netherlands

Dr. John CullenKillam Professor of OceanographyDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Ms. Valerie CumminsUniversity of CorkCork, Ireland

Mr. Olivier da SilvaIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Niels DaanNetherlands Institute for FisheriesResearchIjmuiden, The Netherlands

Mr. Jeremiah DaffaLeaderTanzania Coastal ManagementPartnership (TCMP)Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Hon. Dr. Rokhmin DahuriMinisterMinistry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesJakarta Selatan, Indonesia

Mr. Dag DalerActing Scientific Director, GlobalInternational Waters AssessmentUniversity of KalmarKalmar, Sweden

Dr. Charlotte de FontaubertGreenpeace USAWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Louise de La FayetteThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)London, United Kingdom

Dr. Annick de MarffyDirectorDivision for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the SeaUnited NationsNew York, NY, USA

Dr. Kaiser De SouzaInternational Seabed AuthorityJamaica

Dr. Bart De WachterEcolas NVAntwerpen, Belgium

Dr. Piero De BonisItalian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and theEnvironment (ENEA)Portici, Italy

Mr. Alexandre DefayConseiller Diplomatique Ministère de la Recherche Paris, France

Mr. Francis DejonEarth Negotiations BulletinNew York, NY, USA

Mr. Richard DelaneyDirector, Urban Harbors InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts, BostonBoston, MA, USA

Dr. Chiara Della MeaCentral Institute for Marine Applied Research (ICRAM)Rome, Italy

Ms. Sophie DeprazProject Manager, CommunicationsInternational Petroleum IndustryLondon, United Kingdom

Dr. Peter DexterChief, Ocean Affairs DivisionWorld Meteorological OrganizationGeneva, Switzerland

Mr. Herb DhaliwalMinisterDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOtawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Antonio J. Díaz-de-León-C.El Colegio de MéxicoMexico City, DF, Mexico

Ms. Amy DiedrichIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Harm DotingaNetherlands Institute for the Law of the SeaUtrecht UniversityUtrecht, The Netherlands

Ms. Betsy DribbenEuropean DirectorHumane Society-USHerndon, VA, USA

27


Ms. Lisa DropkinResearch DirectorSeaWebWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Caroline Dublin-GreenNigerian Institure for Oceanography and Marine ResearchLagos, Nigeria

Dr. Robert DuceTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

Mr. Serge Duval Ministère de la Recherche Paris, France

Dr. Milen DyoulgerovConsultantAnnapolis, MD, USA

Mr. Charles EhlerDirector, International Program OfficeNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Silver Spring, MD USA

Mr. Henrik EnevoldsenIOC Project Coordinator-Harmful AlgaeBloom ProgrammeUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark

Mr. Sten EngdahlIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. William ErbHead, Perth Regional Programme OfficeBureau of MeteorologyWest Perth, WA, Australia

Dr. Exequiel EzcurraPresidentNational Institute of EcologyJardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan C.P. Mexico D.F.

Mr. Semisi FakahauChief Programme Officer, Export andIndustrial Development DivisionCommonwealth SecretariatLondon, United Kingdom

Ms. Lucia FanningDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Mr. Chowdhury Mohammad FaroukChief CampaignerFriends of the EarthDhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Jeremy FirestoneAssistant Professor, Graduate College of Marine StudiesUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Ms. Giselle FirmeNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. John FlemingServicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de ChileValparaiso, Chile

Mr. Roderick ForbesA/Chief, International PolicyCoordinationDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Miguel FortesProfessorMarine Science Institute, College of ScienceUniversity of the PhilippinesQuezon City, Philippines

Dr. Robert FournierProfessor of OceanographyDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Mr. Christos FragakisScientific OfficerDirectorate General, ResearchEnvironment and SustainableDevelopment ProgrammeCommission of European UnionBrussels, Belgium

Dr. Anamarija FrankicConsultant to Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and Physical PlanningCroatia

Dr. David FreestoneLegal Advisor, Environment and International LawWorld BankWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Anne FrenetteDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Patricia GallaugherDirector, Centre for Coastal StudiesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, B.C., Canada

Dr. Serge GarciaFisheries Resources DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO)Rome, Italy

Dr. Guillermo Garcia MonteroPresidentNational Oceanographic CommitteeHabana, Cuba

Dr. Véronique GarçonCentre National de la RéchercheScientifiqueToulouse Cedex, France

Ms. Irene GazagneIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. François GerardPresident- French CommitteeMétéo FranceParis, France

Dr. Makram GergesIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Matthew GianniOceans Campaign CoordinatorGreenpeace InternationalAmsterdamThe Netherlands

Mrs. Deirdre GilbertSea Grant FellowOffice of Rep. Tom AllenU.S. House of RepresentativesWashington, D.C., USADr. Enir Girondi ReisDirector, Train-Sea-Coast BrasilFundaçao Universidade do Rio GrandeRio Grande, Brazil

Ms. Kristina GjerdeInvestment DirectorEnvironmental Investment PartnersKonstancin/Chylice, Poland

Dr. Bernhard GlaeserSocial Science Research Center Berlin(WZB)Berlin, Germany

28


Ms. Nicole GlineurWorld BankWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. Lyle GlowkaFounderBiodiversity Strategies InternationalBonn, Germany

Mr. Kevin GoldsteinCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Mr. Jens GraboLighthouse FoundationHamburg, Germany

Dr. Adolfo Gracia Director, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico D.F., Mexico

Hon. James GreenwoodU.S. Congressman and President of GLOBE InternationalGlobe USAWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. Peter GreimManaging DirectorFrozen Fish InternationalBremerhaven, Germany

Ms. Cécile Grignon-LogerotChargée de missionMinistère de l’Equipement des Transports et du LogementParis, France

Mr. Jorge GutierrezCentro EPOMEXUniversidad Autonoma de CampecheCampeche, Mexico

Ms. Lynne HaleAssociate Director Coastal Resources CenterUniversity of Rhode IslandNarrangasett, RI, USA

Ms. Cláudia HamacherResearcher Rio de Janeiro Catholic UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dr. Ben Ahmad HamzahPresidentMaritime Consultancy Enterprise(Mariconsult)Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dr. Arthur HansonMinisterial Ocean Ambassador, CanadaDepartment of Fisheries and Oceans andInternational Institute for SustainableDevelopmentWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Dr. S.M. HaqFrance

Mr. Mafaniso Hara University of the Western Cape Bellville, South Africa

Ms. Virginie HartConsultantAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS)United Kingdom

Dr. Marea HatziolosWorld BankWashington, D.C., USA

Mr. Moritaka HayashiWaseda University School of LawTokyo, Japan

Dr. Yves HénocqueChef du Laboratoire CotierEnvironementFrench Research Institute forExploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)La Seyne -Sur-Mer, France

Mr. Hans HerrmanHead of Program, Conservation andBiodiversityNorth America Commisssion forEnvironmental CooperationMontreal, Quebec, Canada

Dr. Indumathie HewawasamAfrica RegionWorld BankWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Annie HillaryInternational Program OfficeNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Silver Spring, USA

Ms. Miki HimenoThe Nippon FoundationTokyo, Japan

Mr. Lennox HindsSenior Marine Affairs and Fisheries Policy AdvisorCIDAHull, Quebec, Canada

Dr. Michael HirshfieldOCEANAWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Alf Håkan HoelProfessorUniversity of TromsoeTromso, Norway

Dr. Tegan HoffmannUniversity of California, BerkeleyParis, France

Dr. Antonio HoguaneSenior Lecturer, PhysicsEduardo Mondlane UniversityMaputo, Mozambique

Mr. Geoffrey HollandPast ChairmanIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionSaltspring Island, BC, Canada

Mr. Paul HolthusExecutive DirectorMarine Aquarium CouncilHonolulu, HI, USA

Dr. Seoung-Yong HongVice-MinisterMinistry of Maritime Affairs and FisheriesSeoul, Korea

Dr. Maria HoodIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Antonio HoguaneFaculty of SciencesEduardo Mondalne UniversityMaputo, Mozambique

KH. A. Hussein National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Cairo, Egypt

29


Mr. Thorir IbsenActing Director, Department of NaturalResources and Environmental AffairsMinistry for Foreign AffairsReykjavik, Iceland

Dr. Natarajan IshwaranUNESCO World Heritage CentreParis, France

Dr. Venugopalan IttekkotZentrum Fuer Marine Tropenoekologie(ZMT-Bremen)Bremen, Germany

Mr. Elie JamarcheDirector, International RelationsFrench Research Institute forExploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)Isy-les-Moulineaux, France

Ms. Diane JamesChairmanVictorian Coastal CouncilE. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Dr. Su JilanAdvisor to the AdministratorState Oceanic AdministrationHangzou, Zheijiang, China

Mr. Magnus JohannessonSecretary-GeneralMinistry for the EnvironmentReykjavík, Ísland

Ms. Cathy JohnstonCenter Program CoordinatorCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Dr. Lawrence JudaProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA

Mr. Victor KalyuzhnyiDeputy MinisterMinistry of Foreign AffairsMoscow, Russian Federation

Mr. Mervin KamoetieHead of Office for the Deputy MinisterDepartment of Environmental Affairsand TourismPretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

Dr. Richard KenchingtonSenior DirectorRAC Marine Pty Ltd.Jamison ACTAustralia

Dr. Lee KimballConsultantThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)Washington, D.C., USA

Dr. Peter KingManager, Office of Pacific OperationsAsian Development BankMandaluyong City, Philippines

Mr. Matthew KingAssistant Deputy Minister, Oceans SectorDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Mr. Kazuhiro KitazawaSpecial Assistant to the MinisterMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyYokosuka, Japan

Mr. Maurice KnightChief of PartyUniversity of Rhode Island CoastalResources Center/Proyek PesisirJakarta, Indonesia

Mr. Jens KoefoedInternational Maritime OrganizationUnited Kingdom

Ms. Marjaana KokkonenUNESCO World Heritage CenterParis, France

Dr. Hartwig Hubertus KremerLand-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)Den Burg, The Netherlands

Dr. Gunnar KullenbergExecutive DirectorInternational Ocean Institute—HeadquartersGzira, Malta

Dr. Barbara KwiatkowskaDeputy DirectorNetherlands Institute of Law of the SeaUtrecht, The Netherlands

Ms. Brigitte L’HortyIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Mr. Tom LaughlinDeputy Director, International Affairs OfficeNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Washington, D.C., USA

Ms. Andrea LazzariMinistry of the EnvironmentRome, Italy

Mr. Gilles Le ChatelierCabinet Director Ministère de la Recherche Paris, France

Ms. Christiane Le ConanIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Laure LedouxSchool of Environmental Sciences-University of East AngliaNorwich, United Kingdom

Mr. Robert Y.T. LeeChief Fisheries OfficerAgri-food and Veterinary AuthoritySingapore, Singapore

Ms. Nicole LenôtreARNBureau de Recherche Géologique et Minières (BRGM)Orléans, France

Dr. Cuauhtemoc LeónAcademic Coordinator, LEAD-MexicoEl Colegio de MexicoMexico, D.F, Mexico

Dr. Haiqing LiDeputy Director General, Department of InternationalCooperationState Oceanic AdministrationBeijing, China

Dr. Olof LindenAssociate Professor, University of KalmarCoordinator, Global InternationalWaters Assessment (GIWA)Kalmar, Sweden

Mr. Geoffrey LipmanChairmanGreen Globe 21Bournemouth, United Kingdom

30


Ms. Tracy LondonGeneral ManagerOceans Blue Foundation- CanadaVancouver, BC, Canada

Ms. Maria Carolina LorduyPermanent Delegation of Colombia to UNESCOParis, France

Mr. Olivier LozachmeurFaculty of LawUniversity of NantesMoelan Sur Mer, Bretagne, France

Mr. Carl LundinHead, Global Marine ProgrammeThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)Gland, Switzerland

Ms. Indrani LutchmanFisheries ConsultantSCALES Inc.St. Michael, Barbados

Hon. Francisco MabjaiaVice-MinisterMinistry for the Coordination of Environmental ActionMaputo, Mozambique

Mrs. Rejoice MabudafhasiDeputy MinisterMinistry of Environmental Affairs and TourismPretoria, South Africa

Mr. Anthony MacDonaldExecutive DirectorCoastal States OrganizationWashington, USA

Mr. Ismael Madrigal MonarrezPermanent Mission of Mexico to UNESCOParis, France

Dr. Camille MageauDirector, Marine EcosystemsConservation BranchDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Said MahmoudiFaculty of LawStockholm UniversitySweden

Dr. Robin MahonSenior Program OfficerCoastal and Marine Management ProgramCaribbean Conservation AssociationSt. Michael, W.I., Barbados

Dr. Thomas MaloneDirectorHorn Point LaboratoryCenter for Environmental ScienceCambridge, MD, USA

Ms. Teruko ManabeWorld Meteorological OrganizationGeneva, Switzerland

Ms. Jenny MandelEarth Negotiations BulletinNew York, NY, USA

Dr. Elisabeth Mann-BorgeseInternational Ocean InstituteDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Mr. Mao BinDeputy Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to theInternational Seabed AuthorityKingston, Jamaica

Ms. Anahita MarkerCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Dr. Helene MarshProfessor of Environmental ScienceSchool of Tropical Environment Studiesand GeographyJames Cook UniversityTownsville, Qld, Australia

Ms. Chantal MartensSedimentary and Engineering GeologyState University of GhentGent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium

Dr. Filomena Maria MartinsUniversidade AveiroPortugal

Hon. Árni MathiesenMinisterMinistry of FisheriesReykjavík, Iceland

Ms. Lisa MaxNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Silver Spring, MD, USA

Dr. Monde MayekisoChief DirectorDepartment of Environmental Affairs and TourismCape Town, South Africa

Dr. Moira McConnellProfessorMaritime AffairsWorld Maritime UniversityMalmo, Sweden

Mr. Dan McDougallDirector General, Oceans Department of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Angus McEwanSenior Science AdviserDivision of Marine ResearchCSIROHobart, Tasmania, Australia

Mr. Lou McGuireSenior Policy Advisor to the MinisterDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Mr. Anthony McKenzieNational Environment and Planning AgencyKingston, Jamaica

Ms. Elizabeth McLanahanNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationSilver Spring, MD, USA

Ms. Bernice McLeanCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Ms. Evelyne MeltzerChief, Marine PolicyDepartment of Fisheries and OceansDartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Dr. Jennifer MerrillOcean Studies BoardThe National AcademiesWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Lynne Mersfelder-LewisInternational Affairs Specialist, International Program OfficeNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationSilver Spring, MD, USA

31


Dr. Yuriy MikhaylichenkoChief SpecialistDepartment of Life and Earth SciencesMinistry of Industry, Science andTechnology of the Russian FederationMoscow, Russian Federation

Dr. Andre-Serge MikouizaIOI - Caspian SeaAstrakhan, Russian Federation

Dr. Ed MilesSchool of Marine AffairsUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA USA

Mr. Fernando MingramDirectorServicio Hidrographico yOceanographico de la Armada de ChileValparaiso, Chile

Mr. Jean François MinsterDirector GeneralIFREMERIssy-les-Moulineaux, France

Professor Alain MiossecInstitute of GeographyUniversity of NantesNantes, France

Mr. Kesav MohanDuke UniversityDurham, NC, USA

Dr. Erlend MoksnessInstitute of Marine ResearchFlodevigen Marine Research StationHis, Norway

Ms. Alessandra MolinaPermanent DelegatePermanent Delegation of Italy to UNESCOParis, ItalyMr. Gérard MonediaireUniversity of Limoges CrideauLimoges, France

Mr. Francesco MontoyaDeputy General of Coastal ManagementMinistry of the EnvironmentMadrid, Spain

Dr. Berrien MooreChair, Scientific CommitteeInternational Geosphere-BiosphereProgramme (IGBP)University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA

Mr. David MoranteConseillerItalian Permanent Representative toUNESCODelegation to UNESCO-MIDLUSItaly

Dr. Nicole MorcomGeographical and Environmental StudiesAdelaide UniversityNapier, Australia

Dr. Jacques MorelliChercheurCentre National de la RechercheScientifique (CNRS)Villefrauche Sur Mer, Alpes MaritimesFrance

Ms. Sarah MorisonSea Grant FellowAlexandria, VA, USA

Ms. Cristina MormorunniAsia Pacific Environmental ExchangeSanta Fe, NM, USA

Ms. June Marie MowCoralina, Colombia

Ms. Annette Muelig-HofmannCSIUNESCOParis, France

Ms. Magdalena MuirResearch AssociateArctic Institute of North AmericaUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta, Canada

Mr. Ashley D. NaidooMarine and Coastal ManagementDepartment of Environmental Affairs and TourismRoggebaai, Western Cape, South Africa

Mr. Hiroyuki NakaharaResearch Institute for Ocean EconomicsMinato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Dr. Satya NandanSecretary GeneralInternational Seabed AuthorityKingston, Jamaica

Mr. Young NwaforD.P.D.Delegation of Nigeria to UNESCOParis, France

Ms. Mary O’ConnellEnvironment Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCork, Ireland

Hon. Otu-Ekong Imeh Titus OkopidoMinisterFederal Minstry of EnvironmentAbuja, Nigeria

Mr. Armann ÓlafssonPolitical Advisor to the MinisterMinistry of FisheriesReykjavik, Iceland

Dr. Louri OliounineIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionUNESCOParis, France

Mr. Stephen OlsenDirectorCoastal Resources Center Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNaragansett, USA

Mr. Dieng OusseynouMinistry of TourismDakarSenegal

Professor Phillipe OzanneEuropean Federation of Marine Sciences and TechnologyParis, France

Mr. Hermes PaculeMinistry for the Coordination of Environmental AffairsMaputo, Mozambique

Francesca PalmisaniIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Dr. Costas PapaconstantinouInstitute of Marine Biological ResourcesNational Centre for Marine ResearchAthens, Greece

Mr. Kwang Youl ParkMarine Environment DivisionMinistry of Maritime Affairs & FisheriesSeoul, Republic of Korea

32


Mr. Pietro ParravanoPresidentPacific Coast Federation on Fishermen’sAssociations (PCFFA)Half Moon Bay, CA, USA

Dr. Scott ParsonsDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Edward PattersonSuganthi Devadason Marine Research InstituteTuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Daniel PaulyProfessorFisheries CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, B.C., Canada

Dr. Matti PerttilaFinnish Institute of Marine ResearchHelsinki, Finland

Ms. Laurence PetitguillaumeOceans and Polar EnvironmentDGAFAI- International Affairs ServiceMinistry of Environmental ManagementParis, France

Dr. Jonathan PhinneyExecutive DirectorAmerican Society of Limnology and OceanographyWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Richard PickrillGeological Survey of CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouth, Nova Scotia, CanadaDr. Nicolas PilcherResearch FellowUniversiti Malaysia SarawakKota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

Ms. Daniela PintoEnvironmental Secretariat of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mr. Peter PissiersensIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Tiago Pitta CunhaLegal CounsellorMinistry of Foreign Affairs of PortugalNew York, NY, USA

Professor Marc PoirierSeton Hall University Law SchoolNewark, NJ, USA

Ms. Cigie PontesIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Ms. Geneviève Pouquet El-ChamiFrench DelegationPermanent Delegation to UNESCOParis, France

Ms. Mary PowerSouth Pacific Regional Environment ProgramApia, Samoa

Dr. David PughNatural Environment Research CouncilSouthampton Oceanography CentreSouthampton, HampshireUnited Kingdom

Ms. Kimberly PugliseSea Grant FellowOffice of Representative Bart StupakU.S. CongressWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Sian PullenHeadMarine Conservation ProgrammeWorld Wildlife FundGodalming, Surrey, United Kingdom

Ms. Betty Queffelec Universite de Bretagne Occidentale Centre de Droit et d’Économie de la Mer Brest, France

Mr. Laurent RabierIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Seth RaceCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Mr. Robert RaceInternational Ocean InstituteHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Dr. Viktoriya RadchenkoIOI-UkraineSeavastopol, Crimea, Ukraine

Dr. K. RadhakrishnanDirectorIndian National Centre for Ocean Information ServicesDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentJubilee Hilss, Hyderabad, India

Dr. R. RajagopalanInternational Ocean Institute,Operational Center, Foundation for Sustainable DevelopmentIndian Institute of TechnologyTamil Nadu, India

Dr. Giulietta RakCentral Institute for Marine Applied Research (ICRAM)Rome, Italy

Mr. Jon RambergDeputy Director GeneralDepartment of Trade Policy, Resources and EnvironmentMinistry of Foreign AffairsOslo, Norway

Mr. Oscar Ramirez-FloresUNEP Regional Office for Latin America& the Caribbean and Latin AmericaMexico City, DF, Mexico

Dr. Mac RawsonGeorgia Sea Grant ProgramUniversity of Georgia, USA

Mr. Jean-Paul RebertChargé de MissionDépartement Milieux et EnvironementInstitut de Recherche pour leDéveloppement (IRD)Paris, France

Mr. Greg ReedIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Philip ReynoldsConsultant and Former ChiefWater ProgrammeUnited Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)New York, NY, USA

Ms. Ma. Antonieta RicoyAssistant to the MinisterMinistry of the Environment andNatural Resources (SEMARNAP)Mexico City, DF, Mexico

33


Dr. Evelia Rivera-ArriagaCentro EPOMEXUniversidad Autonoma de CampecheCampeche, Mexico

Professor Allan RobinsonDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA

Ms. Inger O. RosvikNorwegian Ministry of FisheriesOslo, Norway

Mr. Jean-Yves RoyHouse of Commons for Matapédia-MataneOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Mario RuivoChairman, Portuguese CommitteeIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionLisbon, Portugal

Mr. Robert RutherfordProgram Manager, Coastal and OceansDepartment of Fisheries and OceansDartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Mr. Seiji SaekiJapan External Trade OrganizationParis, France

Ms. Veronica SakellDirectorNational Oceans OfficeHobart, Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Ilkay SalihogluMetu Institute of Marine SciencesIcel, Turkey

Eduardo Salles de NovaesSecretary for the Quality of the EnvironmentBrazil

Dr. Paola SalmonaDipartimento PolisUniversita degli Studi di GenovaGenova, Italy

Hon. Gabriele SardoPermanent DelegatePermanent Delegation of Italy to UNESCOParis, France

Dr. Eduard SarukhanianDirectorWorld Weather-Watch-ApplicationsWorld Meteorological OrganizationGeneva, Switzerland

Dr. Giovanni ScabbiaCentro Ricerche Ambiente MarinoAgency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA)Portici, Italy

Dr. Victor ScarabinoIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Ms. Framboise Schiller- RicotouIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Ms. Christel SchipmannCarl Duisberg GesellschaftBremen, Germany

Mr. Joe SchittoneProgram OfficerCoordination OfficeUNEP/GPAThe Hague, The Netherlands

Mr. Carl-Christian SchmidtOECDParis, France

Dr. Tullio ScovazziFaculty of LawUniversity of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy

Dr. Viktor SebekExecutive DirectorAdvisory Committee on Protection of the SeaLondon, United Kingdom

Mr. Suresh Chundre SeeballuckThe Office of the Prime MinisterPort-Louis, Mauritius

Ms. Rebecca Seidenfeld-CerroniWildlife Conservation SocietyBronx, NY, USA

Dr. Sybil SeitzingerIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Dr. Lisa ShafferScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, CA, USA

Mr. André ShareMarine and Coastal ManagementDepartment of Environmental Affairs and TourismRoggebaai, Western CapeSouth Africa

Ms. Chandrika SharmaProgramme AssociateInternational Collective in Support of FishworkersMadras, Chennai, India

Mr. Sunil M. ShastriUniversity of HullScarborough, N. YorksUnited Kingdom

Mr. Ken ShermanNarragansett LaboratoryNOAA National Marine Fisheries ServiceNarragansett, RI, USA

Mr. Tsuyoshi ShiotaIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Alan SielenCounsellor for International ActivitiesEnvironmental Protection AgencyWashington, D.C., USA

Mrs. Paula Sierra-CorreaMarine and Coastal Research Institute of ColombiaSanta Marta, Colombia

Mr. Jóhann SigurjónssonDirector-GeneralMarine Research InstituteReyjkavik, Iceland

Mr. Daniel SilvestreSecretary General of the SeaGovernment of FranceParis, France

Dr. Greco SilvestroCentral Institute for Marine Applied ResearchRome, Italy

Dr. Alan SimcockChairmanOSPARLondon, United Kingdom

34


Mr. Mark SimmondsThe Whale and Dolphin Conservation SocietyBath, United Kingdom

Mr. Benjamin SimsIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Hon. Tuiloma Neroni SladeChairmanPermanent Samoan DelegationAlliance for Small Island StatesNew York, NY, USA

Ms. Lauren SmallPolicy AnalystDepartment of Foreign Affairs and International TradeOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Hance SmithDepartment of Earth SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

Dr. Mário Luiz Gomes SoaresOceanography DepartmentUniversity of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dr. Arcady SokolskyIOI-Caspian SeaRussian Federation

Dr. Jens SorensenHarbor Coastal CenterUniversity of MassachusettsBoston, MA, USA

Mr. David SouterInternational Coral Reef InitiativeStockholm, Sweden

Dr. G. Robin SouthDirectorInternational Ocean Institute-PacificIslandsMarine Studies Programme-University of the South PacificSuva, Fiji

Ms. Lesley SquillanteCoastal Resources Center University of Rhode IslandNarragansett, RI, USA

Professor Jan StelHead of DepartmentOcean Space and Human ActivityInternational Centre for Integrative StudiesMaastricht, The Netherlands

Hon. Peter StenlundChairmanArctic CouncilMinistry for Foreign Affairs, Unit for Northern DimensionHelsinki, Finland

Mr. Mark StoneParks VictoriaMelbourne, Victoria, Australia

Dr. Daniel SumanDivision of Marine Affairs and PolicyUniversity of MiamiMiami, USA

Dr. Colin SummerhayesIntergovernmental OceanographicCommissionParis, France

Ms. Hone-Ling SunEnvironmantal ProtectionAdministrationTaiwan, Chinese Taipei

Dr. Dean SwansonNational Marine Fisheries Service(NMFS)Natinal Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)Silver Spring, MD, USA

Ms. Despina SymonsDirectorEuropean Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD)Brussels, Belgium

Dr. Keisuke TairaProfessorOcean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoTokyo, Japan

Mr. Hiroshi TamamaShip and Ocean FoundationMinato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Mr. Sen Min TanChiefMarine Fisheries Research DepartmentSoutheast Asian Fisheries DevelopmentCenter (SEAFDEC), Singapore

Mr. Chris TompkinsMarine Land and Liability DivisionDepartment of the EnvironmentLondon, United Kingdom

Dr. Hiroshi TerashimaExecutive DirectorThe Nippon FoundationTokyo, Japan

Ms. Danielle TeschCenter for the Study of Marine PolicyUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Dr. Chua Thia-EngRegional Program DirectorPEMSEA, International MaritimeOrganizationQuezon City, Philippines

Ms. Danielle ThibaultDepartment of Fisheries and OceansOttawa, ON, Canada

Dr. James TobeyCoastal Resource CenterUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansett, Rhode Island, USA

Mr. Brendan TobinDirectorLaw and Policy ProgramInternational Marinelife AllianceHonolulu, HI, USA

Dr. Cesar ToroIOCARIBE SecretariatCasa del Marques de Valdehoyos Calle de la Factoria CentroCartagena, Colombia

Hon. Dr. Roberto TortoliUndersecretary of StateMinistry of Environment and Land ProtectionRome, Italy

Mr. Yves TréglosIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Michel TrinquierUnder-Director DJ/MERMinistry of Foreign AffairsParis, France

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Dr. Dirk TroostChiefCoastal and Small Islands UnitUNESCOParis, France

Ms. Gisèle TrubeyProgram OfficerCanadian Commission for UNESCOOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Ivica TrumbicDirectorPriority Actions Programme, RegionalActivity Centre (PAP/RAC)United Nations EnvironmentProgrammeSplit, Croatia

Dr. Martin TsamenyiProfessorCenter for Maritime PolicyUniversity of WollongongWollongong, Australia

Dr. Tamari’i TutangataDirectorSouth Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP)Apia, Samoa

Dr. Umit UnluataIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Andrei Urnov Embassy of the Russian Federation Paris, France

Dr. Luigi VagagginiDirector of the CabinetMinistry of Environment and Land ProtectionRome, Italy

Mr. Christophe Valia-KolleryConseiller pour les sciencesCommission français pour l’UNESCOParis, France

Mr. Eric ValinNational Council for Management andDevelopment of Territory/DATAREcrainville, France

Dr. Adalberto VallegaFirst Vice-President, InternationalGeographical UnionDepartamento PolisUniversity of GenoaGenoa, Italy

Dr. Frank van der MeulenEUCC - The Coastal UnionLeiden, The Netherlands

Prof. Jon Van DykeProfessor of LawSchool of LawUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI, USA

Dr. Veerle VandeweerdDirectorGPA Coordination OfficeUNEPThe Hague, The Netherlands

Mr. Adrien VannierIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Dr. Joeli VeitayakiInternational Ocean Institute-PacificIslandsUniversity of the South PacificSuva, Fiji

Mr. Ole VestergaardIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Dr. Ziatsev ViacheslavProfessorIOI-Caspian SeaAstrakhan Technical State UniversityAstrakhan, Russian Federation

Dr. Marjo VierrosProgramme OfficerMarine and Coastal Biological DiversitySecretariat of the Convention onBiological DiversityMontreal, Quebec, Canada

Ms. Caroline VieuxSouth Pacific Regional Environment ProgramApia, Samoa

Dr. Guillermo VillalobosHeadCoastal Management DepartmentUniversidad Autonoma de CampecheCampeche, Mexico

Dr. Amanda VincentProject Seahorse, BiologyMcGill UniversityMontreal, Canada

Dr. Cherdsak VirapatThailand Operations CenterIOI-ThailandOffice of Thai Marine Policy and Restoration CommitteeBangkok, Thailand

Ms. Kelly VoddenGraduate StudentDepartment of GeographySimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada

Mr. Richard VolkManager, Coastal and Aquatic ProgramsEGAT/EnvironmentUSAIDWashington, D.C. USA

Dr. Hein Von WesternhagenDeputy DirectorAlfred-Wegener InstituteBremerhaven, Germany

Mr. Bambang WahyudiMinistry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesJakarta, Indonesia

Mr. Robert WaylandOffice of Wetlands, Oceans and WatershedsEnvironmental Protection AgencyWashington, D.C., USA

Dr. Geoffrey WescottAssociate ProfessorSchool of Ecology and EnvironmentClayton, Australia

Ambassador Mary Beth WestDivision of Marine Law and PolicyU.S. Department of StateWashington, D.C., USA

Ms. Ann Kristin WestbergAssistant Director GeneralDepartment of ResourcesMinistry of FisheriesOslo, Norway

Ms. Cherie WhelanIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Ms. Anna WidénInstitute of Marine StudiesUniversity of PlymouthUnited Kingdom

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Mrs. Damayanthi Sujatha WijetillekeConsultantSaviya Development FoundationGalle, Sri Lanka

Mr. Tim WilkinsIntertankoLondon, United Kingdom

Dr. Clive WilkinsonCoordinatorGlobal Coral Reef Monitoring NetworkAustralian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsville MC, QLD, Australia

Ms. Meriwether WilsonDirectorInternational Coral Reef Action NetworkCambridge, United Kingdom

Dr. Ni YuefengDeputy AdministratorState Oceanic AdministrationBeijing, China

Mr. Eugenio YunisChief of SectionSustainable Development TourismWorld Tourism OrganizationMadrid, Spain

Dr. Andrew ZacharekNational Oceans OfficeHobart, Tasmania, Australia

Mr. Viacheslav ZaitsevIOI - Caspian SeaRussian Federation

Mrs. Marguerita ZaitsevaAstrakhan Technical State UniversityAstrakhan, Russian Federation

Ms. Michelle ZouicheIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionParis, France

Mr. Kees ZwanenburgBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

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OrganizingCommitteeNGOs/scientists

Chair: Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Center for the Study ofMarine Policy, University of Delaware, USA

Dr. Tundi Agardy, Consultant

Mr. Tim Bagley, Global Legislator’s Organization for a Balanced Environment

Dr. Paula Caballero, Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea

Dr. Aldo Chircop, Coordinator, Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Canada

Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme onBuilding Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas ofEast Asia, Philippines

Dr. Harry Cocossis, University of the Aegean, Greece

Dr. Charlotte de Fontaubert, Greenpeace, USA

Mr. Richard Delaney, Director, Urban Harbors Institute, University of Massachusetts-Boston, USA

Dr. Enir Girondi Reis, Fundaçao Universidade do Rio Grande, Brazil

Mr. Moritaka Hayashi, Waseda University School of Law, Japan

Dr. Tim Hennessey, Marine Affairs and Policy Association

Dr. Yves Hénocque, IFREMER, France

Dr. Douglas Johnston, University of Victoria, Canada

Dr. Richard Kenchington, RAC Marine Pty Ltd., Australia

Dr. Barbara Kwiatkowska, Netherlands Institute of Law of theSea, The Netherlands

Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg, International Ocean Institute, Malta

Dr. Gerard Mangone, Editor, International Journal of Marine andCoastal Law, University of Delaware, USA

Dr. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, International Ocean Institute,Canada

Mr. Sebastian Mathew, International Collective in Support of Fish Workers, India

Prof. Alain Miossec, University of Nantes and InternationalGeographical Union, France

Prof. John Morrison, Ocean and Coastal Research Centre,University of Wollongong, Australia

Dr. Hiroyuki Nakahara, Research Institute for Ocean Economics,Japan

Mr. Steve Olsen, Coastal Resources Center, Rhode Island, USA

Dr. Erdal Özhan, MEDCOAST, Middle East Technical University,Ankara, Turkey

Mr. Pietro Parravano, World Forum of Fish-Harvesters &Fishworkers

Dr. Sian Pullen, World Wildlife Fund, United Kingdom

Dr. R. Rajagopalan, International Ocean Insitute, India

Ms. Evelia Rivera Arriaga, EPOMEX, University of Campeche,Mexico

Dr. Mario Ruivo, Portuguese Committee for IOC, Lisbon, Portugal

Dr. Albert Salman, European Union for Coastal Conservation(EUCC), The Netherlands

Dr. Hance Smith, Cardiff University, United Kingdom

Mr. Victor Sebek, Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS)

Dr. G. Robin South, University of South Pacific, Fiji

Dr. Juan Luis Suárez de Vivero, University of Sevilla, Spain

Dr. Phiphat Tangsubkul, Southeast Asia Programme in Ocean Law, Policy and Management (SEAPOL)

Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, The Nippon Foundation, Japan

Dr. Adalberto Vallega, International Geographical Union andInternational Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies, Italy

Prof. Jon M. Van Dyke, Ocean Governance Study Group, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawaii, USA

Dr. Jentje van der Weide, Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands

Dr. Geoffrey Wescott, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia(member of the Australian National Oceans Advisory Group)

International Organizations

Chair: Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, France

Dr. Chris Crossland, Land-Ocean Interactions in the CoastalZone (LOICZ), The Netherlands

Mr. Michael Z. Cutajar, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Germany

Dr. David Freestone, Legal Advisor, World Bank, Washington

Mr. Serge Garcia, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Italy

Dr. Marea Hatziolos, Senior Coastal and Marine ResourceSpecialist, Environment Department, World Bank

Dr. Indumathie Hewawasam, Africa Region, World Bank

Dr. Geoffrey Holland, Canada, Former Chairman, IOC, UNESCO

Mr. Andy Hooten, AJH, Environmental Services

Dr. Su Jilan, China, Chairman, IOC, UNESCO

Mr. Phil Reynolds, United Nations Development ProgramConsultant and Former Chief, Water Program, UNDP

Dr. Will Steffen, Executive Director, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), Sweden

Dr. Narasimhan Sundararaman, Secretary, IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC), Switzerland

Mr. Dirk Troost, Environment and Development in CoastalRegions and in Small Islands (CSI), UNESCO, France

Mr. Ivica Trumbic, Regional Activity Centre for Priority ActionsProgramme, Croatia

Mr. Tamari’i Tutangata, Director, South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Programme

Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd, Coordinator UNEP/GPA CoordinationOffice, The Hague, Netherlands

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Dr. Clive Wilkinson, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia

Government Sector

Chair: Dr. Seoung Yong Hong, Vice-Minister, Ministry of MaritimeAffairs and Fisheries, Korea

Mr. Daniel Basta, National Marine Sanctuary System, U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

H. Victor Lichtinger, Minister, Ministry of Environment, NaturalResources, Mexico

H. Herb Dhaliwal, Minister, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Canada

H. Rawle C. Eastmond, Minister, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, Barbados

Mr. Charles Ehler, National Ocean Service, U.S. National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration

Mr. Lennox Hinds, Canadian International Development Agency

H. Robert Hill, Minister, Ministry for the Environment, Australia

H. Diane James, Chair, Victorian Coastal Council, Australia

Mr. Victor I. Kalyuzhnyi, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs,Russian Federation

Prof. Vladimir A. Knyazhev, Deputy Minister of Industry, Science and Technology, Russian Federation

Mr. Tom Laughlin, U.S. National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration

H. Rokhmin Dahuri, Minister, Ministry of Marine Affairs andFisheries, Indonesia

Dr. Yuriy Mikhaylichenko, Ministry of Industry, Science andTechnology, Russian Federation

Mr. Haiqing Li, State Oceanic Administration, China

H. Francisco Mabjaia, Vice Minister, Ministry for the Environment, Mozambique

Ms. Camille Mageau, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Ottawa, Canada

Ms. Evelyne Meltzer, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Halifax, Canada

Dr. Magnus Ngoile, Director-General, Natural ResourcesManagement Council, Tanzania

H. Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Chairman, Alliance forSmall Island States and Ambassador/Permanent Representative of Samoa

H. Jose Sarney Filho, Minister, Ministry for Environment, Brazil

Graphic design by Kevin McLaughlinCover art by Jorge Gutierrez

Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts · 2013-07-16 · v Co-Chairs’ Report...

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