HS 1887:

Europe and the Revolutionary Tradition In the Long Nineteenth Century

Tutor: Gavin Murray-Miller Office Hours: Monday, 15:30 – 17:00E-mail: murray-millerg@cardiff.ac.uk Friday, 14:30 – 16:30 Office: Room 4.30 By Appointment

Table of Contents

1. Course Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3. Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Lecture and Seminar Schedule (Brief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Lecture and Seminar Schedule (Detailed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6. Specimen Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

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HS 1887:Europe and the Revolutionary Tradition

In the Long Nineteenth Century

Course DescriptionModern European political history has been indebted to what historians have commonly interpreted as the “revolutionary tradition” that originated during the years of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. This course proposes a critical examination of the legacy left by the Revolution and its impact on politics and society in the nineteenth century. Starting with the uprisings of the late eighteenth century, lectures and discussions will examine the divergence of the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity and their impact on shaping leading political movements in the modern period. Throughout the year, topics will examine revolutionary movements in a comparative context and consider how revolutionary projects and ideologies were transformed in the midst of the social, political and cultural changes that took place between the French Revolution and First World War. Classes will also focus on new perspectives that assess European revolutions in transnational and global contexts, noting the ways in which Enlightenment and emancipatory values created tensions within colonial and non-Western societies as leaders and revolutionary actors attempted to apply and adapt the principles of Europe’s revolutionary tradition to the particularities of their own societies.

Module themes and topics will be introduced through weekly lectures given by the instructor. Lectures are designed to give students the necessary historical background and context relevant to the course themes. Students are expected to obtain a comprehensive understanding of European national formation and social policies since the nineteenth century across a broad spectrum of case studies. In addition to historical background, this course will also seek to introduce students to a number of key concepts associated with the theme of the module and apply them to specific contexts.

Lectures will be supplemented with regular seminar-style class discussions that will focus on the assigned primary sources as well as the theories and problems addressed in the course readings. Students are expected to participate in these discussions, demonstrating an understanding of the readings and suggesting ways in which the primary sources under discussion may be analyzed and deconstructed. Seminars are designed to give students a chance to elaborate on topics through source analysis and present their own ideas on subjects relevant to the course.

Texts and Reading AssignmentsReading assignments are broken into two sections: “Readings” and “Sources”

Assigned readings will be posted on learning central where they can be downloaded as pdf. files. Some books will also be made available at the university library for short-term loan.

A source book will also be made available via learning central containing the primary sources which will be discussed during the seminars.

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Learning ObjectivesOn successful completion of the module a student will be able to:

Demonstrate a broad knowledge of modern European history, especially with relation to themes concerning revolutionary ideology, politics and political culture.

Critically assess historical arguments and note their relationship to wider theories within the discipline of history.

Present and clearly articulate their ideas and opinions through seminar discussions. Deconstruct primary source documents and apply them to larger theoretical issues and

paradigms. Write well-argued essays drawn from evidence-based claims that support their main

points and conclusions. Organize and take responsibility for their study methods and workload management.

AssessmentOver the year, students will be responsible for submitting two written assignments and taking a final comprehensive examination.

Essay 1 will contribute 20% of the final mark for the module. It is designed to give students the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to review evidence, draw conclusions from it and employ the formal conventions of scholarly presentation. It must be no longer than 1,000 words (excluding empirical appendices and references). For this assignment, students will be expected to utilize primary source materials in crafting an argument and validating their points. Students will be assessed on the creative use of sources and their ability to discuss them with broader themes pertinent to the lectures and class discussions

Essay 2 will contribute 30% of the final mark for the module. It is designed to give students the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to review evidence, draw appropriate conclusions from it and employ the formal conventions of scholarly presentation. It must be no longer than 2,000 words (excluding empirical appendices and references). In this assignment, students are expected to demonstrate a firm knowledge of a particular historical issue or theme pertinent to the course. Students will have an option of when they choose to submit this essay during the semester.

The Comprehensive Examination will take place during the second assessment period and will consist of an unseen two hour paper that will contribute the remaining 50% of the final mark for this module. Students must write 2 answers in total.

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Lecture and Seminar Schedule (Overview)Date Class Topic

1 5 October Seminar Introduction to the Revolutionary Tradition

2 12 October Seminar The American Revolution

3 19 October Seminar The French Revolution

4 25 October Seminar The Radicalism of the French Revolution

5 2 November Seminar The Haitian Revolution

6 READING WEEK

7 16 November Seminar Taming Revolution

8 23 November Seminar Assessing the Age of Revolution

9 30 November Seminar Radicalism and Reaction

10 7 December Seminar The Revolutionary Mediterranean

11 14 December Seminar Modernization and Society

CHRISTMAS BREAK

1 1 February Seminar Socialism and Social Protest

2 8 February Seminar Marx and The Revolutionary Tradition

3 15 February Seminar The Revolution of 1848

4 22 February Seminar Redefining Radicalism

5 1 March Seminar The Paris Commune and The Birth of the Anarchist Tradition

6 READING WEEK

7 15 March Seminar Anarchism

8 22 March Seminar The Young Turk Revolution

9 29 March Seminar The Russian Revolution (part 1)

10 5 April Seminar The Russian Revolution (part 2)

11 12 April Seminar Assessing The Revolutionary Tradition

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Lectures and Seminars (Detailed)

ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION

5 OctoberReadings:Dena Goodman, “The Rise of The State: The Republic of Letters and The Monarchy of France,” The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca: Cormell University Press, 1994)

Elizabeth Mancke, “The Language of Liberty in British North America, 1607-1776,” in Exclusionary Empire: English Liberty Overseas, 1600-1900, ed., Jack P. Greene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Seminar TopicClass discussion will focus on the Enlightenment origins of the Age of Revolution, examining how concepts of revolution, natural rights and liberty were understood throughout the Atlantic world on the eve of the revolutionary period. In particular, the seminar will assess the ideas of Rousseau and Locke and the political theories which organized eighteenth-century European societies.

Questions to consider1. According to Mancke, what did liberty mean to those living within the British Empire in

the eighteenth century? Was liberty a singular concept or did it have various implications?

2. What was the republic of letters and how was it a creation of Enlightenment culture?3. What was the relationship between intellectuals and the state in the ancient regime

according to Goodman?

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

12 OctoberReadings:Jack P. Greene, “The American Revolution,” The American Historical Review, 105:1 (February 2000)

Ilan Rachum, “From ‘American Independence’ to ‘American Revolution’,” Journal of American Studies, 27:1 (April 1993)

Sources:Daniel Leonard, “Letter Address to The Inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay” (1775)John Adams, “Novanglus” (1775)Edmund Burke, “On Conciliation with America” (1775)Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) Thomas Jefferson, “The Declaration of Independence” (1776)

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Seminar TopicSeminar discussion will examine the outbreak of democratic revolution in the British colonies, paying close attention to both the ways that historians have assessed the American Revolution as well as those who partook in it. In particular, we will examine how thinkers and political actors on both side of the Atlantic interpreted the unrest generated between 1775 and 1776 and assess how perhaps primary documents either challenge or support the traditional narrative associated with American independence.

Questions to consider1. Did all colonist desire independence?2. How did observers conceptualize the events taking place in the colonies?3. What arguments did colonist use to justify breaking with the British Empire?4. Why does Rachum distinguish between American “Independence” and “Revolution”?5. In what ways did the American Revolution signal a failure of British imperialism?

Further Reading:Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Bernard Bailey, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. New York: Belknap, 1992.

T. H. Breen, American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010.

Patrick Griffin, American Leviathan: Empire, Nation and the Revolutionary Frontier. New York. Hill and Wang, 2007.

R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.

Karianna Akemi Yokota, Unbecoming British: How Revolutionary America Became a Postcolonial Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Seth Cotlar, Thomas Paine’s America: The Rise and Fall of Transatlantic Radicalism in the Early Republic. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011.

Matthew Rainbow Hale, “Regenerating the World: The French Revolution, Civic Festivals and Forging of Modern American Democracy.” The Journal of American History, 103:4 (March 2017)

James Kloppenberg, Towards Democracy: The Struggle For Self-Rule in European and American Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Chapters 7 and 8.

Gary Nash, The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.

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Judith van Bushkirk, Standing in their Own Light: African American Patriots in the American Revolution. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

19 OctoberReadings:Keith Michael Baker, “The Idea of a Declaration of Rights,” in Gary Kates, ed., The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies (London: Routledge, 1998).

Pierre Serna, “Every Revolution is a War of Independence,” The French Revolution in Global Perspective, eds., Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt and William Max Nelson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013)

Philipp Ziesche, “Exporting American Revolutions: Governeur Morris, Thomas Jefferson and the National Struggle for Universal Rights in Revolutionary France,” Journal of the Early Republic, 26:3 (Fall 2006)

Sources:Abbé Sieyès, “What is the Third Estate?” (1789) “The Declaration of The Rights of Man” (1789)

Seminar TopicDiscussion will examine the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789. In particular, we will consider what factors made the French Revolution distinct and why it took a different turn than the revolution which occurred in the British colonies. The seminar will question whether in attempting to reform the absolutist monarchy, French political thinkers created a new type of political culture and rhetoric that attempted to realize certain Enlightenment ideals and, if so, how?

Questions to consider1. What contradictions and ambiguities does Keith Michael Baker see in the Declaration of

The Rights of Man and Citizen and what consequences did these entail in his opinion?2. According to Serna, why is every revolution a “war of independence”? What theoretical

methodologies inform his analysis?3. How did Americans see the French Revolution and what implications did it have for the ways in

which they understood their own revolution?4. How does Sieyès envision the Third Estate and society? What is his primary criticism of

the absolutist system?

Further Reading:Derek Jarrett, Three Faces of Revolution: Paris, London and New York in 1789 (London: George Philip, 1989).

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Trygve R. Tholfsen, Ideology and Revolution in Modern Europe: An Essay on the Role of Ideas in History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Chapter 2.

David Bell. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800. Cambridge: Hardvard University Press, 2003.

Jacques Godechot, France and The Atlantic Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, 1770-1799. New York: The Free Press, 1965.

Timothy Tacket, When the King Took Flight. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Timothy Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture (1789-1790). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Timithy Tackett, “Nobles and Third Estate in the Revolutionary Dynamic of the National Assembly, 1789-1790,” American Historical Review, 94:2 (April 1989).

Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.

Emmet Kennedy, A Cultural History of the French Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Laura Mason, Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 1787-1799. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Marie-Helene Huet, “The Revolutionary Sublime,” Eighteenth Century Studies, 28:1 (Autumn 1994).

Marilyn Butler, “Telling it Like a Story: The French Revolution as Narrative,” Studies in Romanticism, 28:3 (Fall 1989).

Peter McPhee, The French Revolution, 1789-1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

John Markoff, The Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution. State College: Penn State University Press, 1996.

Keith Michael Baker, Inventing The French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Keith Michael Baker, “Revolutionizing Revolution,” in Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein, eds., Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolution (Sanford: Stanford University Press, 2015)

Leora Auslander, Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America and France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, Chapters 5 and 6.

Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1990.

Isser Woloch, The New Regime: Transformation of the French Civic Order, 1789-1820. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994.

Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt and William Max Nelson, eds., The French Revolution in Global Perspective. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION II

25 OctoberReadingsDan Edelstein, “From Constitutional to Permanent Revolution,” in Scripting Revolutions.

Lynn Hunt, “The Rhetoric of Revolution in France,” History Workshop, 15 (Spring 1983)

SourcesMaximillian Robespierre, "Speech Denouncing the New Conditions of Eligibility," (1789)Olympe de Gouge, “Declaration of The Rights of Women” (1791)Maximillian Robespierre, “On Revolutionary Government” (1793)Maximillian Robespierre, “Terror and Virtue” (1794)Charles-Gilbert Romme, “Report on The Era of The Republic” (1793)Louis de Saint-Just, “Republican Institutes” (1794)Graccus Babeuf, “The Manifesto of The Equals” (1795)

Seminar Topics: With the declaration of a republican regime and the execution of King Louis XVI, the French Revolution entered a radical phase. Seminar discussion will look at the various opinions and viewpoints that came to the forefront of political life as France was transformed from an absolute monarchy into a democratic republic. We will pay especially close attention to the growing radicalism and examine both the explicit and implicit meanings associated with core concepts espoused by revolutionaries, such as “liberty” and “equality.” In doing so, we will evaluate what democracy meant to the French and whether or not the French Revolution possessed an ideologically coherent program as events unfolded between 1789 and 1795.

Questions to consider:1. How and why was French republicanism radical?2. What importance did Robespierre and the Jacobins place in the idea of terror as a vehicle for

revolutionary government?

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3. What is the relationship between “Terror” and “Virtue” in the minds of radicals?4. Were the Jacobins defenders of democracy or dictatorial tyrants?5. In what ways did the revolutionary aims change in the transition from a monarchy to a

republic in France?6. How can we explain the violence of the French Revolution?

Further Reading:David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War of Freedom in Revolutionary France. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

Timothy Tackett, The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015.

Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Dan Edelstein, The Terror of Natural Right: Republicanism, the Cult of Nature and the French Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

Hugh Gough, The Terror in the French Revolution. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

James Kloppenberg, Towards Democracy, Chapters 10 and 11.

R. B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-Culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in Paris, 1789-1792. Manchester. Manchester University Press, 1985.

Michael Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The First Years. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Michael Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Middle Years Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.

François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Jonathan Smyth, Robespierre and the Festival of the Supreme Being: The Search for a Republican Morality. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.

Paul R. Hanson, The Jacobin Republic Under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.

Colin Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: The Examples of Javogues and the Loire. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

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Alex Fairfax-Cholmeley, “Creating and Resisting the Terror: The Paris Revolutionary Tribunal, March-June 1793,” French History, 32:2 (May 2018).

Dan Edelstein, “Do We Want a Revolution without a Revolution? Reflections on Political Authority,” French Historical Studies, 35:2 (Spring 2012).

Jonathan Israel, Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.

Patrice Higonnet, Goodness Beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Eli Sagen, Cannibals and Citizens: The French Revolution, the Struggle for Modernity and the Origins of Ideological Terror. New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2001.

Gwyn A. Williams, Artisans and Sans-Culottes: Popular Movements in France and Britain during the French Revolution. London: Libris, 1989. Especially chapters, 2-3.

R.R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.

Peter McPhee, Robespierre: A Revolution Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.

Slavoj Žižek, ed. Robespierre: Virtue and Terror. New York: Verso, 2007.

John Markoff, “Violence, Emancipation and Democracy: The Countryside and the French Revolution,” American Historical Review, 100:2 (1995).

Sophie Wahnich, L’impossible citoyen: L’étranger dans le discours de la Révolution française. Paris: Albin Michel, 1997.

SAINT-DOMINGUE AND THE CARIBBEAN

2 NovemberReading:Franklin W. Knight, “The Haitian Revolution,” The American Historical Review, 105:1 (February 2000)

Carolyn E. Fick, “The Haitian Revolution and The Limits of Freedom: Defining Citizenship in The Revolutionary Era,” Social History, 32:4 (November 2007)

Laurent Dubois, “The Price of Liberty: Victor Hugues and the Administration of Freedom in Guadeloupe, 1794-1798,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 56:2 (April 1999)

Sources:

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The Free Citizens of Color, “Address to the National Assembly” (1789)Abbé Gregoire, “Letter to the Citizens of Color and Free Negroes of Saint-Domingue” (1791)The National Assembly, “Law on The Colonies” (1791)Thomas Jefferson, “Notes on Slavery” (1780 – 1790)

Seminar TopicsFrom its origins in 1789, the French Revolution sparked a debate on the issue of slavery and the status of the French Atlantic colonies vis-à-vis the nation. This seminar will examine how the French Revolution unfolded in the broader Atlantic world, with a particular focus on the sugar rich colony of Saint Domingue. We will examine how the spread of revolutionary ideas revealed contradictions in the principles espoused by revolutionaries and ultimately served to destabilize France’s empire, bringing into existence the new democratic republic of Haiti founded by former slaves.

Questions to consider1. How did the issue of race complicate the revolutionary movement in the colonies?2. What tensions came to the surface regarding the concept of revolutionary equality as it spread

across the French Atlantic?3. What compels Laurent Dubois to claim that a unique brand of “republican racism” was

evident behind declarations of equality and emancipation?4. How did Saint Domingue and the Haitian Revolution shape conceptions of citizenship and

universal rights during the age of revolution?

Further Reading:John Garrigus, Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2006.

Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. New York: Belknap Press, 2005. Laurent Dubois, “An Enslaved Enlightenment: Rethinking the Intellectual History of the French Atlantic,” Social History, 31:1 (February 2006)

C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Saint Domingo Revolution. New York: Penguin, 2001.

Miranda Spieler, “Abolition and Reenslavement in the Caribbean: The Revolution in French Guiana,” in Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt and William Max Nelson, eds., The French Revolution in Global Perspective. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.

Robin Blackburn, “Haiti, Slavery and The Age of Democratic Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 63:4 (October 2006)

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Philippe R. Girard, “Napoleon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799-1803,” French Historical Studies, 32:4 (Fall 2009)

Jane G. Landers, Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Ashli White, Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2010.

TAMING REVOLUTION AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER

16 NovemberReading:Philip G. Dwyer, “Napoleon, The Revolution and the Empire,” The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution, ed., David Andress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Michael Broers, “The First Napoleonic Empire, 1799-1815,” in Alexei Miller and Stefan Berger, eds., Nationalizing Empires. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015.

Peter S. Onuf, “The Revolution of 1803,” The Wilson Quarterly, 27:1 (Winter 2003).

Seminar TopicsRevolutionary radicalism and republicanism posed problems to order and stability. Class discussion will examine how leaders and statesmen attempted to contend with the revolutionary fury that was unleashed throughout Europe and the Atlantic world. Particular attention will be given to the establishment of the Napoleonic Empire and the early American Republic, noting the ways in which leaders attempted to come to terms with their nation’s respective revolutionary inheritances and found durable social and political orders in a period of mass unrest.

Questions to consider1. Was Napoleon and “child of the Revolution” or the epitome of absolute monarchy?2. How did the problems of the French Revolution influence the creation of the Napoleonic

regime that assumed power?3. What importance did expansion have for the American Republic? What does Peter Onuf

mean when he speak of the “revolution” that took place in 1803?4. Broadly considered, what might be the relationship between empire and revolutionary

movements? Are empire and revolution contradictory or compatible?

Further Reading:Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood. Charlottesville: UVA press, 2000.

Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Andrew Jainchill, Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Branislaw Baczko, Ending the Terror: The French Revolution After Robespierre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Mette Harder, “A Second Terror: The Purges of French Revolutionary Legislators after Thermidore.” French Historical Studies, 38:1 (February 2015).

Howard Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.

Malcolm Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power: Democracy and Dictatorship in Revolutionary France, 1795-1804. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1998.

Philip G. Dwyer, “Napoleon and The Foundation of the Empire,” The Historical Journal, 53:2 (June 2010)

Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and The Legacy of the French Revolution. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1994.

Michael J. Hughes, Forging Napoleon’s Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800-1808. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

Alexander Grab, Napoleon and The Transformation of Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Stuart Woolfe, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Michael Broers, Europe Under Napoleon, 1799-1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.

Michael Broers, The Napoleonic Mediterranean: Enlightenment, Revolution and Empire. London: I.B. Tarius, 2017.

Christophe Belaubre, ed., Napoleon’s Atlantic: The Impact of Napoleonic Empire in the Atlantic World. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

ASSESSING THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

23 NovemberReading:Jeremey Adelman, “An Age of Imperial Revolutions,” American Historical Review, 113:2 (April 2008)

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David Armitage, “The Declaration of Independence in World Context,” OAH Historical Magazine, 18:3 (April 2004)

Seminar TopicsThe “Age of Revolution” has been considered a world-changing historical event that disrupted many established notions regarding social, political and economic relations. Lectures will examine some this in the broader context of the period, focusing specifically in the gender, social mobilization and the challenges they posed to authority. Readings will examine ways in which historians have assessed the extent of the Atlantic revolutions that took shape in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Questions to consider1. What does Jeremey Adelman mean when he speaks of an age of “imperial revolution”?

How does his theory attempt to challenge conventional beliefs on the age of revolution?2. According to David Armitage, what global significance did the declaration of American

independence have for other nations?

Further ReadingJoan Scott, “French Feminists and the Rights of Man,” History Workshop, 28 (Autumn 1989)

Sara E. Melzer and Leslie W. Rabine, eds., Rebel Daughters: Women and The French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Dominique Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Olwen H. Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Janet Polasky, Revolutions without Borders: The Call of Liberty in the Atlantic World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.

Nathan Perl-Rosenthal, “Atlantic Cultures and the Age of Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 74:4 (October 2017)

Roger Chickering and Stig Forester, eds., War in an Age of Revolution, 1775-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

David Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

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Pierre Serna, ed., Republics at War, 1760-1840: Revolutions, Conflicts and Geopolitics in Europe and the Atlantic World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Jeremey Adelman, Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Anthony Pagden, Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination: Studies in European and Spanish-American Social and Political Theory, 1513-1830 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), Chapters 5 and 6.

Rafe Balufarb, Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Exiles and Refuges in the Gulf Coast, 1815-1835. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005.

Emilio Ocampo, The Emperor’s Last Campaign: A Napoleonic Empire in America. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009.

Caitlin Fitz, Our Sister Republics: The United States in an Age of American Revolutions. New York: Liveright, 2016.

Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy, eds. Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution. London: Hambledon Press, 1988.

RADICALISM AND REACTION

30 NovemberReadings:Peter Fritzsche, “Specters of History: On Nostalgia, Exile and Modernity,” American Historical Review, 106:5 (December 2001).

François Furet, “The Tyranny of Revolutionary Memory,” in Bernadette Fort, ed. Fictions of the French Revolution (Northwestern University Press, 1991).

Darrin M. McMahon, “The Future of the Past: The Restoration Struggle Against the Enlightenment,” in Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity (Oxford University Press, 2001), Chapter 5.

Sources:Edmund Burke, “Reflections on The French Revolution” (1791)Joseph de Maistre, “The Divine Origins of Constitutions” (1810)Klemens von Metternicht, “Political Confession of Faith” (1820)

Seminar TopicsFrom the very start, the French Revolution was a controversial event that invited numerous interpretations in its immediate aftermath. In examining both primary and secondary sources, seminar discussion will look at how intellectuals and statesman responded to the traumatic

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events of the French Revolution and what their interpretations reveal about the post-revolutionary period. In particular, we will consider what role the French revolution played in the making of modern conservative thought and politics.

Questions to consider:1. What arguments did conservatives use against the French Revolution?2. What alternatives did they suggest in making a case against revolutionary government?3. What impact did the Revolution have on people’s general perceptions of society?4. How did the French Revolution continue to influence events in France and Europe after

its conclusion?

Further Reading:Jennifer Ngaire Heuer, “Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies,” The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution, ed., David Andress. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Michael Broers, Europe After Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.

David Laven and Lucy Riall, eds., Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe. New York: Bloomsbury, 2000.

Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Time and the Melancholy of History. Harvard University Press, 2010.

Jon Klancher, “Romantic Criticism and the Meanings of the French Revolution,” Studies in Romanticism, 28:3 (Fall 1989): 463-493.

Marilyn Morris, The British Monarchy and the French Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.

Frederick C. Beiser and Pamela Edwards, “Philosophical Responses to the French Revolution,” The Cambridge History of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century (1790-1870), eds., Allen W. Wood and Songsuk Susan Hahn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 601-22.

MEDITERRANEAN REVOLUTION IN TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXT

7 DecemberReading:Maurizio Isabella, “Mazzini’s Internationalism in Context: From Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Italian Carbonari to Mazzini’s Europe of the Nations,” Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, 1830-1920, eds., C. A. Bayly and Eugenio F. Biagini (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)

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Lucy Riall, “Nation and Risorgimento,” Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

Karma Nabulsi, “Patriotism and Internationalism in the ‘Oath of Allegiance’ to Young Europe,” European Journal of Political Theory, 5:1 (January 2006)

Seminar TopicsIn the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, revolutionary sentiments continued to smolder in Europe, producing liberal movements and secret societies that animated politics in Spain, Italy and the Mediterranean world. These outbreaks were connected through political actors and mutual declarations of support just as much as abstract principles and ideas. Seminar discussion will consider how we can assess revolutions within a transnational framework, looking at the development of common themes focused on patriotism and liberty that were developed by numerous societies spanning national borders. Attention will be given to how political actors conceptualized their respective movements and attempted to bolster liberal sentiments suitable to both national and international contexts in a post-Napoleonic Europe and question to what extent these movements marked a continuation of the revolutions from the late eighteenth century or a new phase in Europe’s emergent revolutionary tradition.

Questions to consider:1. How did ideas of cosmopolitanism inspire democratic movements in the post-Napoleonic

period? 2. Was Mazzini’s Young Europe movement truly internationalist? What role did the nation

play in this new cosmopolitan order?3. To what extent did the revolutions of the 1820s contribute to the imagining of a common

Mediterranean patrimony?4. What role did small, conspiratorial organizations like the Carbonari play in fomenting

revolution in the early nineteenth century?

Further ReadingChristiana Brennecke, Von Cádiz nach London: Spanischer Liberalismus im Spannungsfeld von nationaler Selbstbestimmung, Internationalität und Exil, 1820-1833. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2010.

Sylvia Neely, Lafayette and the Liberal Ideal, 1814-1824: Politics and Conspiracy in an Age of Reaction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991.

Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile: Italian Émigrés and the Liberal International in the Post-Revolutionary Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Richard Stites, The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

John A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Chapters 14-15.

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Alan Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes: The French Carbonari Against the Bourbon Restoration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Sudhir Hazareesingh, “Memory, Legend and Politics: Napoleonic Patriotism in the Restoration Era,” The European Journal of Political Theory, 5:1 (2006)

MODERNIZATION AND SOCIETY

14 DecemberReading:Immanuel Wallerstein, “Citizens All? Citizens Some! The Making of The Citizen,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45:4 (October 2003)

Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750-1850 (Harvard University Press), Introduction, chapter 5.

Sources:David Ricardo, “The Iron Law of Wages” (1817)Frederick Engels, “Industrial Manchester” (1845)“In Defense of Laissez-Faire,” (1840)Francois Guizot, “On the Condition of the July Monarchy” (1832 – 1848)Thomas Babington McCaulay, “Speech on The Reform Bill of 1832” (1831)James Madison, “The Federalist Papers, no. 10” (1787)

Seminar TopicsThe story of the nineteenth century has often been considered one of innovation and progress as the industrial “revolution” transformed economies and societies. At the same time, the problem associated with modernization became central to the ways in which post-revolutionary elites attempted to re-organize society based along lines of class and social status. Liberals attempted to find ways of balancing liberty and order, and in doing so grappled with the legacy of political violence and instability left by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. This seminar will examine how political elites dealt with concepts of citizenship, democracy and the new social relations created by capitalism through an examination of liberalism in multiple contexts, noting the ways in which republican ideas of natural rights and civic participation were refashioned and, in some cases, challenged altogether in an effort to construct stable post-revolutionary societies.

Questions to consider:1. How were the issues of capitalism and poverty addressed by different observers?2. What does David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” reveal about capitalism and labor?3. What were liberals’ opinions of democracy and the people?4. What did citizenship imply to liberals? 5. According to Kalyvas and Katznelson, what differentiates the “republic of the

ancients” from the “republic of the moderns”?6. How did Rousseau’s idea constitute politics as a “civic religion”?

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7. What was the relationship between class and political power under nominally liberal regimes?

Further Reading:Marshall Berman. All That Is Solid Melts Into Air. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.

Hannu Salmi, Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Cultural History. London: Polity, 2008. Chapter 1.

Geoff Eley, “German History and the Contradictions of Modernity: The Bourgeoisie, the State, and the Mastery of Reform,” in Geoff Eley, ed., Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996, 83-103.

Ivan T. Berend and Gyorgy Ranki, Economic Development in East-Central Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.

David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Jan de Vries, The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Robin W. Winks, Europe and the Making of Modernity: 1815-1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Alan Kahan, Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003, Chapters 4 and 5.

Andrew Jainchill, Reimagining Politics After the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

George Armstrong Kelly, The Human Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville and French Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Jesús Cruz, “An Ambivalent Revolution: The Public and The Private in The Construction of Liberal Spain,” Journal of Social History, 30:1 (Autumn 1996)

Dror Wahrman, “The Social Construction of the ‘Middle Class’,” in Imagining The Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, 1780-1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)

Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot. Paris: Gallimard, 1985.

Mark Hulliung, Citizens and Citoyens: Republicans and Liberals in America and France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

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SOCIALISM AND SOCIAL PROTEST

1 FebruaryReadings:John Plotz, “Crowd Power: Chartism, Carlyle and The Victorian Public Sphere,” Representations, 70 (2000)

Pamela Pilbeam, “Dream Worlds? Religion and the Early Socialists in France,” The Historical Journal, 43:2 (June 2000)

Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie, Chapter 6.

William H. Sewell, “Corporations Republicaines: The Revolutionary Idiom of Parisian Workers in 1848,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 21:2 (April 1979)

Sources:“Chartism: The People’s Petition” (1838)Charles Fourier, “Theory of Social Organization” (1820)Louis Blanc, “The Organization of Labor” (1840)William Morris, “Why I Am A Socialist” (1884)

Seminar TopicsEquality was a key aspect of Europe’s revolutionary tradition in the nineteenth century. In its most radical incarnation, equality translated into the political philosophy of socialism. Seminar discussion will examine how different groups interpreted the idea of social equality through an examination of both primary and secondary source materials. In doing so, we will assess to what extent socialism can be considered a uniform, comprehensive ideology and the impact that worker movements, protests and intellectuals had on politics during the period.

Question to consider:1. What factors promoted the rise of socialism?2. How did socialists attempt to reform or change the capitalist system? What specific strategies did

they propose?3. Can we speak of a definitive socialist program and movement in the nineteenth century?4. What does Sewell mean by the “revolutionary idiom” used by workers?5. How does Sarah Maza’s examination of working class protest in France seek to challenge

Marxist interpretations?6. How does Plotz consider worker mobilization and protest in Britain? What importance

and significance did it have the working class movements in the country?

Further Reading:Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital: 1848-1875. New York: Vintage, 1996.

Edward Berenson, Populist Religion and Left-Wing Politics in France, 1830-1852. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

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Pamela Pilbeam, French Socialists Before Marx: Workers, Women and the Social Question in France. Toronto: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000.

Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg, Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad and Dangerous People? England, 1783-1846. Oxford: Clarendon, 2008. Especially chapters 7-9.

D.G. Wright, Popular Radicalism: The Working-Class Experience, 1780-1880. London: Longman, 1988.

Edward Royale, Revolutionary Britannia? Reflections of the Threat of Revolution in Britain, 1789-1848. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.

Albert S. Lindemann, A History of European Socialism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.

Bernard Moss, The Origins of the French Labor Movement, 1830-1914: The Socialism of Skilled Labor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Stefan Berger, Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany. London: Routledge, 1999.

E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage, 1966.

Jill Harsin, Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

MARXISM AND REVOLUTION

8 FebruaryReadingKarl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Gareth Stedman Jones, “Scripting the German Revolution: Marx and 1848,” Scripting Revolution.

Seminar TopicsMarxism marked a new phase in the development of socialist ideology. Seminar discussion will consider what new ideas Karl Marx brought to worker protests and mobilization and the impact that Marxism had on working class formation. Through a discussion of the Communist Manifesto, we will assess Marx’s theories of class conflict and materialist history, considering how they related to Europe’s revolutionary tradition and how, perhaps, they may have changed it.

Questions to consider:

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1. According to Marx, what was the relationship between nationalism and socialism?2. What new aspects did Marx introduce to socialist thought?3. How does Marx justify his theories? Are his rationales convincing?4. What methods and schema does Marx prescribe for proletarian revolution? Does he give

a comprehensive model for revolution?

Further ReadingTony Judt, Marxism and the French Left: Studies on Labour and Politics in France, 1830-1981. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

Trygve R. Tholfsen, Ideology and Revolution in Modern Europe. Chapter 3.

Robert Stuart, Marxism at Work: Ideology, Class and French Socialism During the Third Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

David Leopold, The Young Karl Marx: German Philosophy, Modern Politics and Human Flourishing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx. London: Macmillan, 1980.

Eric D. Weitz, Creating German Communism, 1890-1990. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Chapters 1 and 2.

Ronald Kowalski, European Communism: 1848-1991. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. Chapters 2-5.

Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. New York: Liveright, 2013.

Ernest Mendel, The Place of Marxism in History. New York: Prometheus Book, 1994.

Jeffery J. Isaac, “The Lion’s Skin of Politics: Marx on Republicanism,” Polity, 22:3 (Spring 1990)

Adam Schaff, “Marxist Theory on Revolution and Violence,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 34:2 (April-June 1973).

Henry Heller, “Marx, The French Revolution and the Specter of the Bourgeoisie,” Science and Society, 74:2 (April 2010)

Tristram Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels. London: Allen Lane, 2009.

Hal Draper, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution. 4 vols. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1986.

Richard F. Hamilton, The Bourgeois Epoch: Marx and Engels on Britain, France and Germany. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

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THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

15 FebruaryReadings:Adam Zamoyski, “On the Threshold of Paradise,” Holy Madness.

Claus Møller Jørgensen, “Transurban Interconnectivities: An Essay on the Interpretation of the Revolutions of 1848,” European Review of History, 19:2 (April 2012)

Laszlo Deme, “Echoes of the French Revolution in 1848 Hungary,” East European Quarterly, 25:1 (1991)

Seminar Topics In 1848, revolutionary movements erupted across the European continent, demonstrating the resilience of revolutionary ideas. The causes of these revolutions have often been a point of debate among scholars who have looked respectively to rising nationalist aspirations, the effects of modernization and the intellectual influence of romanticism to explain them. Seminar discussions will examine questions of causation and the spread of these revolutionary movements, attempting to assess how and why continental Europe seemed to spontaneously erupt in revolt between February and March of 1848 and why leaders proved unable to capitalize on the initial gains made by these movements during the so-called “spring time of nations.”

Questions to consider:1. How can we explain the outbreak of multiple revolts and revolutions in 1848?2. According to Jørgensen, what factors influenced both the nature and spread of the

revolutionary movements in 1848?3. Did the influence of the influence of the French revolutionary heritage have a real impact

on events in Hungary as Deme sees it?

Further Reading:Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Axel Körner, ed., 1848—A European Revolution? International Ideas and National Memories of 1848. Hounsmill: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. Peter Jones, The 1848 Revolution. Essex: Longman, 1981.

Mike Rapport, 1848: Year of Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 2009.

R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds., The Revolutions in Europe, 1848-1849: From Reform to Reaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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William Fortescue, France and 1848: The End of Monarchy. London: Routledge, 2005.

J.A.W. Gunn, “French Republicans and the Suffrage: The Birth of the Doctrine of False Consciousness,” French History, 22:1 (March 2008).

Mark Traugott, Armies of the Poor: Detriments of Working-Class Participation in the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Peter H. Amann, Revolution and Mass Democracy: The Paris Club Movement in 1848. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

Judith DeGroat, “Working-Class Women and Republicanism in the French Revolution of 1848,” History of European Ideas, 38:3 (2012).

Benjamin McRea Amoss, “The Revolution of 1848 and Algeria,” The French Review, 75:4 (March 2002)

Yvette Katan, “Les colonsde 1848 en Algérie: mythes et réalités,” Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 31:2 (April-June 1984)

Jennifer Sessions, “Colonizing Revolutionary Politics: Algeria and the French Revolution of 1848,” French Politics, Culture and Society, 33:1 (Spring 2015)

Wolfram Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849. New York: Macmillan, 1998.

P. H. Noyes, Organization and Revolutions: Working Class Associations in the German Revolutions of 1848-1849. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.

Hans Joachim Hahn, The 1848 Revolutions in German-Speaking Europe. London: Routledge, 2001.

Jonathan Sperber, Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848-1849. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Brian E. Vick, Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliament and National Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Pieter Judson, “Whose Empire? The Revolution of 1848-1849” in The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.

R. John Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957.

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István Deák, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Stanley Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969.

Charles Tilly, “Does Modernization Breed Revolution?” Comparative Politics, 5:3 (April 1973): 425-447.

Lewis Namier. 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals. New York: Anchor Books, 1964.

Priscilla Robertson, Revolution of 1848: A Social History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Kurt Weyland, “The Difussion of Revolution: 1848 in Europe and Latin America,” International Organization, 63:3 (Summer 2009)

Miles Taylor, “The 1848 Revolutions and the British Empire,” Past and Present, 166 (February 2000)

Henry Weisser, “Chartism in 1848: Reflections on a Non-Revolution,” Albion, 13:1 (Spring 1981)

POST-1848 RADICALISM

22 FebruaryReadings:Patrick Hutton, “The Role of Memory in the Historiography of the French Revolution,” History and Theory, 30:1 (February 1991)

Eric Hobsbawm, “The Invention of Tradition,” in Hobsbawm and Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Sources:Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte” (1852)Alexander Herzen, “Epilogue 1849”

Seminar TopicsHistorians have typically treated 1848-1849 as a failure, noting that the revolutionary movements were crushed and the absolutist states restored in most cases. Seminar discussion will seek to assess this assumption, noting what underlying motivations prompted individuals into action and the long-term influences that 1848 would have on European government and politics. In particular, we will consider how the revolutions were interpreted and what these interpretations might reveal about the realities of a revolutionary “tradition” in European political thought and culture.

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Questions to consider:1. What role did memory play in the making of revolutionary movements?2. What do the interpretations of Marx and Herzen reveal about 1848?3. Was 1848 an indication of Europe’s revolutionary “tradition” and how might Hobsbawm

help us place the idea of tradition in a new analytical context?

Further Reading:Christopher Clark, “After 1848: The European Revolution in Government,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 22 (December 2012): 171-197.

Sabine Freitag, ed., Exiles From European Revolutions: Refugees in Mid-Victorian England. London: Berghahn, 2003.

Aileen M. Kelly, The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thoughts of Alexander Herzen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.

Abbot Gleason, Young Russia: The Genesis of Russian Radicalism in the 1860s. New York: Vintage, 1980.

Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812-1855. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961.

Edward Acton, Alexander Herzen and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Judith E. Zimmerman, Midpassage: Alexander Herzen and European Revolution, 1847-1852. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989.

Monica Partridge, “Alexander Herzen and the English Press,” The Slavonic and East European Review, 36:87 (June 1958).

Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow and James L. West, eds. Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Alan Kimbrall, “The First International and the Russian Obschina,” Slavic Review, 32:3 (September 1973)

Tom Trice, “Rites of Protest: Populist Funerals in Imperial St. Petersburg, 1867-1878,” Slavic Review, 60:1 (Spring 2001)

Richard Wortman, The Crisis of Russian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Paul Thomas, Karl Marx and The Anarchists. London: Routledge, 1980. Chapter 5.

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Otto Pflanze, “Nationalism in Europe, 1848-1871,” The Review of Politics, 28:2 (April 1966).

Christine Lattek, Revolutionary Refugees: German Socialism in Britain, 1840-1860. London: Routledge, 2006.

THE PARIS COMMUNE AND THE BIRTH OF THE ANARCHIST TRADITION

1 MarchReadingsKristin Ross, “The Paris Commune and the Literature of the North,” Critical Inquiry, 41:2 (Winter 2015)

Dominica Chang, “Un Nouveau ’93: Discourses of Mimicry and Terror in the Paris Commune of 1871,” French Historical Studies, 36:4 (Fall 2013)

Sources:Peter Kropotkin, “Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal” (1898)Mikhail Bakunin, “Stateless Socialism: Anarchism”

Seminar TopicsSeminar discussion will examine the ideological contours of anarchism, questioning to what extent it drew its influence from older revolutionary ideas and to what extent it was responding to new realities. We will also examine the growing divide between anarchists and other revolutionary movements and question what impact these had on the revolutionary tradition in the late nineteenth century.

Questions to consider:1. What did ideologues see as essential to the anarchist program? What were their

principles?2. Were there corollaries between anarchist thought and earlier revolutionary ideas? If so,

what made anarchism distinct?3. Why similarities and differences were evident between Marxist internationalists and

anarchists in the late nineteenth century?4. According to Kristian Ross, how did the failure of the Paris Commune influence

alternative ways of thinking about society?

Further ReadingKristin Ross, Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune. London: Verso, 2015.

Kristin Ross, The Emergence of Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.

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David A. Shafer, The Paris Commune: French Politics, Culture and Society at the Crossroads of the Revolutionary Tradition and Revolutionary Socialism. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.

Martin Phillip Johnson, The Paradise of Association: Political Culture and Popular Organizations in the Paris Commune of 1871. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

Donny Gluckstein, The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2006.

Carolyn Eichner, Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.

Carolyn J. Eichner, “Vive la Commune! Feminism, Socialism and Revolutionary Revival in the Aftermath of the 1871 Paris Commune,” Journal of Women’s History, 15:2 (2003).

John Merriman, Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.

Peter Starr, Commemorating Trauma: The Paris Commune and its Cultural Aftermath. New York: Fordham University Press, 2006.

Colette Wilson, Paris and the Commune, 1871-78: The Politics of Forgetting. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.

Albert Boime, Art and the French Commune: Imagining Paris after War and Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

D. H. Barry, “Community, Tradition and Memory among Rebel Working-Class Women of Paris, 1830, 1848, 1871,” European review of History, 7:2 (2010).

Gay L. Gullickson, Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Edward S. Mason, The Paris Commune: An Episode in the History of the Socialist Movement. New York: H. Fertig, 1930.

Ganzalo J. Sánchez, Organizing Independence: The Artists Federation of the Paris Commune and its Legacy, 1871-1889. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.

Patrick F. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition: The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

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Alice Bullard, Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790-1900. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.

ANARCHISM AND THE FIN-DE-SIÈCLE

15 MarchReadings:Casey Harison, “The Paris Commune of 1871, The Russian Revolution of 1905 and The Shifting of the Revolutionary Tradition,” History and Memory, 19:2 (Winter 2007)

Ilham Khuri-Makdisi, “The Late Nineteenth-Century World and the Emergence of a Global Radical Culture,” The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013)

Jeremey Jennings, “Syndicalism and the French Revolution,” Journal of Contemporary History, 26:1 (January 1991)

Sources:The Earl of Rosebery, “The State of Liberalism” (1908)W. L. Blease, “The New Liberalism” (1913)Jean Jaures, “The Socialist Aim” (1905)Alexander Millerand, “Reformist Socialism” (1903)

Seminar TopicsDuring the late nineteenth century, European politics exhibited an increasing violence due to the rise of anarchism in continental and international politics. Seminar discussion will consider how the re-emergence of violence and the changes taking place at the end of the century impacted other political groups like the liberals and socialists. We will examine what challenges the fin-de-siècle posed for European politics and the implications that terrorism had for the European left and the revolutionary tradition.

Questions to consider:1. Did events like the Paris Commune and Russian Revolution of 1905 change or influence

conceptions of the revolution? If so, in what ways?2. According to Jennings, what was syndicalism and how did it differ from other forms of

socialism?3. What does Khuri-Makdisi claim lead to the creation of a global radical culture in the late

nineteenth century? 4. What proposals made by Jaures and Millerand seem at odds with established socialist

thinking? 5. What distinguished the “new liberalism” of the early twentieth century with the classical

liberalism of the post-revolutionary period?

Further Reading:Julian Casanova, “Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism,” International Labor and Working-Class History, 67 (Spring 2005)

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Paul Thomas, Karl Marx and The Anarchists. London: Routledge, 1980. Chapter 5.

Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868-1936. Edinburgh: AK Press, 1998.

George Richard Esenwein, Anarchist Ideology and the Working-Class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1898.

Nunzio Pericone, Italian Anarchism, 1864-1892. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Davide Turcato, “Italian Anarchism as a Transnational Movement, 1885-1915,” International Review of Social History, 52 (2005).

Pietro Di Paola, The Knights Errant of Anarchy: London and the Italian Anarchist Diaspora, 1880-1917. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013.

Constance Bantman, The French Anarchists in London, 1880-1914: Exile and Transnationalism in the First Globalisation. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013.

Susan K. Morrissey, “The ‘Apparel of Innocence’: Toward a Moral Economy of Terrorism in Late Imperial Russia,” The Journal of Modern History, 84:3 (September 2012)

Peter Ryley, Making Another World Possible: Anarchism, Anti-Capitalism and Ecology in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Britain. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013.

Elun T. Gabriel, Assassins and Conspirators: Anarchism, Socialism and Political Culture in Imperial Germany. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2014.

Richard Bach Jensen, The Battle Against Anarchist Terror: An International History, 1878-1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, Chapters 1-10.

Richard Back Jensen, “The Secret Agent, International Policing and Anarchist Terrorism, 1900-1914,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 29:4 (2017).

Richard D. Sonn, Anarchism and Popular Politics in Fin-de-Siecle France. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

Alexander Varias, Paris and the Anarchists: Paris and the Anarchists: Aesthetes and Subversives during the Fin de Siecle. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.

James Joll, The Anarchists. New York: Little Brown, 1964.

Elun Gabriel, “The Left Liberal Critique of Anarchism in Imperial Germany,” German Studies Review, 33:2 (May 2010)

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Claudia Verhoeven, “Time of Terror, Terror of Time: On the Impatience of Russian Revolutionary Terrorism,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 58:2 (2010)

Caroline Cahm, Kropotkin: The Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

David Berry and Constance Bantman, ed. New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism: The Individual, the Nation and the Transnational. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars, 2010.

THE YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION

22 MarchReading:Nader Sohrabi, “Global Waves, Local Actors: What the Young Turks Knew about Other Revolutions and Why it Matters,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 44:1 (January 2002): 45-79.

Keith David Watenpaugh, “Being Modern in a Time of Revolution" and "Ottoman Precedents I," Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism and the Arab Middle Class (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).

Seminar TopicsThe early twentieth century witnessed the outbreak of protests and revolution in both Russia and the Ottoman Empire. These revolutions began with constitutional demands, but soon found such programs difficult to enact. The lecture and seminar will assess to what degree the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Young Turk Revolution begun in 1908 were part of Europe’s revolutionary tradition and what problems these states encountered in seeing through a radical transformation of their respective societies at the dawn of the twentieth century.

Furthering Reading:Umit Kurt and Doğan Gürpinar, “The Balkan Wars and the Rise of the Reactionary Modernist Utopia in Young Turk Thought,” Nations and Nationalism, 21:2 (2015): 348-368.

Murat Yaşar, “Learning the Ropes: The Young Turk Perception of the 1905 Russian Revolution,” Middle Eastern Studies, 50:1 (2014): 114-128.

Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews and Arabs, 1908-1918. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014.

Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914. London: Hurst, 2009.

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Erick J. Zürcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: from the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey. London: I. B. Tarius, 2010.

Bedross Der Matossian, Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014.

M. Sukru Hanioglu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Nader Sohrabi, “Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran and Russia, 1905-1908,” American Journal of Sociology, 100 (1995): 1383-1447.

Taner Akçam, The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Ann Erickson Healy, The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1905-1907. Hamden: Archon, 1976.

Dmitry Shlapentokh, The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life, 1865-1905. Westport: Praeger, 1996.

Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905. 2 volumes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988-1992.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (PART 1)

29 MarchReadings: Peter Holquist. “Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905-1921,” Kritika, 4:3 (Summer 2003)

Evan Mawdsley, “Revolution, Civil War and the ‘Long’ First World War in Russia,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 16:2 (2015): 208-226.

Further Readings:Robert Mayer, “Lenin and The Jacobin Identity in Russia,” Studies in East European Thought, 51:2 (June 1999)

Barbara Alpern Engel, “Not By Bread Alone: Subsistence Riots in Russia during World War One,” Journal of Modern History, 69:4 (December 1997).

Steve A. Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.

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Laura Engelstein, Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernization and Revolution, 1881-1917. London: Routledge, 1983.

Manfred Hildermeier, The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before The First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

John Keep, The Rise of Russian Social Democracy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963.

David W. Lovell, From Marx to Lenin: An Evaluation of Marx’s Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Lars Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: What is to Be Done in Context. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008.

Adam Bruno Ulam, The Bolsheviks: An Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

William J. Davidshofer, Marxism and the Leninist revolutionary Model. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Robert Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organizational Change. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979.

Erich Haberer, Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution, Petrograd, 1917: The End of the Tsarist Regime and the Birth of Dual Power. Leiden: Bill, 2017.

James Ryan, “Revolution is War: The Development of the Thought of V.I. Lenin on Violence, 1899-1907,” The Slavonic and East European Review,” 89:2 (April 2011)

Neil Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought: Theory and Practice in the Democratic Socialist Revolution (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2009.

Ewa Borowska, “Marx and Russia,” Studies in East European Thought, 54:1/2 (March 2002)

Christopher Read, From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-1921. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Orlando Figes, Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

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Joshua A. Sanbron, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage, 2011.

Douglas Smith, Former People: The Destruction of the Russian Aristocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.

Scott Baldwin Smith, Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918-1923. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2011.

Anthony Wood, The Russian Revolution. London: Longman, 1986.

Rex Wade, The Russian Revolution, 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Laurie S. Stoff, They Fought for the Motherland: Russia’s Women Soldiers in World war I and the Revolution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.

Sarah Badcock, “Women, Protests and Revolution: Soldiers’ Wives in Russia during 1917,” International Review of Social History, 49:1 (2004)

Aaron B. Retish, Russia’s Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (PART 2)

5 AprilReadings: Lars Lih, “Lenin and Bolshevism,” The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism, ed., Stephen A. Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 54-71. V.I. Lenin, “What’s to Be Done?” (1902)V.I. Lenin, “The State and Revolution” (1918)

For Further Consideration:V. I. Lenin, “Democracy and Dictatorship” (1918)Leon Trotskii, “Why Marxists Oppose Individual Terrorism” (1911)

Questions to consider:1. What is Lenin’s belief on the role of the state in revolution?2. Does Lenin agree with Marxist ideas of history and philosophy?3. What distinguishes Bolsheviks and Anarchists?4. Can we consider Marxist-Leninism a revolutionary philosophy in its own right?

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ASSESSING THE REVOLUTIONARY TRADITION

12 April

Further readings for Examination on Theories of Revolution:Alain Touraine, “The Idea of Revolution,” in Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990)

Bjørn Thomassen, “Notes Toward a Political Anthropology of Revolutions,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 54:3 (2012)

Randall Collins, “Maturation of the State-Centered Theory of Revolution and Ideology,” Sociological Theory, 11:1 (March 1993)

Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein, “Introduction,” in Scripting Revolution.

Theda Skocpol, “France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolution,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18:2 (April 1976): 175-210.

Colin J. Beck, “The World-Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Waves: Five Centuries of European Contention,” Social Science History, 35:2 (Summer 2011)

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SPECIMEN EXAM: HS1887This is an example of the final examination you might expect at the end of the course. Section I is designed to examine broad concepts and topics while Section II allows you to demonstrate a more focused knowledge of specific course themes and discussions.

CARDIFF UNIVERSITYEXAMINATION PAPER

Examination Paper Title: The Revolutionary Tradition in The Long Nineteenth Century

Duration: 2 hours

Do not turn this page over until instructed to do so by the Senior Invigilator

Structure of the examination Paper:

There are 2 pages.

There are 10 questions in total.

There are no appendices.

The maximum mark for the examination paper is 100% and equal marks are obtainable for each question.

Students to be provided with:

1 answer book

Instructions to Students:

Answer TWO questions, one from Section One and one from Section Two.

YOU WILL BE PENALIZED IF THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP BETWEEN THE EXAMINATION ANSWERS AND MATERIAL ALREADY USED IN ASSESSED COURSEWORK. It is the student's responsibility to ensure that they do not directly repeat material upon which they have already been assessed. As well, overlap on your examination questions will also be penalized. Please be sure to select two questions that will allow you to demonstrate your knowledge on two different topics.

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SECTION ONE

1. What role has universalism played in revolutions? Why might it seem that revolutions spread values that are common to all? In your answer be certain to examine various types of revolutions and how this might apply.

2. “Liberty, equality, fraternity” was the credo of the French Revolution. Did these ideas remain consistent and unified over the long nineteenth century? If not, indicate how they may have diverged and what the consequence of this was.

3. How did the move toward industrialization in the nineteenth century impact European politics? To what extent was industrialization a creation of nineteenth century political conflict?

4. The French Revolution was the first modernizing program in history. Was this the case?

5. In what ways have historians attempted to understand and analyze revolutions? Are their ideas consistent or in conflict?

SECTION TWO

1. The Revolution of 1917 in Russia was an instance of “Soviet Jacobinism.” To what extent is this true and to what extent might this be a simplification?

2. The Revolution of 1848 was a turning point that did not turn. Is the case?

3. What role did equality play in the French Revolution? If revolutionaries agreed upon the benefits of this principle, why did they have so much to fight over?

4. After the 1870s, socialism and republicanism were no longer radical political philosophies. Is this true? If so, what changes occurred in revolutionary politics during the end of the long nineteenth century that signalled a shift in the revolutionary tradition?

5. Europe’s revolutionary tradition was an “invented tradition.” Discussing the theories of Eric Hobsbawm, evaluate to what extent this was the case.

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