Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food security
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Transcript of Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food security
Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food security
20th IMS World Meat Congress, Beijing, China, 14–16 June 2014
Steve Staal Representative for E and SE Asia ILRI
Outline
• Growing demand • Role of smallholder producers• Importance of livestock for smallholder
producers • Smallholder competitiveness• Key constraints• The trajectories for livestock development• Ensuring the continued role of livestock in rural
development
Animal agriculture to 2050: TRENDS
GLOBAL TRENDS:
• Livestock have played a key role in people’s livelihoods for millennia
• Unprecedented rising demand for livestock commodities will continue over the coming 5 decades
• Where and how most livestock commodities are produced, sold and consumed is changing significantly; much of it still smallholder
Rosegrant et al. 2009
90% of livestock production will occur in same country products are consumed (IMPACT)
Consumption of meat and milk in developing countries is forecast to increase faster than that for any crop product.(IAASTD)
Now and into the future: Demand-driven livestock revolution
Livestock in developing countries
70% of the world’s livestock (18.5 billion head) are in developing countries and the share is growing
FAO
Livestock keepers in developing countries
Density of poor livestock keepers
One billion people earning <$2 a day depend on livestock:• 600 million in South Asia• 300 million in sub-Saharan Africa
0 or no data
Density of poor livestock keepers
ILRI, 2012
Livestock and livelihoods
• 70% of the world’s rural poor rely on livestock for important parts of their livelihoods.
• Of the 600 million poor livestock keepers in the world, around two-thirds are rural women.
• Over 100 million landless people keep livestock.
• For the vulnerable, up to 40% of benefits from livestock keeping come from non-market, intangible benefits, mostly insurance and financing.
• In the poorest countries, livestock manure comprises over 70% of soil fertility amendments.
• Many employed in local informal livestock product markets
Livestock multiplies rural incomes
• Rural income multipliers are higher for livestock than for other commodities (3x in sub-Saharan Africa) and higher even thannon-agricultural activities.
Livestock for nutrition
• In developing countries, livestock contribute 6−36% of protein and 2−12% of calories.
• Livestock provide food for at least 830 million food-insecure people.
• Small amounts of animal-source foods have large benefits on child growth and cognition and on pregnancy outcomes.
Most food of the world is producedon small mixed crop-and-livestock farms
Developing-country mixed crop-livestock systems, most of them smallholders, supplythe large proportionof livestock products
Percent of production from smallholders
BMGF, FAO and ILRI
Smallholders still dominate production in many counties
Smallholder competitiveness
• The “household model” of production (multiple objectives, multiple benefits).
• Multiple benefits, maximum use of low cost resources and farm synergies, interactions, not completely dependent on profits, up to 40% non-market “return”
• The large scale “enterprise model” of production (1 objective and benefit=profit)
• Capital intensive , mechanization and economies of scale advantages only work when labor costs are high
• Multiple studies across continents demonstrates reasons for underlying competitiveness
• limited economies of scale in production• Often comparable unit costs of production, small vs large• Fresh product markets also buffer import competition
Opportunity costs of labor determine scale of production
Source: Project on Transregonal Analysis of Crop-Livestock intensification, ILRI 2002
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Cattle herd size and rural wages
Smallholder investment rationale
• Does not require sentimentality or a belief in “small is beautiful”
• Is simply based on the evidence and the dual objectives of – increasing animal source food supply to consumers,
– supporting rural development and livelihoods
• The evidence:– They produce the bulk of the livestock products in developing country so
need to be part of increase supply strategy
– They continue to be competitive so wont go away on their own
– Does not detract from investing in larger commercial systems
Many attempts to improve smallholder production have failed
We failed to take sufficient account of the realities of the users −the world’s small-scalelivestock producers:
• Environment• Climate• Feeds available• Endemic diseases• Local market context• State of infrastructure• Institutions
Productivity gaps and constraints
• Productivity gap estimates:– up to 130% in beef, 430% in milk, even among
existing breeds.
• Short-term constraints:Estimates suggest typical 50−70% deficits in feed relative to genetic potential.
• Longer term constraints:Animal diseases cause mortality and low productivity: – e.g. East Coast fever, trypanosomosis,
Newcastle disease– In some systems, up to 20% mortality in
adults, much higher in young animals.
Multiple factors contributing to under-performance
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GeneticsHealthFeed
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Growing local markets but mostly informal
• Large share of developing country livestock product markets are traditional/informal (80−90%).
• Domestic markets dominate: Opportunities for exports are limited by SPS and quality standards, but also price.
• ‘Supermarketization’ threatens smallholder market participation, although smaller impact on fresh foods.
Demand for safety & quality drives formal and informal markets
Increased level ofsafety
Increased consumer purchasing power/income
Market will not
enforce public standards
Market may impose higher private standards
Market driven standards are like death and taxes: impossible to avoid
Raising awareness and social marketing can raise demand for safety
Official public standards
Mostly formal markets
Mostly informal markets
Greatest burden of zoonoses falls onone billion poor livestock keepers
Map by ILRI, from original in a report to DFID: Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, 2012
Trajectories of growth for the livestock sectorStrong growthIntensifying and increasingly market oriented often transforming smallholder systems
Fragile growthWhere remoteness, marginal land resources or agro climatic vulnerability restrict intensification
High growthwith externalitiesIntensified livestock systems with diverse challenges including the environment and human health
Many areas of intervention
MarketsInstitutions
Policies
Animal health★Vaccines
★Diagnostics★Delivery systems
Markets & institutions★New business arrangements
★Good access to markets
Health & nutrition★Risk- not rule-based regulations
★Controlled zoonoses★Balanced diets
Environment★High feed efficiency★Wide use of crop
residues
Feed★Viable feed markets
★Improved feeds/feed strategies★Judicious biomass use
Genetics★Improved local
breeds★Breeds well-matched
to environments
New genomic toolsBREEDS and ANIMAL HEALTH
Gene editing: Tools based on newly discovered bacterial molecular defence systems that allow quick, efficient and precise gene editing in any cell or species.
Can be used to explore and develop new vaccines
Can greatly improve traits of interest using existing within-species variation for rapid, high-precision cross-breeding.
OpportunitiesFOOD-FEED CROPS
• Genetic tools can also be used to develop crop varieties with improved residue quality• 3% increase in digestibility = 7%
increase in productivity (sorghum)
• Rice straw next target• Huge potential impact across large part
of Ais
• Potential environmental ‘win-win’• Fewer GHG emissions compared to
burning or decomposition
OpportunitiesMARKETS
• Target the S&MSE in livestock markets that dominate many markets and often ignored
• Upgrade local and informal markets for greater food safety, quality and economic performance• An evolutionary approach
• BDS approach through capacity building
• Bring business models into collective organisations
• Start with the much larger DOMESTIC markets
We can and should include smallholders in the response to rising demand for animal-source foods
Increase production to benefit poor people and the planet
• People: Equity– more product for the market = more income– more benefits for women, who make up 2/3
of the 1 billion poor reliant on livestock
• People: Health and nutrition– more available and affordable
animal-source foods– more balanced diets– risk-based food safety policies
• Planet: Environment– greater efficiency– fewer animals– smaller footprint– reduced GHGs
Key messages
1 Unprecedented demand for animal-source foods in developing countries will continue to rise
2 Most meat, milk and eggs in developing countries come from smallholders and are produced and consumed in the same country
3 Big transitions in the world’s smallholder livestock systems present big opportunities to address both technical and institutional issues, benefiting both people and planet
4 Working with and through both smallholder and commercial systems will both improve animal-source food supply and transform rural livelihoods
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
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