Modeling Contaminant Transport With Aerobic Biodegradation in a Shallow Water Body
Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to...
Transcript of Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to...
![Page 1: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Enhancement ofEnhancement of In SituIn Situ HydrocarbonHydrocarbon Biodegradation through Innovative Cap DesignBiodegradation through Innovative Cap Design
Presented to:Presented to:
Workshop on In Situ Treatment
Technologies for Contaminated
Sediments
February 19, 2004February 19, 2004
Presented by:Presented by:
Clay PatmontClay Patmont
![Page 2: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Description - Cap Design to Accomplish:Contaminant isolation below point of exposureAnd, to the extent practicable:
Destruction of contaminant massAttenuation of porewater flux
Application and ObservationsConceptual model developmentPost-cap observationsIn situ hydrocarbon biodegradation rates
Future Direction
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline•
••
••
••••
•
![Page 3: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Iterative process through RI/FS and designIdentify key points of exposure/complianceIdentify key fate and transport processes
Capping alternatives/designIsolation layerThin-layer (enhanced natural recovery)Influence on biodegradationInfluence on porewater flux
Conceptual Model DevelopmentConceptual Model Development•
••
•••••
![Page 4: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Surface Water
Biologically Active Habitat
Tributaries and Point/Non-Point Source Loading
Air-Water Exchange
Particle-bound chemical
Settling Resuspension
Particle-bound chemical
Burial
Partitioning Dissolved chemical
Partitioning Flow
Dispersion
Porewater Flow Diffusion
Dissolved chemical
Bioturbation
Buried Sediment and Cap Layers
Surface Water
Dissolved chemical
PartitioningParticle-bound chemical
Bioturbation
Generalized Fate & Transport ProcessesGeneralized Fate & Transport Processes
Particle-bound chemical
Diffusion AdvectionNepheloid Layer
Gas Generation
Chemical Decay/ Biodegradation
Chemical Decay/ Biodegradation
![Page 5: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Major Factors Controlling SedimentMajor Factors Controlling Sediment Hydrocarbon Biodegradation RatesHydrocarbon Biodegradation Rates
• Potential rate stimulants: • Oxygen – aerobic degradation • Nitrate – denitrification • Sulfate – sulfidegenesis • Nutrients and catalysts
• Potential rate depressants: • High (percent) hydrocarbon concentrations
![Page 6: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Eagle Harbor Capping SiteEagle Harbor Capping Site
![Page 7: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PAHs (Creosote) & Mercury
Major Controls Implemented in 1960s Final Source Controls in 2000
Historical Recovery Well Documented Capping Implemented in 1994
Adaptive Management
Eagle Harbor Source Control & Cap HistoryEagle Harbor Source Control & Cap History
Chemicals of Potential Concern
Source Control Implementation
RI/FS and ROD
![Page 8: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Silty Sand Cap Placement (1994)Silty Sand Cap Placement (1994)
![Page 9: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cap placed before final PAH source controls implemented (DNAPL)Monitoring/adaptive management
Cap integrity and physical stability confirmedChemical/biological performance criteria metDegraded recontaminated inshore areaFinal DNAPL source controls implemented
Eagle HarborEagle Harbor –– Adaptive ManagementAdaptive Management
•
•••••
![Page 10: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
East Eagle Harbor Cap LayoutEast Eagle Harbor Cap Layout
![Page 11: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The University of WashingtonThe University of Washington Marine Bioremediation ProgramMarine Bioremediation Program
• A multidisciplinary research and training initiative investigating marine bioremediation
• Supported in the past by the US Office of Naval Research and the University of Washington Office of Research
• Jody Deming, Director • Primary Field Site – Eagle Harbor • Publications pending • http://depts.washington.edu/uwmbp/
![Page 12: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Detailed Eagle Harbor PostDetailed Eagle Harbor Post--CapCap Biodegradation StudiesBiodegradation Studies
• Major findings:• Cap significantly depressed in situ
PAH biodegradation rates • Reduced oxygen and sulfate supply • Nitrate amendments not effective • Sulfate amendments show promise • Complex subsurface sulfate geochemistry
• Cap-induced reduction of subsurface biodegradation rates balanced by effective exposure & risk controls
![Page 13: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eagle Harbor Biological Recovery: Fish Histopathology
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0.1 1 10 100 )
Live
r Les
ion
Prev
alen
ce (1993)
Eagle Harbor Post-Cleanup
(1997-99)Puget Sound
Area-Average Sediment PAH Conc (mg/kg dry wt
Eagle Harbor Pre-Cleanup
Background
![Page 14: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Historic manufactured gas plant operationsLocalized sediment naphthalene accumulations from historic releases
SLRIDT (Duluth) Site Case StudySLRIDT (Duluth) Site Case Study
••
![Page 15: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Subsurface sediment PAH accumulations from historic releasesLow sediment PAH conc. in mixed layer (avg. 60-fold lower than
SLRIDT (Duluth) Site Case StudySLRIDT (Duluth) Site Case Study•
•
deeper seds)
Typical Sediment PAH Profile with Depth
![Page 16: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Measured parameters:• Detailed sediment characterization at 5 core and flux
meter locations
• Partitioning coefficients (typical to high)
• Seepage velocity (0.1 to 0.2 m/yr)
• Sedimentation rate (0.1 to 0.3 cm/yr)
• Consolidation behavior (slow)
• Calibrated steady-state parameters:
Simplified Boudreau Fate/Transport ModelSimplified Boudreau Fate/Transport ModelSLRIDT (Duluth) SiteSLRIDT (Duluth) Site
C t =
∂
∂ 1
s
⎧⎨⎩φ ∂
sx φ⎛⎜⎝∂
DB
C
x ⎞⎟⎠
∂
∂−
uCs
x∂
φ∂sφ+ Re xα− ⎫
⎬⎭
( ) sφ− mkCx
• Hydrocarbon biodegradation rates
![Page 17: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Historic creosote and bulk fuel storage operationsNearshore releases of mobile hydrocarbons through
Quendall (Quendall (LkLk. Washington) Site Case Study. Washington) Site Case Study•
•
groundwater
![Page 18: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Upland DNAPL source to groundwater100 to 1,000-fold reductions in PAH concentration over last 5 feet of transportSteady-state
Quendall (Quendall (LkLk. Washington) Site Case Study. Washington) Site Case Study•
•
•
![Page 19: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Measured parameters:• Detailed sediment characterization at 4
core and wellpoint/flux meter locations
• Partitioning coefficients (typical)
• Seepage velocity (1 to 20 m/yr)
• Sedimentation rate (0.1 to 0.4 cm/yr)
• Consolidation behavior (slow)
• Calibrated steady-state parameters:
Simplified Boudreau Fate/Transport ModelSimplified Boudreau Fate/Transport ModelQuendall (Quendall (LkLk. Washington) Site. Washington) Site
1 ∂sx φ⎛⎜⎝∂
C
x ⎞⎟⎠∂
∂ uCs
x∂
φ∂C t =
∂
∂
s
⎧⎨⎩φ
DB sφ+ Re xα− ⎫⎬⎭
( ) − sφ− mkCx
• Hydrocarbon biodegradation rates
![Page 20: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Summary ofSummary of In SituIn Situ NearNear--SurfaceSurface Naphthalene Biodegradation RatesNaphthalene Biodegradation Rates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.01 0.1 1 10
Biodegradation Half Life (years)
Cum
ulat
ive
Prob
abili
ty
Quendall and Duluth Site Naphthalene Biodegradation Rates (steady-state calibration)
Literature Compilation - In Situ Naphthalene Biodegradation Rates
![Page 21: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Terminal 91 CDF MonitoringTerminal 91 CDF Monitoring ––Chemical Attenuation MechanismsChemical Attenuation Mechanisms
• 20 years of post-construction monitoring• Coarse-grained berms and sediment caps =
“HydroBioGeoChemical Filters”: • Metal sulfide precipitation • Ferrous iron oxidation/co-precipitation • Aerobic and sulfate-based biodegradation• Tidal dispersion
• Porewater and sediment protection confirmed
![Page 23: Enhancement of In Situ Hydrocarbon Biodegradation through ... · Description - Cap Design to Accomplish: Contaminant isolation below point of exposure And, to the extent practicable:](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050412/5f88cc04c024e073d3450c03/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In situ hydrocarbon biodegradation rates likely to be significant baseline natural recovery processesOpportunities to enhance/maintain hydrocarbon biodegradation rates through innovative cap design:
Identify rate-limiting amendments (bench-scale tests)Incorporate amendments below capping layer (operational challenges; “borrow” technologies from related fields)Minimize thickness and maximize grain size, esp. for O2and SO4 diffusion from the overlying water column
Target evaluation and design to specific site conditions and management questionsRisk management balances
Summary/Future DirectionSummary/Future Direction•
•
• •
•
•
•