179 THE JEWISH i:.M Y< LOPEDIA Ennery, MarchandEnoch

Be gathers a nivse of disciples, and, in-creasing in wisdom, he finally is proclaimed king,

on earth during the 248 years of hisrule. But he bankers after solitude. He abandonshis throne, appearing to men from time to time toinstruct them. Finally he is summoned to leaveearth and to assume rulership over ti

.

God." lie ascends to heaven on a horse, after themanner of Elijah's translation, in the sight of a vaslmultitude, which in vain repeatedly endeavors todetain him. In Tosefot to Yeb. 16b it is deniedthat Enoch could have been "Sar ha-'Olam " < Princeof the World).In some late accounts Enoch reappears as a pros-

elyte, who, though under the obligation toobserveonly the Beven Noachian precepts, embraces Judaism. He is a cobbler sewing together worlds; andover every seam he pronounces the benedictionBlessed be the name, the glory of Ilis kingdom for

ever and aye " (see Yalk., J.Iadash., 25b; Yalk., Reu-beni, 28b, Bereshit).

s. s. E. G. II.

In Mohammedan Literature: Enoch isknown to the Mohammedans as "Idris" (the In-structor). In the Koran Idris is mentioned in suraxix. 57 as a man of truth and a prophet, raised byAllah to a lofty place, and in sura xxi. 85 as a model ofpatience. Baidawi, in identifying him with Enoch,explains "Idris" as indicating his knowledge of di-vine mysteries. He was the hist man who knew howto write, and invented the sciences of astronomy andarithmetic (see above, In I! lbbinicai Literature).The story of his "death " is variously related. Win non a visit to the Angel of Heaven he was met w Idle inthe fourth heaven by the An- I of Oealh, who informed him that he had orders to bring about hisend. Idris then expired in the embrace (wings) ofthe Angel of Heaven, and remained in the fourthheaven ever after. In other versions Idris, alsonamed "Uhnukh," appears as in communicationwith the angel Gabriel, and as a student of the Booksof Adam, as well as of those imparted to him byGabriel. He had been sent as a preacher of repent-ance unto the corrupt descendants of Cain.

Idris was often Compelled to defend his life withthe sword against the depraved children of earth.He invented the balance to weigh justly. He wasthe first scribe and the first tailor. He longs to en-ter paradise. God sends Death disguised as a beau-tiful virgin to test him. He prays for death withthe privilege of returning to life. This is grantedlie dies, but, returns to life at once; visits hell, w leuhe beholds from the wall of division the horrors ofGehenna; and is then led to the gate of paradise.le fused admittance by the oust, ulian, lie lilts him-self over the wall by Clinging to a branch of the

"Tuba," the tree of knowledge, which God forbis benefit caused to bend over the wall. Thus Idrisentered paradise while still living. It. is possiblethattl ds contain traces of lost haggadahs.

idi reports that, Enoch (Uhnukh) was the sonof Lud, and is identical with Idris. He lived onearth :iU0 years and pel haps longer ; he is Creditedwith t hi' invent ion of the needle a qi I the art of SCWlog. lie received from heaven thirty leaflets contabling the praises "f God and prayers.

Bibliography: Hughes, Dictionary t>f Islam, s.v. Tdrts;Weil, Biblixcht I ley Mutsetnittnner, pp. 63 et seq,\M.i-cn n. /.< ' I't '.':.

Critical View: The translation of Enochbles tint of other heroes of popular legend.

Elijah's (II Kings ii. 1-12) is the Biblical parallel,while the fate of Ganymede, Hercules, Semiramis,Xisutluns, and the Phrygian King of Annacuspresents non-Hebrew analogues (see Winer. "B.I! " ; Kiehni, " Ilandw brterb." 2d ed. , i. 608). Amongmodern critics the view prevails that Enoch corresponds to the Babylonian Emmeduranki (Greek," Edi 'inn bus " |, the seventh king in BeroSUS' list ofprimitii e monarchs. Emmeduranki was famous forhisknowledge of things divine; he was the progenitorof the priesthood. These heroes probably were originally deities, reduced in course of time to humanstature, but still credited with divine deathlessness.In Enoch's case attention has been called to thecoincidence of the 365 years of his life with thenumberof days in the solar year, and it has beensuggested that. Enoch originally represented thedeified sun (see Gunkel, "Genesis," p. 124).

E. G. II.

ENOCH, BOOKS OF (Ethiopic and Sla-vonic) : Apocryphal works attributed to EnochFrom Gen. v. 24 ("Enoch walked with God" and"God took him") a cycle of Jewish legends aboutEnoch was derived, u hich, together with apocalyp-tic speculations naturally ascribed to such a man.credited with superhuman knowledge, found theirliterary expression in the Books of Enoch. Of thisliterature a collection of fragments or single, inde-pendent pieces has come down to us in the soCalled " Ethiopic Enoch," whereas the Slavonic' Bookof Enoch gives, as it were, a resume of most of thecurrent oral or literary traditions about its hero,which it brings into a ceitain system of its own. Sofar as can be judged from these books, the legendsof Enoch are the following : (1) He went during bislifetime to heaven, "walked " with God's angelsoverall heaven (or heavens) and earth, came back to hisfamily and told them what, he had seen, and finallyw as again taken up to heaven. (2) During his jour-ney s he saw the secrets of heaven and earth, that is.the natural phenomena. (3) He saw what had become of the angels, " sons of God." who, accordingto Gen. vi. 1-4, had come to earth and sinned withthe daughters of men. (4) He interceded for thesefallen angels. In 3 and 4 evidently two differentcycles of legends have crossed each other, butwhether 8 precedes 4, or vice versa, is haul to tellThese legends, a more popular form of tradition, are,however, not preserved unimpaired, but are stronglyinfluenced and developed by the literary traditionsWhich deal mainly With apocalyptic ideas

I. Ethiopic Enoch: In the old Jewish andChristian literatures (for example, in the New Tcslament Epistle ofjude, verse 14) a Book of Enochis quoted, and is undoubtedly often used withoutspecial reference being made to it. But about800 the Christian Church began to discredit thebook, and after the lime of the Creek fathers S\ ncellusand I edrenus, who cite it (ninth centurj ), ilwas entirely lost until (1778) the traveler Brucediscovered in Abyssinia two manuscripts of thi

Enoch THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 180

book. In the nineteenth century several editions

and translations were made, and many critical inquirk's into its contents published. The followingis a list of the various editions and translations of theEthiopic Enoch:Editions: Laurence, " Libri Enoch Versio ^thiopica," Ox-

ford, ls:i s : Dillmann, " Uber Henoch ,thiopice," Leipslc, 1851(from 5 Mss.i; Flemmlng, " Das Buch Benoeh," Leipslc, 1902(from 11 Mss.i; another edition, still fuller than that of Flem-mlng, i- being prepared by Professor Charles.Translations: Laurence, " The Book of Enoch," Oxford,

1S21 ; Hoffmann, " Das Buch Henoch," Jena. 1833-38 ; Dillmann," Das Buch Henoch UebersetztundDrklart."Leipsicl8S8(8tand-ard translation for 40 years); Sebodde, " The Book of EnochTranslated, with Introduction and Notes," Andover, 1882;Charles. "The Book ol Enoch," oxford. 1898; Beer, inKautzsCh,"Apokrypben und Pseudeplgraphen," ii- 217-310, Tubingen,1900; Flemmlng, in vol. v. of "Die Griechischen ChristlichenScbrutateller der Ersten Drei Jahrhunderte," Leipsic, 1901.There may also be mentioned here a retranslation into HebrewHun -is: I by L. Goldsehmidt. Berlin. 1892, from Dillmann'sGerman translation.

Following is an analysis of the contents:

Ch.i.-v.: Introduction: Enoch relates a vision of the lastdays, the fate of the elect and of sinners, and urges observa-tion of the works of God in nature.

Ch. vi. cv.: The main part of the book

:

Ch. vi. xxxvi. : The so-called " angelologlcal book " :(a : vi.-xix.): The story of the fallen angels :

vi.-xi. : The angels on earth, their marriages and wrong-doings; announcement of their punishment.

xii.-xvi. : Enoch's visionsconcerning their punishment:he announces their destiny to them, but upon theirsupplication intercedes for them. In another visionhe is told that bis intercession is in vain ; he then an-nounces their final punishment,

xvii.-xix. : Enoch's journey through heaven and earth,during which he sees chiefly the fallen angels sufferthe punishment which he had announced.

(6: xx.-xxxvi.): Enoch wanders, accompanied by the six(or seven) archangels, through heaven and earth, and isshown again the punishment of the angels (xxi.). Hades(xxli.).andthesecrets of nature in the west (xxiii.-xxv.),In the center of the earth (xxvi.-xxvii.), in the east(xxvlil.-xxxiii.l.in the north (xxxiv.and xxxv.2),andinthe south (xxxvi.).

Ch. xxxvli.-lxxi. : The similitudes and additions :(a: xxxvii ): Introduction.(b: xxxviii.-xliv.): First similitude: The future kingdom

i il God, the dwellings of the righteous, the angels, and thesecrets of nature,

(c : xlv.-lvii.) : Second similitude : The Last Judgmentby the Messiah, " the Son of Man," who sits with " theHead of Days." The holy and elect are rewarded ; theheathen and sinners are destroyed forever.

181 THE JEWISH 1 \< M LOPEDIA Enoch

i.-xxxvi., written before 17n B.C.; (2) lxxxiii.-xc,written between 166 and 161 b.i

; (8) xci. civ., not

curlier than 134 B.C.; (4) xxxvii. Ixx., the simili-tudes, written between 94 and 79, or between 70and 64 b.i . (5) Ixxii.-lxxxii., the 1?< > !< of CelestialPhysics, the date of which can not be determined.Clemen arrived at the following conclusion : "The

Book of Enoch is based on twelve independent traditions in groups of traditions: (1) i.-v. ; (i) vi.-xi. ;(8) xii.-xvi. ; (4) xvii.-xix. ; (5) XX. (?) xxxvi; (G)xxxvii.-lxix. ; (7) lxx.-lxxi. ; (8) lxxii.-xci. 10, is.

19; (9) xci. 13-17, xcii., xciii., xciv.-cv. ; (10) cvi.cvii.; (ll)cviii.

;(12) the Noachian fragments, liv. 7-

lv. 2, lx., lxv.-lxix. 25. Probably No. 3, perhaps No.6, certainly Nos. 9, 11, anil 12, were taken fromwritten sources." According to him, the date is alittle doubtful, since some of the traditions may nothave been written down at once. Beer in the mainfollows Clemen, lint gives for a part a more de-tailed analysis. Clemen's hypothesis of traditionsseems the most acceptable, as also Ins analysis,except that his tenth tradition should perhapshe counted as a pari of his No. 12, i. i\, as a XoachianfragmentSome of the .apocalyptic portion-, above all the

similitude-, seem to have been literary tradition fromthe beginning. Bui another very dif-

Separate ficult question arise-: Bow and inStrata. what order were the different portions

of the hook put together? Probably\ i. xix., possibly vi.-xxxvi., are the stock, to whichother portions, younger or perhaps in part older,were gradually added. Oh. vi.-xix. were intendedto tell the story of the fallen angels I Hunch's re-lation to them: vi.-xi. and xii.-xvi., taken fromtwo different cycles of legends, were united , ami, inorder to show the execution of the punishment otthe angels, xvii.-xix., narrating t he journey duringwhich Enoch is a witness of it, were added. Itwasvery natural to join to this portion XX.-XXXVi., an-other tradition concerning Enoch's journey. Thenext step in the compositionmay have been the add-ing either of the similitudes or of one or several of thetradition- in Ixxii.-civ. But it seems more probablethat a redactor unite. I vi. xxxvi. with lxxii civ.,and wrote the introduction, i.-v., and perhaps alsothe conclusion, cv. This intermediate book wouldthen have- a, proper beginning and conclusion.The redactorial changes within the different por

tions of lxxii. civ. may also have been made at thistime. Thirdly and lastly would have been added thesimilitudes, probably together with the .Noachianfragments xx\i\. 1, 2a, liv. 7-lv. 2, 1\.. lxv. l-l\i\25, r\ i , c\ ii. Of the hitter, cvi. lis. '/. were probablyadded by some one who wished to cany the story

little farther a very common occurrence inliterary history, lie may have been the redactorwhoadded the similitudes and inserted in them bcv ral other portions from the same source from whichhe took cvi. itxn/. This theory is strongly supported by evidence which has < .nl\ recentl) becidiscovered; namely, the true date ..I the Book ofJubilees, which has been proved, mainly by Bohnand Charles, to be as earlj as the last third of thesecond century B.C. In the liook of .lubil.es (iv.11 23) writings of Enoch arc mentioned and Charles

("Book of Jubilees," 1902, p. 37) concludes thatthe author refers only to Ethiopic Enoch vi.-xvi ,xxiii.-xxxvi., lxxii -xc But Hook of .Jubilees iv.J:! may include Enoch xvii.-xxii. as well, and iv. 18("recounted the week- of the .lubilec- "i i- perhapsan allusion to the Apocalypse of Weeks, which bymany critics is considered the oldest portion ofEthiopic Enoch. Thus it is very likely that tin-book referred to in Jubilees was the intermediateone just mentioned. Moreover, the similitudes.which were evidently unknown to the author of.lubilec-. date from the first, century B.C.that is,later than Jubilee:and the Noachian fragmentsalso were probably added in the- first century, because in the second century reference (Jubilees x. 18)seems to have been made to a c plete apocalypseof Noah, Last of all, cviii. was added to EthiopicEnoch; this may have happened long after i.-cvii.had become one book(about60 b.< i. The w hole bookOriginated and was put into writing iii Palestine.The Ethiopic Book of Enoch is one of the most

important pieces of apocalyptic literature; it fur-nishes extensive contributions to our

Value. knowledge of Jewish folk-lore in thelast pre-Christian centuries ; it shows

apocalyptic literature in iis beginnings, and aboveall it is a source- of information upon the religiousideas of Judaism, especially concerning the- Messiah

;

tinally.it also pictures the feelings of the peopleduring the tit the- Basmoncans -More detailswith regard to these epicstions are to be found in( 'harlis, " Hook of Enoch," introductions to the singlesections, and inVan Loon's article, mentioned above.

II. Slavonic Enoch: A book called "The Bookof the Sccretsof Enoch," preserved, so far as isknown, only in Slavonic, was introduced to thescientific world but a few years ago, when certainmanuscripts found in Russia and Servia were edited,and subsequently translated into German and Lmlish. following is an analysis of its contents:Ch. i. ii. : Introduction: Life of Enoch; Ins dreams, In

which he is told thai I..- wilt I..- taken up into heaven ; insadmonitions t>> ins sons before he departs.

Ch. iii. lxvi. : The main part of the book

:

i h. in. \\w i. : Enoch .a heaven :.. : iii. vi.i: The in-i heaven : a great sea ; it Iders amithe rulers of the stars ; the habitations ofl the Bnovi ; thetreasuries of dew, oil, and different colors,

(b: vii.i: The second heaven : the fallen angels Imprisoned,awaiting the eternal ludgment; they ass Bnocb to Intercede for them.

i x. : Tin- third heaven: the Garden ..f Eden, withthe io f tit.- and mi " olive-tree always distilling oil " ;1.. ihnh >.f ii it..- place "f the damned.

ut : m. icvil.): The fourth heaven: it..- courses and thegates of sun and n n ; tin- wonderful singing creatureswhich unit upon Hi.- s.ui, namely, pbenlxes ami chal-eidrl : a singing host "t angels.

i, :xvlil.) The fifth beaven: the watchers "gregori"= ypij-yopoo. site -ii i and mourning for their fait.- n brethren, whoarc being tormented In the second beaven.

i-

i. heaven: seven bands of angels whoarrange and study tin- revolutions of sun. moon, and

the angels who are pul over the souls of men anddown their h\>-- and works: furthermore, seven

phenlxeaand wen cherublmand seven six-winged crea-tures.

1 1..- seventh heaven : the Lord sitting onin- ii... .in- a ii. i ih.- i.-ii great ordersof angels standing be-fore Him. Enoch Is clothed by Michael In raiment of God'sfion. ;i ii. i i- 1,, i, i bj the angel vi.-ut (Vreteel, Pravuel) ailtbesecrets .a beaven (nntural pbei ina] and "i eartb(concerning men). Me is ordered to write them down in

EnocliEnriquez

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 182

366 books. God reveals to Enocb His own great secrets,His creation, the storj of the fallen angels and ol idam ifurthermore, He tells him about the seven millenniums ot

the earth and tbeeighthat the end lalsoi uses the

i. and then orders Enoch to go back to earth for

thlrts days to teach bis children and grandchildren.

m xxxvii. Is probablj a later addition.rii xxxvlii. Ixvi.: Enocb back on earth. He admonishes

liis sons; tells tbem what he lias seen in the heavens;gives them ins books and urges them to transmit these to

others; moreover, be relates to them what God has prom-ised to men and what He expects them to do, and asserts

thai there is no intercession of departed salntsfor sinners.

In Ivi. Methuselah asks a blessing from his father. Inlvli.

all the sons ol E :b with their families and the elders

f the people are called, and Enoch gives renewed In-structions as to a righteous life, in lxlv.the Lordcalls

Enoch, the people assemble to kiss him In Achuzan, andhe addresses them for the last time.

Ch. lxvii.-lxviii . : Conclusion :eh. Ixvil. : Enoch's translation into heaven.

ill. l.wiii. : Recapitulation of Enoch's life and doings ; Me-thuselah and his brothers build an altar in Achuzan, andthey and the people "make a great festivity, praising Godwho had given such a sign by means ot Enocb, who hadfound favor with Him."

The Slavonic Enoch was written in Greek, as isshown by the derivation of Adam's name from the

four quarters, 'AvaToWj, Avnr, 'Ap/croc,Language iisati/iPpia, and by several coincidencesand Origin, with the Septuagint; but perhaps

parts of it are based on Hebrew origi-nals. From the Greek it was translated into Sla-vonic. Of this version there are five manuscriptsextant, which are described in the introduction toCharles and Morfill, "The Book of the Secrets ofEnoch," Oxford, 1896 (reviewed by Bonwetsch in"Theologische Literaturzeitung," 1896. cols. 153-

156) and to Bonwetsch, " Otis Blavische Henoch-bucli," in " Abhandlungen der KSniglichen GelehrtenGesel'lschaft zu GBttingen," 1896 (reviewed bySchttrer in "Theologische Literaturzeitung," 1896,

cols. 347-350).Tlie Slavonic Enoch seems to be an attempt to

bring all the current traditions about Enoch into acertain system, which is partly furnishedby the spe-cial scheme of the seven heavens. It is therefore,

with the exception of a few interpolations, derivedfrom oneauthor. Thisauthor, according toCharles,

was probably a -Tew living in Egypt, since he has cer-

tain speculations in common with Philo and otherHellenistic Jews, and since several other elements in

the book betray Egyptian origin.The bonk was probably written between 50 b.c.

and 70 ad. ; the tirst date is given by the fact thatEthiopic Enoch, Ecclesiasticus, and Wisdom of

Solomon are used; the second by theDate fact that the destruction of the Tem-

and Value, pie is not menti d at all. The quo-tations from Slavonic Enoch in the

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, which Charlesuses as additional evidence in establishing the date,are strongly doubted by Schurer. The SlavonicEnoch furnishes new material for the study of re-ligious though! in Judaism about the beginning ofthe common era. The ideas of the millennium andof the seven heavens are the most important in thisconnection; both have been treated in detail byCharles in his introduction and commentary, pub-lished together with Morflll's translation. Anothervery interesting feature is the presence of evil in

heaventhe fallen angels in the second heaven, andhell in the third. This belief, although probabljat first current among the Christians also, was, to-gether with the ideaof the seven heavens, afterward

rejected by the Church. The ideaof hell in the thirdheaven may have been derived from expectations ex-pressed Isa. Isvi. 23, ~>4: that is. that the pleasuresof the righteous in paradise will be enhanced by see-in" the sufferings of the wicked.% E. Li.

ENOCH, BOOKS OF (Hebrew): See Apoc-alyptic Literature.ENOCH BEN ABRAHAM: Talmudist and

popular preacher; died after 1662. Enoch belongedto a famous family of scholars of the community ofPosen. In 1649 he left Cracow, where he was

preacher, to become rabbi at Gnesen. It is notknown why he left the latter city: those districts ofPoland were not affected by the Cossack rebellion.In 1652, when the community of Posen was on thepoint of sinking under its load of. debt, Enoch wassent to Germany to raise funds, the communitypledging itself to appointhim preacher for a periodof three years on his return ("Communal Recordsof Posen," iii. 197a). Conditions in Posen, however,

became such that the community could not longerpay its officials. Enoch left Poland, either for thisreason or in consequence of the war between

Sweden and Poland, which broke out in 1655 anddevastated the communities of Greater Poland. He

was appointed rabbi at Oettingen in Riess, where he

was living in 1662 and where he probably died.Enoch was the author of the following: " Wikkuah

Yosef we-ha Shebatim," containing homilies, Am-sterdam. 1680; a dirge on the suffering of the .lews

in the Ukraineand Little Poland, appended to Jacob

ben Naphtali's " Xahalat Ya'akob," ib. 16.V2; "Perush 'al Shir Mizmor," a commentary to Psalmlxxxiii.. Prague, 1657; "Reshit Bikkurim," hom-

ilies on the existence of God, revelation, and reward

and punishment ; "Hinnuk BetYehudah," responsa,published together with those of his son, ib. 1708.

Bibliography: Steinscbneider, Cat. Bind. No. 4724: Michael,Or )i