ENLIGHTENMENT

Rights List 5 rights that you think you have

Bullet point Consolidate your list with your 3-4 people near

you Form one class list Analyze into Rights, Civil Liberties, and Non-Rights

Why do you believe we are owed these things? Who grants us these rights? Where are these beliefs based?

Definitions

Civil Rights- refer to positive actions of government should take to create equal conditions for all Actions are taken

Civil Liberties- are protections against government actions Lack of action

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Review

Review Video

Be sure to pay attention to what we learned yesterday from the Scientific Revolution and how it relates to the Enlightenment. Listen for key ideas and people and their impact on Europe.

Path to Enlightenment 18th century philosophical movement by those greatly

impressed with the scientific revolution Use systematic logic and reason to solve the problems of

humankind Believed in the powers of humankind and saw themselves

as part of a revolutionary development to replace superstition, rituals and corrupt traditions with reason and productive energy Commitment to reason Trust in modern sciences to solve problems Commitment to the idea of progress Belief in the essential goodness of human nature Emphasis upon the individual as master of his fate and fortune Engagement with the public in discussion and action

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan- 1651

Humans naturally wicked and selfish Without government, “war… of every man

against every man” and that life would become “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”

Belief in strong ruler Give up rights and gain law and order

Social Contract- agreement created between the people and the government.

Believed ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control

John Locke Philosophe – Enlightenment thinker People shaped by experiences in the

surrounding world Change the environment, change the people?

Human beings possess free will Virtue can be learned and practiced The individual must become a “rational

creature” Divine Right is ridiculous - contract with the

people Three Natural Rights

Life, Liberty and Property

Philosophers Advocate Reason

Philosophes French word for Philosophers Paris became the meeting place for discussions on politics and

ideas Five concepts that formed their core beliefs

1. Reason- Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.

2. Nature- The philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable.

3. Happiness- The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth

4. Progress- The philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve.

5. Liberty- The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights.

Voltaire Criticized Christianity Championed religious toleration (Treatise on

Toleration, 1763) Deism – religious philosophy based on natural

law where a mechanic (God) created the universe Created it, set it in motion and allowed it to run

without interference and according to its own natural laws

Wrote 70 books of political essays, philosophy and drama Used satire against his opponents

Montesquieu Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de

Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

Study of governments using the scientific method Discover natural laws of social and political

relationships Identified three basic types of government:

Republics – small states Monarchy – moderate-sized states Despotism – large states

Identifies separation of power, checks and balances Limit any one part of government from growing too strong

Denis Diderot Created the Encyclopedia

28 volume collection of knowledge Many articles attacked religious

superstition and supported religious toleration

Called for social, legal and political reform

Spread many Enlightenment ideas

Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau People enslaved by government in trying

to preserve private property Social Contract: entire society agrees to be

governed by its general will General will represents the best for humanity Rogue individuals must be forced to abide by

the general will Appreciated emotion; education should

foster children’s natural instincts

Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft

If arbitrary power of monarchs is wrong, so is the similar power of men over women

Enlightenment was based on reason – since women can reason, they should have the same rights as men

Founder of modern movement for womens’ rights

BioPoem Activity Select a leader from the enlightenment

period Can include scientific thinkers,

philosophical thinkers or enlightened monarchs

Follow the assignment sheet for creating your biopoem

Remember to be creative and accurate

Enlightened Despots Monarchs that embraced the new ideas and made reforms that

reflected the Enlightenment spirit Despot= “absolute ruler”

Fredrick the Great King of Prussia Granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved

education. Reformed justice system and abolished the use of torture

Joseph II Ruler of Austria Introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press as well as

religious freedoms and land reforms. Catherine the Great

Ruler of Russia Wife of Peter the Great Expanded Russia

Were they really enlightened? Only Joseph II sought truly radical changes based on

Enlightenment ideas

Fredrick II and Catherine focused on strengthening the state and maintaining the existing system

Philosophes condemned war as a foolish waste of life and resources Monarchs concerned with balance of power Used their power to enforce more taxes, create armies, wage

wars and gain more power

Fredrick II- “The fundamental rule of governments is the principle of extending their territories”

The Seven Years War We looked at the War between France and England in

America- French and Indian War

Austrian Succession 1740-1748 The Austrian Emperor died without a male heir

His daughter succeeded him Fredrick II, of Prussia, invades- he does think the empress is

legitimate Frances supports Prussia England supports Austria Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

All lands returned except Silesia (part of Austria) Austria rebuilt its army to regain Silesia

War in Europe 1756- 1763

Britain allied with Prussia

French and Russia allied with Austria

Fredrick II was a military genius but was being attacked from three directions Stalemate led to peace All territories were returned except Silesia, which

Austria recognized as Prussia’s

Enlightenment Impact Growth of Reading

French publishers rise from 300 in 1760 to 1600 in the 1780s

Daily newspapers and periodicals begin to take off

The Salon Elegant sitting room where

guests conversed about the new ideas of the philosophes

The Salon King’s court

Very formal environment Strict rules about

how to dress when and where they could sit when and where they could talk to specific people

Some topics were objectionable to Church authorities or high-ranking nobility

Court gossip and intrigue dominated conversation Madame de Geoffrin

Made 2 important salon innovations Early afternoon meal Regular weekly schedule of themes- specific days devoted to visual

arts and literature Remembered as a generous listener and kept conversation going

Enlightenment Billboard Create a billboard with your table

advertising the enlightenment. You must include at least two pictures, mention at least two enlightenment leaders, include at least 5 sentences encouraging people to visit enlightenment Europe, and have a title. Be should use color and make sure the billboard is creative and accurate.

Think Pair Share Which Enlightenment leader do you

support and relate to. Why?

In what way were the enlightened despots less that true reformers?

Share with a partner at your table