Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Transcript of Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Proceedings of
The First International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
(1-ICSBE), Jogjakarta, Indonesia, May 27-29, 2010
Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Editors:
Chief : M. Teguh, S. Tanaka, H. Gökçekuş
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, Turkey
Member : F. Nugraheni, H. A. Bale, A. Juliani
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Published by FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING, ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA Jogjakarta, Indonesia
Proceedings of
The First International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment (1-ICSBE) Copyright @ ICSBE2010 (UII)
ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8 Copyright 2010 by Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia:
Master Program of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Architecture Department of Environmental Engineering in collaboration with: Hokkaido University, Japan Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey Near East University, Turkey Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany International Academy of Science H & E, Austria Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Published and distributed by:
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Integrated Campus Jl. Kaliurang Km 14,4 Jogjakarta, Indonesia 55584 Website: http://icsbe.uii.ac.id/
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Printed in Indonesia Disclaimer: Papers of the 1-ICSBE Conference Proceedings were reviewed and referred by members of the Paper Reviewer Panel comprising international and local peers in the respective areas of expertise. Articles were accepted for publication based on the recommendations by the Paper Reviewer Panel with and without revisions. The Authors agree to hold incorporated harmless against any suit, demand, claim or recovery, finally sustained, by reason of any violation of proprietary right or copyright, or any unlawful matter contained in this Article.
Table of Contents iii
Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation – M. Teguh, S. Tanaka, & H. Gökçekuş et al. (eds) @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
ICSBE International Scientific Committee xiii
ICSBE Committee xv
Keynote Papers
An Application of Multi-Agent Simulation for Evacuation in Earthquake Disaster 3
Seiichi Kagaya
Seismic Risk Assessment of Existing Building in Northern Cyprus
(Case Study of Famagusta) 11
Munther Mohd
The Indonesian National Plan of Disaster Management, 2010 – 2014 17
Sarwidi
Pollution of the Songhua River with Nitrobenzene by Accident and the Countermeasures 25
Shunitz Tanaka
Seismic Intensity, Ground Acceleration and Building Damage under the 27th
May 2006 Jogjakarta Earthquake 31
Widodo, Wijaya and Sunarto
Sustainable Concrete for Future Sustainable Construction 41
M.F.M. Zain
Buildings and Constructions
A Review on Indonesian Traditional Timber House Sustainability 53
Ali Awaludin, Toshiro Hayashikawa, Takuro Hirai
Optimization of Tuned Mass Dampers Using Real Coded Genetic Algorithms for
Buildings Subject to Earthquakes 59
Yoyong Arfiadi
Dynamic Loading on Highway Bridge 69
Mochammad Sigit Darmosudiharjo
Preliminary Survey of School Buildings to be Retrofitted on Reducing Vulnerability of School Children to Earthquakes in Bandung, Indonesia 77
Dewi Yustiarini, Krishna S. Pribadi, Dyah Kusumastuti
Progressive Collapse of Multy Storey Reinforced Concrete Buildings due to A Vehicular
Collision 83
Elvira
iv Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Influence of Matric Suction on the Volume Change Characteristics of Unsaturated Brittle Clay Using Biaxial Apparatus 93
Miftahul Fauziah
Physical Properties Behavior of Crack Girder due to Dynamic Loading 101
Md.Kamrul Hassan, Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain, and M A Hannan
Performance Improvement of Profiled Steel Sheeting Dry Board Floor System by Concrete Infill 109
Harsoyo bin Muhammad Shodiq
House Amendment Process of Sasadusahu, Halmahera, North Maluku Province 115
Hikmansyah and Maulana Ibrahim
Why the Javanese Houses Have Failed in the 2006 Jogjakarta Earthquake 121
Noor Cholis Idham, Munther Mohd, and Ibrahim Numan
The Local Wisdom Evocation as An Effort of Disaster Mitigation through Structural
Reliability of Jineng Traditional Building in Bali 129
I Wayan Yuda Manik, I Gusti Bagus Purnama Japa, and I Nyoman Jagat Maya
Transmission Loss (TL) Values of Wall Panel Constructed from Paddy-Straws 137
Christina E. Mediastika
Estimating Ground Settlement Post-Liquefaction Using CPT 143
Agus Setyo Muntohar
Nonlinear Response of Soil-Structure-Interaction due to Cyclic Loading 149
Resmi Bestari Muin
Envelope Responsive Design as A Passive Cooling Strategy in Tropical Building for
Climate Change Mitigation 157
Agung Murti Nugroho
Design Approach Based on Energy Optimization of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University
Library to Achieve Sustainable Built Environmental Requirements 165
J. Ade Prasetya Seputra and Amos Setiadi
Anchorage Zones of Post-Tensioned Slabs: Confinement and Early Age Concrete Effects 173
Massoud Sofi, Elvira, and Mendis, P. A
Ductility Improvement of Deep Beam by Nylon Mesh Confinement 183
Rr. M.I. Retno Susilorini, Andri Lelono, and Ida Bagus Widiadharma
Performance of Slim Concrete Beam Using Nylon Mesh Confinement 187
Rr. M.I. Retno Susilorini
Strength and Ductility Demand of Reinforced Concrete Structural Members 193
Fandi Maulana Taufan and Mochamad Teguh
The State-of-the-art Seismic Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Pile-to-Pile Cap
Connections 203
Mochamad Teguh
Table of Contents v
Masonry Unit Utilizing Aggregate from Construction Demolition Bound with Asphalt 223
I Nyoman Arya Thanaya
Properties of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures Utilizing Aggregate from Construction
Demolition 233
I Nyoman Arya Thanaya
Adaptive Re-Use of Javanese Traditional House: A Continuity and Change the Case
of Dalem Notoyudan, Jogjakarta, Indonesia 241
Tita Kusuma Wibawati and Arif Budi Sholihah
Three Important Factors of Effective Seismic Risk Management of Non-Engineered
Buildings 249
Setya Winarno
Compressive Strength Assessment of Concrete Structures from Small Core by Point
Load Test 263
Achfas Zacoeb and Koji Ishibashi
Urban/Rural Environmental and Settlement
Evaluation of Agricultural Land to Anticipate Drought Disaster in Gunungkidul Regency, Jogjakarta Special Province 273
Widodo Brontowiyono, Ribut L., Feris F. , and Hamidin J.
Shoreline Change Model Using the EPR Method and the Simulation of Coastal
Vulnerability in Sambas District-West Kalimantan 287
M. Meddy Danial, Rustamaji, and Eka Priadi
Health Risk from Air Pollutants: An Epidemic in Western Java 295
Mila Dirgawati, Juli Soemirat, Adea E. Kusumah, Eri Wibowo
Determine Nitrogen Dioxide in Jogjakarta Using Free Hanging Filters as Passive Samplers 303
P. Heeres, Rineksa Setiawan, M. C. Krol and E. H. Adema
Integration Method of Disaster Risk Reduction into Spatial Plan:
Case Study Jogjakarta Special Province and Bantul Regency, Indonesia 311
D.R. Hizbaron, M. Baiquni, J. Sartohadi, R. Rijanta
Building Back Better Exploring Disaster Recovery Through A Vulnerability and Sustainable Livelihoods (VSL) Framework 321
Erin Joakim and Brent Doberstein
Reuse of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation (Special Reference to Jogjakarta Area) 331
Any Juliani
Struvite Scale Formation and Control: A Review 339
St.Muryanto
Analysis of Coastal Abrasion at Sofifi Coast, North Moluccas Province 349
Nani Nagu and Lita A. Latief
vi Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Preliminary Study: Blood Lead Level Information of Elementary Students Associated with Air Lead Concentration and the Traffic Density at Jogjakarta 355
Awaladdin Nurmiyanto, Luqman Hakim, and Arrizal Rahman
Concentration of Heavy Metal on Snow Fall in Sapporo City 363
Delvira Jayatri Prasasti
Tsunami Simulation Using Dipersive Wave Model 371
Alwafi Pujiraharjo and Tokuzo Hosoyamada
Study on Flood Characteristic in Sibu Town, Sarawak, Malaysia 379
Frederik Josep Putuhena, Ting Sie Chun and Salim Said
The Implication of Peatland Built Environment in Urban Drainage System: Case Study
of Sungai Merah Area, Sibu, Sarawak 389
Frederik Josep Putuhena, Ting Sie Chun, and Salim Said
Response Policies to the Impact of Climate Change on Small Island Tourism
(Case Study: Kepulauan Seribu Tourism Area) 397
Arief Rosyidie
Contribution of Integrated Geophysical Surveys for Site Investigation in Seismic Hazards
Analysis 407
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi
Population Densification in Compact City Concept and Vulnerable Risk of Disaster 417
Muhammad Sani Roychansyah
Pedogenesis Approach to Evaluate the Soil Creep Prone Areas in Kulonprogo Hills,
Jogjakarta-Indonesia 425
J. Sartohadi, G. Hartono
Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen JogjakartaThermal Comfort in Warm Humid Tropical Climate 433
Sugini
Community’s Perceptions on Their Own Environment toward Disaster Mitigation and Prevention: A Case Study of Menteng Atas – Jakarta, Indonesia 441
Danto Sukmajati and Edy Muladi
Katabatic Winds: An Extreme Natural Disaster in Antarctica 451
Wayan Suparta
Local Wisdom as A Tool in Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emission from Land and
Forest Fire in South Kalimantan 457
Syaifullah Tamliha and Abdul Hadi
Integrating Geo-Hazard into Land Capability Assessment for Spatial Planning:
A Case Study in Tawangmangu Sub District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia 463
S.E. Wati, J. Sartohadi, and D.G. Rossiter
Table of Contents vii
Infrastructures
The South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones Influence to the South Coast of Java 475
Suci Dewi Anugrah, Nining Sari Ningsih, Hamzah Latief
Compound Device of Wave Energy and Wind Energy System to Face the Future 483
Energy Problem M. Meddy Danial, Hardiansyah, and Eko Widagdo
Study of Implementation Progress and Application of Quality in Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction of Public Infrastructure after the Jogjakarta Earthquake in 2006 489
Faisol A. Munabari, Astrid Faradewi, Ruzardi
Simulation of Vulnerable Areas to the Impact of Storm Tide along Southern Coasts
of Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara 497
Nining Sari Ningsih, Safwan Hadi, Agung Budi Harto, Marthina Dian Utami, and
Amanda Putri Rudiawan
Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks 507
and Distributed Processing: Opportunities and Challenges Amin Suharjono, Wirawan, Gamantyo Hendrantoro
Problem and Challenge of River as Waterways in East Kalimantan 515
Effendy Tambunan
Policies and management
Analysis of Cumulative Impact Between Small-Medium Scale Hazard and Large 525
Scale Hazard in Indonesia Yantisa Akhadi
Adaptive Hazard Mitigation: the Theory and Practice of Responding to Environmental
Change-Driven Disasters 531
Brent Doberstein
Utilizing Photographs for Pre-Disaster Mitigation: A Preliminary Study 543
Fitri Nugraheni
The Integration of Environment Performance in Financial Statement: A New Concept
to Measure Firm Performance 551
Ibnu Khajar and Muhammad Ja’far S
A Perfect Storm, A Perfect Disaster, and the Challenge to Responsive Disaster
Management Systems 561
Maria Victoria G. Pineda
Social aspects and education
Towards Urban Conservation in the City of Solo, Indonesia 571
Putu Ayu P. Agustiananda
Heritage Conservation and Disaster Mitigation
579
Wakhidah Kurniawati
viii Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Bhisama Radius Surrounding the Temples as Regulator of Balinese Urban Space 587
Ayu Putu Utari Parthami Lesta
Social Capital Configuration of Mass Disaster in Jogjakarta: Case Study Baitul Maal
Desa, Dompet Dhuafa Republika Recovery Program 597
Dewi Cahyani Puspitasari
Disaster Preparedness in the Form of Model Emergency School Learning with Fun
Learning Approach Using Recycling Household Waste Learning Media 607
Dadan Rosana, Suyoso, and Juli Astono
Involving Communities in Disseminating Education on Sustainable Settlements 615
Lucia Asdra Rudwiarti
Sustainable Livelihood Community Development as the Respond of the Earthquake
Disaster 623
Dradjat Suhardjo, Fitri Nugraheni
Farmer’s Knowledge on Soil Erosion and Conservation 629
Taryono, Suci Handayani, Arini Wayu Utami, and Supriyanta
Author Index 637
Sugini – Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen Jogjakarta and Thermal Confort in Warm ……… 433
INTRODUCTION
1. Background
An earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale or 6.2 on the Richter scale have occurred in Jogjakarta on May 27, 2006. The quake's epicenter occurred at coordinates dan110 8.007 ° South Latitude, 286 ° East longitude at a depth of 17.1 km (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources) or the coordinates of 8.26 ° latitude and 110.31 ° longitude at a depth of 33 km (BMG) (Wikipedia, 2008).
This earthquake has killed 6234 people and destroyed so many homes. Help from abroad coming in large numbers. One aid is the dome houses in Ngelepen (Sengir), Sumberharjo Vil-lage, Prambanan District, Sleman District .. This dome houses the assistance of WANGO (World Associate of Non-Government Organi-
zation) and DFTW (Domes For The World Foundation) (the South & South, 2007).
Figure 1. Location of the epicenter May 27, 2006
in Jogjakarta (Wikipedia, 2008)
This project was supported by a single donor
Muhammad Ali Alabar owner of Emaar Proper-ties Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Sofian Blue, 2008).
DOME HOUSE FOR EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS AT NGELEPEN JOGJAKARTA
THERMAL COMFORT IN WARM HUMID TROPICAL CLIMATE
Sugini1)
1)
Department of Architecture,
Islamic University of Indonesia
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper is an evaluative study based on a review of thermal comfort aspect of the dome houses for earth-
quake victims in the Ngelepen, Jogjakarta. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the dome houses in terms
of building design criteria for warm humid tropics. This paper is one step from the evaluation of research ac-
tivities towards the dome houses thoroughly empirically.
The method of evaluation is done by theoretical studies of secondary data about dome houses gathered from
several sources. From this study concluded there is a presumption that the use of concrete materials is not
an issue for the achievement of thermal performance warm humid tropical climate. However, there is a pre-
sumption that the thermal performance of residential space in the dome houses Ngelepen will not fit with
thermal comfortable criteria in warm humid tropical because some of the following: (1) The form of a compact
monolithic dome, which will result in high value of thermal capacity and low value of heat loss building, (2)
non orientation-dome shape would make it difficult for controlling the orientation of solar radiation in the dry
season; (3) Limitations on monolithic opening system that will reduce the opportunity for space cooling by
convection, (4) There is no sun and eaves shading will increase the entry of solar heat radiation, especially in
the dry season and rain in the rainy season. Keywords: dome houses; thermal comfort; warm humid tropics; form of building; building envelope, Opening,
shading; thermal capacity, heat loss, solar radiation, rain
434 Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Plan a circular dome houses with dome-shaped roof. Materials made of concrete. Space is divided into two floors with no ventila-tion holes in the walls and eaves of the apex of the dome. In its development a few houses have been modified. Addition of porch and side of the village buildings have been carried out.
Home as a place to live events will require fundamental requirements. These require-ments are the requirements for safety and comfort requirements. The question then is whether these requirements can be met by the dome houses in Ngelepen?
Figure 2. Complex dome houses in Ngelepen (National Geographic in Eeghout, 2008)
Figure 3. Interior dome houses Ngelepen Figure 4. Modification of the dome home by residents (DFTW, 2008) until November 2007 (Liz, 2008)
Safety requirements are met through the ful-
fillment of construction feasibility. Feasibility of
construction of the dome houses must have
been evaluated through testing in a study con-
ducted by DFTW. This project is a project sup-
ported by DFTW an institution with the mission
of improving human life through the introduc-
tion and development of monolithic domes and
ecoshells (DFTW, 2008). Yet how is comforta-
ble with the requirements? Does the dome
houses can fulfill it?
Comfort requirements include requirements
for movement, sensory and thermal. Based on
Fanger (1982), it is known that the thermal
quality of space will determine the ability of
human beings. Sugini (2007) based on Vitelg &
Smith (1946) in Altman & Stokol (1987) con-
cluded that the ability to be determined by a
thermal comfort is the ability to include intellec-
tual ability, perspsual and other capabilities in
general. Besides the thermal quality of space is
also largely determine the quality of health and
biological functions of body organs.
Based on the above description can be con-
cluded that an evaluative study of the dome
houses based on thermal performance space
is necessary. The results of this study will need
to be input on practical aspects for the gov-
ernment of Sleman and DFTW as well as in the
theoretical realm in control engineering in par-
ticular and building science in general. The re-
sults of this study will be very useful and impor-
tant for the development of the dome houses
next step.
Study of thermal performance in the dome
houses Ngelepen becomes important to do be-
cause based on engineering knowledge of the
thermal control of buildings, form, space and
building envelope in the dome houses seem to
conflict with the design criteria for warm humid
climate. Warm humid climate is a climate zone
that includes areas that includes the Ngelepen
in particular and Indonsia in general. So that
the results of this study will be very important in
providing input on the extent to which this can
be applied to the dome houses in warm humid
climatic conditions.
Sugini – Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen Jogjakarta and Thermal Confort in Warm ……… 435
2. Problems
Does the dome houses Ngelepen in accor-
dance with the criteria for thermal quality space
on a warm humid tropical climate?
3. Goal
Evaluating the dome houses of Ngelepen
based criteria for quality thermal pad space
warm humid tropical climate. Complete evalua-
tion must be done in two stages. First step is
theoretical with secondary data and the second
step is empirical step. In this paper, the author
reports the first step.
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WARM HUMID
TROPICAL THERMAL COMFORT
1. Warm Humid Tropical Climate Charac-
teristics and Jogjakarta
Evans, in 1980 the climate divide in several
zones. One of them is a warm humid climate.
Characteristics of moist warm temperate re-
gions characterized by the following characte-
ristics. Temperatures ranged from 20ºC-30ºC
with a temperature difference range between
10ºC-12ºC. Humidity ranged between 60% -
90% with high rainfall up to 1000 mm and
equipped with the dry season. Area extends
between 15 º and 15 º N latitude.
Based on the statistics can be summarized
Jogjakarta in Figures Yogyakara and climatic
conditions in Sleman in particular, as seen in
the following images. From the characteristics
of detail in the images could be concluded that
the district of Sleman is included in group warm
humid tropical climate.
2. Design Criteria for Thermal Comfort in
Warm Humid Tropical Climate
There are four architectural aspects of build-
ings that provide space influence on the cli-
mate. Four things are (1) Effective solar expo-
sure, (2) Solar Heat Gain Effective, (3) the level
of conductivity and convection from or into the
air and (4) potential ventilation natural in the
passive cooling of buildings. Fourthly it is re-
lated to the five components of building design
(1) building form, (2) orientation and shadowing
windows, (3) orientation and color of the walls,
(4) the size and place of ventilation and (5) the
effects of ventilation conditions in buildings at
temperatures Air (Givoni, 1998).
In Evans (1980) described four components of
residential buildings that will determine the
quality of thermal space. Four components are
(1) the form, (2) the skin of the building, (3)
opening and (4) site. In this case, a fourth
component to be irrelevant to the evaluation
criteria included in the search for dome houses.
Another relevant criterion is the criterion of one
to three.
Shape of the building seen from the follow-
ing criteria: (1) Criteria proportions or the ratio
of surface area to volume, (2) Criteria depth of
field that looks at the anatomy of discounted
room (single or double bank room), (3) The dis-
tance between the angle determined by the re-
quirements of space (space angle) in accor-
dance with climate and latitude location of the
building. Skin of the building will be determined by
the material properties of building skin. Building material properties are measured based on the parameters of U-parameter value (the value of the transmission from air to air), solar heat flow factor, time lag or time delay and admittance. These criteria will be escorting an architect in determining the skin type of building material.
Opening of a building is used to achieve not just for the ventilation performance, but also for lighting. These two interests are sometimes brings in a separate conflict in the design. For ventilation interests, then the openings are de-signed for the purpose of creating air flow which allows the occurrence of convective cool-ing process. On the other hand, the opening is also designed for the benefit of lighting. In general, openings are intended to include the illumination light will also enter the waste heat of solar radiation. While the waste heat radia-tion of the sun is not so expected on a warm humid climate regions. An effective way to solve this conflict is by adding horizontal and vertical shading on every opening. With the ex-istence of horizontal and vertical shading as required by the angle of the sun fell, the sun's heat radiation that is not desired can be con-trolled. Herwagen Dean (2004), detailing the four operational strategies in the design of passive buildings in hot humid climates.
This strategy is (a) the existence of natural ventilation in the interior, (2) shadowing interior from solar radiation, (3) the use of lightweight buildin envelope order to allow for heat transfer at the time of the excess heat, (4) water proof for buildings.
436 Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
Figure 5. Temperatures in DIY (BPS DIY,
2001)
Figure 6. Relative Humidity DIY (BPS DIY,
2001)
Figure 7. Wind in DIY (BPS DIY, 2001)
Figure 8: Rainfall and rainy days DIY
(BPS DIY, 2001)
Figure 10. Airports in Sleman Humidity
(BPS Sleman, 2002)
Figure 9. The temperature in Sleman
(BPS Sleman, 2002)
Figure 11. Air Velocity in Sleman (BPS Sle-
man, 2002)
Figure 12. Rainfall in Sleman (BPS Sleman,
2002)
The fourth strategy is more devoted to the
protection of construction on humid and wet climate. While the strategies 1 to 3 suitable for use as a criterion to achieve a comfortable space thermal qualities. Three strategies can be developed into building design criteria for thermal comfort in warm humid tropical climate.
REVIEW ON THERMAL DOME HOUSE
1. Building Mass
Building mass a profitable mass for a warm humid climate is a building mass with low thermal capacity and high heat losses. Thermal capacity building inversely with the
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Sugini – Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen Jogjakarta and Thermal Confort in Warm ……… 437
proportion of surface area to volume during the era. The higher the value of the ratio between the surface area to volume the lower the ther-mal capacity of the building and the higher the
heat loss. This means that the higher the ratio of surface area to volume the faster the heat dissipation occurs.
Rasio
permukaaan
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Heat loss Thermal
capasity
9:1
9:1
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Figure 13. Shape of the mass, the ratio of the surface, thermal capacity and heat loss
(Source: developed from Evans, 1980)
Single compact mass has a lower ratio be-
tween surface area and volume than a single
non compact mass. Therefore dome shape in a
very compact dome houses Ngelepen has low
ability to release heat. This means that the oc-
cupant will get more heat stress. Thus, the
dome houses are less favorable views of the
form criteria. Ratio of surface area and volume of a single
mass can actually be improved in various ways. An example is the concept of substract by giving overdrafts on certain parts or the concept of open space potio by completing the middle.
Figure 14. Design of building the
dome, a very compact single
mass (Source: Eeghout, 2008)
Figure 15. Design museum in
Guangdong in Guangzhou.
Compact single period com-
bined with the concept that
surface area increases sub-
stract (Source: Design LTD
Rocco, 2006)
Figure 16. Houses with posio
primitive Indian tribes in the
middle (Source: Oliver, 2003)
1. Dome roof form
The shape and orientation to the sun is an
effective combination to reduce solar heat in-
tensity of pressure on the building. Dome
shape is the form that knows no orientation or
called non orientation. Dome will provide a
strong possibility of the formation of perpendi-
cular angle of solar radiation on the surface
continuously throughout the day and through-
out the season. Different things happen in the
form of a sloping roof. Sloping roof forms would
be relatively perpendicular to the solar radiation
at certain hours only. Sloping shape allows us
to avoid a particular orientation by placing a
438 Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
narrow field on the orientation of the sun that is
not desired. These conditions make the dome is not fa-
vorable to the roof form. It is because the in-tensity of solar radiation on the surface will de-pend on the angle of radiation falling on the field. The higher the point of falling or fallen
more perpendicular angle, the intensity will be higher. This means that the environmental thermal load of the building will be higher. Eventually this condition will reduce the achievement of thermal performance of build-ing space.
Figure 17. Orientation of buildings should be
directed in such a way that minimize espous-
ing to sun dry season (Source: Evans, 1980)
Gambar18. The non-orientation causes the
dome can not minimize espousing to the sun
during the dry season (Source image: Eeghout,
2008)
2. Building Envelope
Characteristics of the building skin are pri-
marily determined by the materials and con-
struction of roof and walls. In principle, the
building skin in warm humid tropical climate
areas should be sought so that the skin surface
in the building must be colder than the outside
either day or night (Evans, 1980). Thus, the
best material for the warm humid tropics is a
material with the characteristics of the property
value that is able to maintain the surface tem-
perature in the room was always lower than ei-
ther day or night outside. Material with the cha-
racteristics of a short time lag is more profitable
than the material with a long time lag.
Figure 19. Casting molds and preparation of concrete
floors balloon (Source: DFTW, 2008)
Figure 20. Casting concrete monolith.
(Source: DFTW, 2008)
Figure 21. When finished casting
(Source: DFTW, 2008)
Sugini – Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen Jogjakarta and Thermal Confort in Warm ……… 439
Ngelepen dome houses made of concrete
(more clearly seen on the picture above). De-
velopment carried out specifically with tech-
niques ecoshell monolithic dome, so that the
entire skin of the building is a concrete mono-
lith. The time lag value of solid concrete with a
thickness of 10 cm is 2.5 -3 hours. This value is
almost the same with bricks, ie between 2.3
hours to 3.2 hours (Evans, 1980). If Evans can
be analogous comparison in the comparison
between the properties of time lag of concrete
dome houses with bricks from the surrounding
environment, it can be assumed that the ma-
terial concrete dome house will not pose a sig-
nificant doubt in reaching a common thermal
performance expected by the locals.
The problem is that the shape of the con-
crete monolith provides little opportunity for
making opening to ventilation. Opening to ven-
tilation with proper placement will provide the
wind input to the process of convection cooling
in indoor. Space cooling by convection is very
effective for the creation of thermal comfort in
warm humid tropical climate.
3. Opening and shadowing
The accuracy of the design elements are
seen from the opening that includes the dimen-
sions, orientation, position and the elements.
External elements that are closely linked to
control of follow-up thermal interruption of solar
radiation are horizontal and vertical shading. Ngelepen openings on the dome houses are
not equipped with either horizontal or vertical shading. Windows and doors not equipped with a verandah. There is no terrace that can help provide shadowing on the buildings and spaces within. As a result of radiation into the room (see Figure 22). This condition is certainly not beneficial to the quality of indoor ventilation. This conjecture is strengthened with the reno-vation has been done by the occupants of the building. Like add a porch at the front door and windows (see Figure 23).
Figure 22. Solar radiation in the absence of
direct entry porch as shading. In addition to the
entry of radiation will cause the heat of the
scorching sun, this condition will also allow the
rain water come into the room when the rain
came.
(Source of picture: Liz, 2008)
Gambar 23. Figure 23: Addition by occu-
pant.
(Source of picture: Liz, 2008)
CONCLUSION
Based on this study can be summarized in
the previous section there is a presumption that
the Ngelepen dome houses can not meet the
quality criteria of thermal comfort for the tropi-
cal climate of warm humid regions. This con-
clusion is of course an empirical truth must be
tested again. In detail some of the things that
caused the Ngelepen dome houses not meet
with the thermal comfort criteria for humid trop-
ical climate is as follows:
1. A compact dome shape will have an im-
pact on high value of thermal capacity and
low value of heat loss. .
2. The non orientation dome shape of Ngele-
pen Dome will reduce its ability to minimiz-
ing solar radiation, especially in the dry
season.
3. From the aspect of material property, the
use of concrete materials in the dome
houses Ngelepen is not a problem in
achieving thermal performance.However,
monolithic system will provide a lot of
trouble to create opening. Opening in
warm humid tropical residential houses will
440 Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8
be very profitable for the convection cool-
ing space.
4. The limited opening dome houses Ngele-
pen become more no longer profitable be-
cause it is not equipped with sun shading.
Incoming solar radiation in space will re-
duce the thermal performance of residen-
tial space, especially in the dry season.
Besides the absence of eaves are also op-
portunities for the occurrence of water rain
interruption in the room in rainy season.
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