Ensuring Progress in the General Education CurriculumChapter 2

View Heather and Star Video Who do you think will take the MAP test in 2 years? Should Heather be required to take it in just the same

way as her peers without disabilities? Should Star? If not, what accommodations are reasonable? Should either of them be exempted and have an

alternative assessment?

Progress in the General Education Curriculum IDEA - IEP requirements Standards-based reform NCLB: Academic standards, student

achievement standards, and alternate achievement standards

IEP accommodations Raise standards Problems in standards-based reform

Issues of Diversity 2003: European American and Asian/Pacific

Islander students scored higher on assessments than African American, Latino, and Native American/Alaskan Native students

Average reading scores for fourth and eighth grades students on free lunch are lower

Large gaps between European American, African American and Latino students remain unchanged since 1990

Low-wealth children engage in far less academic work

By Oct. of first grade, a middle/high-SES child reads 12 words per reading session; a low-SES child reads 0 words

By April, the middle/high-SES child reads 81 words; a low-SES child reads 32 words

By the end of first grade, middle/high-SES have seen approximately 19,000 words; low-SES about 10,000

By the end of the sixth grade, a child of poverty would need to go to school an additional year-and-a-half to have the same academic experience

Demographics in Special EducationRace General Special

Population Education

White 66.2% 63.6%

Black 14.8% 20.2%

Hispanic 14.8% 13.2%

Am. Indian 1.0% 1.3%

Asian/Pacific 3.8% 1.7%

Supplementary Aids and Services Universal design for learning Access Classroom ecology Education and assistive technology Assessment and task modifications Teacher, paraprofessional, or peer support

See Figure 2-1

What Universal Design Means In the world of architecture and building,

adaptability is subtle, integrated into the design, and benefits everyone.

A shift from thinking why we should make changes to accommodate a few people in wheelchairs to an appreciation of how much better things can be for all of us

Fundamental shifts in our ideas of teaching and learning Students with disabilities fall along a continuum of

learner differences, just as other students do; Teachers should make adjustments for all students, not

just those with disabilities; Curriculum materials should be as varied and diverse as

the learning styles and needs in the classroom, rather than textbook-centered (currently possible with digital and on-line resources);

Rather than trying to adjust the students to learn from a set curriculum, the curriculum should be flexible to accommodate a range of student differences.

Principles of Universal Design Principle 1: Equitable Use

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities

Equitable Use… Adjustable chairs

Inequitable use… Chairs in the room or office

Principles of Universal Design Principle 2: Flexibility in Use

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities

Flexible in Use… Latch doorknob

Flexible in Use Push opener

Inflexible in Use… Round doorknob

Accessible for use Push door opener

Principles of Universal Design Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use

Use of the design is easy to understand regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level

Principles of Universal Design Principle 4: Perceptible Information

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.

round thermostat

Perceptible Information Fire alarm with strobe light

Perceptible Information ATM with large

buttons

Principles of Universal Design Principle Five:

Tolerance for Error The design minimizes

hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

Tolerance for Error…low? Bathroom entranceway

Tolerance for Error…high? Outside power door

button for entry system

Tolerance for Error?? Let’s Look

Principles of Universal Design Principle Six: Low Physical Effort

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

door handle

Principles of Universal Design Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach

and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for

approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

subway gate

Student-Placement Trends 50% of students with disabilities in gen. ed.

80% of the time or more 28% of student in gen. ed. 40%-79% of the

time 19% of students in gen. ed.0-39% of the time 3% of students in residential facilities 0.7% of students in separate facility 0.5% of students in home/hospital

Characteristics of Inclusion Home-school placement Principle of natural proportions Restructuring teaching and learning Age-and grade-appropriate placements Eliminating the continuum of placements Increasing amount of time in general education Perspectives: parents, teachers, and students

See Figure 2-7

Inclusion: Refer to Figure 2-7 What are your thoughts on this topic? Get into your discussion group and discuss

What are the pros and cons for inclusion? If you were a parent of a child with a disability,

what would you want? Which disability category would you see less

likely to be included, and why? Which disability category would you see most

likely to be included, and why?

Designing an IEP (see Figure 2-8) Determine supplementary aids Determine specially designed instruction Address life-skills content Specify related services