Enhanced Oil Recovery: Technologies and Global Markets

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Enhanced Oil Recovery: Technologies and Global Markets

Published on August 2013

Report Summary

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

This report provides findings for updates from a previously completed study from 2010. BCC's goal in conducting this update was to

reassess and describe the current status and potential growth of the worldwide enhanced oil recovery (EOR) industry and the market

for associated EOR technologies. More specifically, the updated study includes the following objectives: (1) summarize existing EOR

technologies and promising emerging technologies that are under development; (2) evaluate the existing EOR industry, focusing on

the manufacturers and providers of major components for viable EOR technologies; and (3) assess market potential for EOR

technologies over a five-year period from 2013 through 2018.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

Continually rising global demand for petroleum combined with various supply and political factors resulted in the rapid escalation of its

price starting in 2001. (The term 'oil' is hereafter used nearly exclusively within this study when referring to petroleum.) These shifts

have placed significant pressure upon the global oil industry to increase production. Faced with the challenge of increasing supply,

the global oil industry relies upon the discovery of new oil reserves, production from developed, drilled reserves and the discovery and

implementation of technological advances that enable more extensive oil recovery. Along with advanced extraction technologies such

as hydrofracture, EOR technologies are becoming increasingly significant to global oil supply by increasing or reviving oil production

at reserves or oilfields depleted of more easily recoverable oil. In other instances, EOR technologies have allowed the global oil

industry to produce oil from alternative reserves'such as oil sands or oil shale'through field operations previously thought to be

technologically infeasible or economically unviable. EOR technologies are widely considered vital to maintaining the role of oil as a

continued, reliable source of energy in the global economy.

EOR technologies are also promoted by the global oil industry and publicly as means to address energy policy concerns held by

various nations and political organizations. Some EOR technologies first found widespread commercial application during the energy

crises of the 1970s, when regional and worldwide oil supplies were severely disrupted due to their reliance upon oil imports. Concerns

over regional and national energy security and energy independence persist in many nations and global markets due to perceived

geopolitical threats to the continued supply of imported oil. Capable of bolstering oil production from reserves unrecoverable through

conventional methods, EOR technologies can contribute to efforts to reduce a country's dependence on oil imports and thereby

achieve greater energy independence and security.

Climate change and control of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions'particularly carbon dioxide (CO2)'also represent key issues for

contemporary global and national energy policy that can be addressed through the application or increased utilization of EOR

technologies. Increasingly global efforts to minimize or offset GHG emissions presents an opportunity to the global oil industry to

boost oil production at select fields by injecting waste CO2 into underground oil reservoirs. When properly managed, CO2 captured

from industrial, petrochemical or power generation sources can be sequestered deep underground, preventing its release to the

atmosphere. Such efforts represent a convergence of industry efforts to increase oil production from existing assets while partially

offsetting the effects of fossil fuels on global climate change.

Current market conditions and recent advances in EOR technologies, including industry understanding regarding the effective

application of EOR, are principally responsible for continued growth in enhanced oil recovery. Additional costs associated with the

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services and infrastructure required for EOR technologies may limit their application; however, currently high oil prices globally have

reduced the significance of added costs and greatly increased the economic viability of EOR technologies. Further growth in the

market for EOR technologies is anticipated due to their technological maturity, strong representation from a variety of service

providers and product suppliers in the global oil industry, extensive industry experience in the application of EOR technologies and

the technologies' proven efficacy in increasing oil production at oilfields worldwide.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This study reviews EOR technologies, along with relevant market and production information, technological descriptions and issues,

applications and market factors and potential and gives an overview of supporting incentives and regulations in major worldwide

markets. This study will be of interest to current and potential manufacturers and suppliers of EOR technologies as well as

entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies interested in entering or expanding into the EOR technology sector. It will also be of

interest to corporate planners and strategists, companies involved in the recovery and production of oil, EOR services providers, EOR

rental equipment providers, fossil fuel energy advocacy groups and other public- and private-sector interest groups and market

analysts.

SCOPE OF REPORT AND METHODOLOGY

The scope of this investigation includes the major viable EOR technologies that are currently being implemented in the oil industry.

These EOR technologies are implemented to recover crude oil from reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery methods have

ceased to be productive enough to continue normal field operation economically. In some cases, the EOR technologies considered in

this report may also be applied immediately following initial well drilling. These applications are common for fields where primary and

secondary recovery technologies are incapable of producing adequate oil in any phase of oilfield operation.

Installation and operation of EOR technologies can include various products and components such as injection pumps, wellheads,

specialized well tubing, chemical feeder systems, air separation units, gas compressors, blowers, steam generators, specialized

storage vessels and various other equipment and facilities. Other important products of an EOR technology include oil recovery media

such as surfactants, polymers, alkali chemicals, liquid nitrogen and CO2. Although steam and onsite-compressed atmospheric

nitrogen are also important oil recovery media, they are not considered EOR technology products within this report as they are

supplied at minimal or no direct cost, unlike CO2 or specialized injection chemicals that are supplied to an EOR operation.

The market analysis provided in this report is based on a variety of data sources. These include the most recent government, industry

and academic data regarding the amount of oil in place that could potentially be extracted via EOR, combined with a supplemental

evaluation of major EOR projects that have been announced or that are currently being proposed. Therefore, this report combines

'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches to provide a realistic, robust and accurate assessment of this complex market.

Emerging EOR technologies that may become commercially viable within the next five years are summarized, but are not included in

the market assessment of this report. BCC analyzes each major viable EOR technology, determines its current market status,

examines its impact on future markets and presents forecasts of growth over the next five years. Additionally, this report provides a

breakout analysis for solar enhanced EOR. Solar enhanced EOR was considered only as an emerging technology during under the

prior report completed in this series. However, increased deployment indicates that the technology has come sufficiently close to

commercialization that additional analysis was deemed practicable and useful. Technological issues, including the latest trends, are

assessed and discussed, as are the current and likely regulatory environments in support of this industry.

BCC analyzes the industry on a worldwide basis in terms of its manufacturing and the deployment of its technologies or products.

BCC also examines government roles in support of EOR technologies worldwide, including regulatory support, government

requirements and promotional incentives for various EOR technologies as relevant and available. BCC provides a review of the most

relevant EOR technologies, discusses recent trends in capacity installation and unit sales and provides industry overviews and market









assessments for each EOR technology.

WORLDWIDE MARKETS

List of the major worldwide markets that were assessed in support of this study:

North America : United States, Canada, Mexico

South America : Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Rest of South America

Europe : Germany, Norway, Netherlands, Russia, Turkey, Rest of Europe

Middle East : Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Rest of Middle East

Asia : China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Rest of Asia

METHODOLOGY

Background information, including reviews of each EOR technology and its implementation status, was collected from government

and industry sources. Specific citations and references are provided as needed to support this study and website links to government

and industry studies, white papers and other relevant information are provided whenever available.

BCC's research of present and historic market trends was conducted primarily via internet research and phone interviews, relying on

available industry and government data and information gathered from phone/email based interviews. Provided internal company data

and annual documentation of sales relevant to a particular EOR technologies were also reviewed in order to prepare market

assessments. Based on the results of our surveys and research, BCC analyzed the potential applications for each technology and

forecast remaining 2013 sales and sales through 2018. Additionally, when available, the data provided in this report were compared

with other industry data to ensure relevance, applicability and accuracy.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Both primary and secondary research methods were used in preparing this report. BCC surveyed more than 70 companies to obtain

the data for this study. Included were manufacturers of EOR technologies, distributors of EOR technologies and companies involved

with the deployment of EOR technologies and field facilities. BCC also contacted users of these technologies in a variety of locales

worldwide. Additionally, BCC compiled data from current financial and trade information, industry associations and government

sources.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

Robert Eckard has more than a decade of experience working in the energy and environmental industries. Currently pursuing a PhD

in water and energy resources at the University of California at Davis, Robert also runs a small industry research and technical

consulting company, with an emphasis on the energy/ water/environmental sectors. Robert has provided economic analysis market

assessments, environmental analysis and technical water and energy reports to state and local governments, other consultants and

private companies and individuals throughout the U.S., as well as the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Australia. He has also worked

as a subcontractor under the U.S. Department of Energy, providing analysis in support of fossil fuel extraction and refining for

petroleum fuels, coal and natural gas. Previously, he has produced reports for BCC Research on the global markets for a variety of

energy and water related industries including alternative natural gas extraction techniques, distributed power generation, energy

efficient building technologies, recycled wastewater treatment and solar power generation and heating technologies.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

This report provides:

' An overview of the global market for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies that are implemented to recover crude oil from









reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery methods have ceased to be productive enough to continue normal field operation

economically.

' Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2010, 2011 and 2012, estimates for 2013, and projections of compound annual

growth rates (CAGRs) through 2018.

' Identification of the various EOR products and components, such as injection pumps, wellheads, specialized well tubing, chemical

feeder systems, air separation units, gas compressors, blowers, steam generators, specialized storage vessels, and various other

equipment and facilities; other important products include oil recovery media such as surfactants, polymers, alkali chemicals, liquid

nitrogen, and CO2.

' Discussion of the most recent government, industry, and academic data regarding the amount of oil in place that potentially can be

extracted via EOR.

' Examination of government roles in support of EOR technologies worldwide, including regulatory support, government requirements,

and promotional incentives for various EOR technologies as relevant and available.

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 2

INTENDED AUDIENCE 3

SCOPE OF REPORT AND METHODOLOGY 3

WORLDWIDE MARKETS 4

TABLE A LIST OF GLOBAL MARKETS CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY 4

METHODOLOGY 5

INFORMATION SOURCES 5

TABLE B RESEARCH INFORMATION SOURCES 6

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 6

RELATED REPORTS 6

BCC ON-LINE SERVICES 7

DISCLAIMER 7

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 9

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION,

THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 10

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 10

CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 12

WHAT IS ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY' 12

TABLE 1 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERED IN THIS REPORT 13









HISTORY OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 14

BENEFITS OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 14

FIGURE 1 GLOBAL CRUDE OIL PROVED RESERVES (2009'2012E) (TRILLION

BARRELS) 15

FIGURE 2 EOR BENEFITS TO ENERGY SECURITY AND CLIMATE: COMPARISON TO

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES 16

DRAWBACKS OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 17

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 18

GAS FLOODING 18

Major Forms of Gas Flooding 19

Nitrogen 19

Carbon Dioxide 20

Hydrocarbons and Solvents 21

Gas Flooding Operational Methods 21

Standard Gas Flooding 21

Combined Injection 22

Cyclic Gas Stimulation 22

THERMAL PROCESSES 22

Major Thermal Processes 23

Steam Injection 23

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage 23

In Situ Combustion 24

Toe-to-Heel Air Injection 24

Thermal Operational Methods 25

Standard Thermal Flood 25

Cyclic Steam Stimulation 25

CHEMICAL FLOODING 25

Major Chemical Flooding Processes 26

Surfactants 26

Polymers 26

Alkalis 27

Chemical Flooding Operational Methods 27

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer 27

EOR PRODUCTS AND EQUIPMENT 28

Air Separation Unit 28

Gases and Chemicals for Injection 28

Gas Compressors 28

Injection Pump 29

Specialized Wellheads 29

Injection Well Casing, Tubing and Production Packer 29

Production Treatment and Filtration Equipment 29

Measuring and Monitoring 29

Holding and Maturing Tanks 30

Mixing Equipment 30

Manifolds and Injection Lines 30

Control Room or Control Facilities 30

Power Production Facilities 30

Steam Generators and Boilers 30









Fluid Storage Facilities 31

Water Filtration and Treatment Equipment 31

EOR SERVICES AND CONSULTATIONS 31

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 31

Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery 32

Microbial Flooding 32

Titan Oil Recovery Inc. 33

Enzyme EOR 33

Flue Gas Flooding 33

CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 36

INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS 36

TABLE 2 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY INDUSTRY COMPANY TYPES 36

ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS/ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

PRODUCT SUPPLIERS 37

Gas Flooding Technology Manufacturers 37

Chemical Flooding Technology Manufacturers 38

Thermal Flooding Technology Manufacturers 38

SECONDARY COMPONENT MANUFACTURERS AND FABRICATORS 39

RENTAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY EQUIPMENT PROVIDERS 39

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS 40

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY CONSULTANTS 40

OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION COMPANIES 41

COMMON FACTORS INFLUENCING GLOBAL DEMAND 41

DECLINING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OIL PRODUCTION 41

DOMESTIC ENERGY SECURITY 42

REGULATION 43

CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION/STORAGE 43

OIL PRICES 44

UNCONVENTIONAL OIL EXTRACTION AND THE FUTURE OF EOR 44

NOTES ON EOR COST 45

TABLE 3 EXAMPLES OF EOR COST VARIATION FOR CO2-EOR IN THE U.S. 45

OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY MARKET 46

TABLE 4 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 47

FIGURE 3 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 47

TABLE 5 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH

2018 ($ MILLIONS) 48

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 49

CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 51

TRENDS IN OIL PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PROVEN RESERVES 51

OIL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR COUNTRY 51

FIGURE 5 NORTH AMERICA CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION









BARRELS PER YEAR) 52

FIGURE 6 NORTH AMERICA CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION


OIL RESERVES BY MAJOR COUNTRY 54

FIGURE 7 NORTH AMERICA PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2012E (BILLION


GEOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN EOR SUITABILITY AND DEPLOYMENT 56

FIGURE 8 OILFIELDS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA THAT COULD SUPPORT CO2-EOR 56

FIGURE 9 U.S. OILFIELDS KNOWN TO BE FAVORABLE TO CO2-EOR AND EXISTING

U.S. CO2 PIPELINES, 2012 57

FIGURE 10 CANADIAN OIL SANDS 58

REGULATORY SUPPORT AND INCENTIVES 59

FEDERAL 60

U.S. Internal Revenue Service 60

Federal Enhanced Oil Recovery Tax Credit 60

Advanced Energy Investment Tax Credit 60

CO2-Capture Tax Credit 61

Deduction for Qualified Tertiary Injectant Expenses 61

U.S. Department of Energy 61

Underground Injection Control Program 61

Energy Policy Act of 2005 Carbon-Capture and Sequestration

Incentives 62

Department of Energy Carbon Sequestration Program 62

SELECT STATE-LEVEL REGULATION AND INCENTIVES 63

Alabama 63

Severance Tax Incentive 63

Arkansas 63

Enhanced Oil Recovery Severance Tax Incentives 63

Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission 64

Colorado 64

Secondary and Enhanced Oil Recovery Incentive 64

Kansas 64

Carbon Dioxide Reduction Act 64


Tertiary Oil Recovery Program 66

Louisiana 66

Liability Assumption for Stored Carbon 66


Tertiary Recovery Severance Tax Suspension 67

Mississippi 67

Enhanced Oil Recovery Incentives 67

Montana 68

Carbon Sequestration Equipment Property Tax Abatement 68

Production Tax Incentive 68

Incentives for Horizontal Wells 69

State Assumption of Long-Term Liability for Sequestered CO2 69

New Mexico 70

Advanced Energy Tax Credit 70










North Dakota 70

Coal Plant Carbon Capture Incentive 70

Enhanced Oil Recovery Extraction Tax Incentive 71

Horizontal Well Tax Incentive 71

Oklahoma 72

Tax Exemption for Sales of Electricity Used in Enhanced

Recovery Production 72

Enhanced Oil Recovery Deduction 72

Texas 72

Crude Oil Production Tax/Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects

Regulation 72

Incentives for Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) 73

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 73

Enhanced Oil Recovery Severance Tax Incentive 73

Utah 74


Wyoming 74

Severance Tax Incentives 74

CANADIAN REGULATION AND INCENTIVES 75

Federal Carbon Capture and Storage Technology and Project Funding 75

Federal Capital Cost Allowance for Carbon Capture and Storage 75

Province of Alberta-Enhanced Oil Recovery Royalty Relief 75

Province of Alberta-CO2 Projects Royalty Credit 76

Province of Alberta-Innovative Energy Technologies Incentive 76

Province of British Columbia-Heavy Oil Royalty 77

Province of British Columbia-Incremental Oil Incentive 77

Province of Saskatchewan-Saskatchewan Petroleum Research

Incentive Program 78

Director Howard Loseth, P. Eng. 78

Province of Saskatchewan-Enhanced Oil Recovery Fuel Tax and

Provincial Sales Tax Exemptions 78

Province of Saskatchewan-Enhanced Oil Recovery Royalty Regime 79

Province of Manitoba-Enhanced Oil Recovery Royalty Relief 79

MEXICAN REGULATION AND INCENTIVES 79

National CCUS Strategy and Regulatory Framework 79

MARKET VALUES AND PROJECTIONS 80

CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING 81

Market Potential and Trends 82

TABLE 6 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH


FIGURE 11 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 83

NITROGEN FLOODING 83


TABLE 7 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR NITROGEN FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 85

FIGURE 12 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR NITROGEN FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($









MILLIONS) 85

HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING 86


TABLE 8 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING,


FIGURE 13 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 88



TABLE 9 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 90

FIGURE 14 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 90

IN SITU COMBUSTION 91


TABLE 10 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 92

FIGURE 15 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 92

STEAM FLOODING 93


TABLE 11 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 95

FIGURE 16 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 95

CHAPTER 6 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 98

TRENDS IN OIL PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PROVED RESERVES 98


FIGURE 17 SOUTH AMERICAN CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION


FIGURE 18 SOUTH AMERICAN CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION



FIGURE 19 SOUTH AMERICAN PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2013 (BILLION

BARRELS OF OIL) 103


Brazil 104

CCS Project Developments 104

Trinidad and Tobago 104

Enhanced Oil Recovery Tax Credits 104

Venezuela 105

Oil Contractor's Law 105




TABLE 12 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH









2018 ($ MILLIONS) 107

FIGURE 20 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING MARKET,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 108




TABLE 13 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING,


FIGURE 21 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 110



TABLE 14 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 112

FIGURE 22 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 112



TABLE 15 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 114

FIGURE 23 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 115

STEAM FLOODING 115


TABLE 16 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 117

FIGURE 24 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 117

CHAPTER 7 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 119



FIGURE 25 EUROPE CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS PER

YEAR) 120

FIGURE 26 EUROPEAN CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS

PER YEAR) 121


FIGURE 27 EUROPEAN PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2013 (BILLION BARRELS OF

OIL) 123


European Union 125

European Union Climate and Energy Package'Framework for

Carbon Capture and Storage 125

NER300 125

Norway 126

Emissions Trading Scheme 126

CLIMIT Program 127









United Kingdom 128

United Kingdom Carbon Capture and Sequestration Competition 128

Energy Act 2010 128




TABLE 17 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 131

FIGURE 28 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 131




TABLE 18 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, THROUGH

2018 ($ MILLIONS) 134

FIGURE 29 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, 2010'2018

($ MILLIONS) 134



TABLE 19 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 136

FIGURE 30 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 136



TABLE 20 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 138

FIGURE 31 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 138

STEAM FLOODING 139


TABLE 21 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 141

FIGURE 32 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 141

CHAPTER 8 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 143



FIGURE 33 MIDDLE EAST CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS

PER YEAR) 144

FIGURE 34 AFRICAN CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS PER

YEAR) 145

FIGURE 35 MIDDLE EAST CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION


FIGURE 36 AFRICA CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS PER

YEAR) 148


FIGURE 37 MIDDLE EAST PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2013 (BILLION BARRELS

OF OIL) 150









FIGURE 38 AFRICA PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2013 (BILLION BARRELS OF OIL) 151


South Africa 152

United Arab Emirates 152

Masdar Carbon Capture and Sequestration Joint Ventures 152




TABLE 22 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 155

FIGURE 39 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 156




TABLE 23 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS


FIGURE 40 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS

FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 158



TABLE 24 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKETS FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING,



STEAM FLOODING 161


TABLE 25 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING,


FIGURE 41 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING,

2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 163

CHAPTER 9 ASIAN MARKET FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 165



FIGURE 42 ASIAN CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS PER

YEAR) 166

FIGURE 43 ASIAN CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION, 2002'2012 (BILLION BARRELS PER

YEAR) 168


FIGURE 44 ASIAN PROVED OIL RESERVES, 2002'2013 (BILLION BARRELS OF OIL) 170


Australia 171

National Low Emissions Coal Initiative 171

China 172

Notice on Promoting Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage

Pilot Demonstration 172

Indonesia 172









Oil Equipment Import Incentives 172

Malaysia 173

Petroleum Rules 2013 173

Petroleum Regulations 2013 173

Petroleum Order 2013 173




TABLE 26 ASIAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 176

FIGURE 45 ASIAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 177




TABLE 27 ASIAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 179

FIGURE 46 ASIAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($

MILLIONS) 179



TABLE 28 ASIAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 181

FIGURE 47 ASIAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 181



TABLE 29 ASIAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 183

FIGURE 48 ASIAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 183

STEAM FLOODING 184


TABLE 30 ASIAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 186

FIGURE 49 ASIAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, 2010'2018 ($ MILLIONS) 186

CHAPTER 10 COMPANY PROFILES 188

CHEMICAL FLOODING TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS 188

EOR CHEMICALS 188

TABLE 31 COMPANY OVERVIEW: AKZO NOBEL 189

BASF 190

TABLE 32 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BASF 191

Champion Technologies 191

TABLE 33 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHAMPION TECHNOLOGIES 191

Chevron Phillips Chemical 192

TABLE 34 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL 192

Dow Chemical Co. 193

TABLE 35 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DOW CHEMICAL CO. 193

DuPont 194

TABLE 36 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DUPONT 194

Kemira 195









TABLE 37 COMPANY OVERVIEW: KEMIRA 195

Oil Chem Technologies 196

TABLE 38 COMPANY OVERVIEW: OIL CHEM TECHNOLOGIES 196

PQ Corp. 196

TABLE 39 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PQ CORP. 197

Rhodia 197

TABLE 40 COMPANY OVERVIEW: RHODIA 198

Shell Chemicals 198

TABLE 41 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SHELL CHEMICALS 199

SNF Group 199

TABLE 42 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SNF GROUP 200

Stepan 200

TABLE 43 COMPANY OVERVIEW: STEPAN 201

Tiorco 201

TABLE 44 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TIORCO 202

Unitech Asia Pacific Ltd. 202

TABLE 45 COMPANY OVERVIEW: UNITECH ASIA PACIFIC LTD. 203

Weatherford Intl. 203

TABLE 46 COMPANY OVERVIEW: WEATHERFORD INTL. 204

CHEMICAL INJECTION PUMPS, SKIDS AND SYSTEMS 204

Baker Hughes 204

TABLE 47 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BAKER HUGHES 205

Cat Pumps 205

TABLE 48 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CAT PUMPS 206

FMC Technologies 206

TABLE 49 COMPANY OVERVIEW: FMC TECHNOLOGIES 207

General Electric 207

TABLE 50 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GENERAL ELECTRIC 208

Hammelmann 209

TABLE 51 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAMMELMANN 209

Hayward Gordon 210

TABLE 52 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAYWARD GORDON 210

National Oilwell Varco 210

TABLE 53 COMPANY OVERVIEW: NATIONAL OILWELL VARCO 211

NETZSCH 211

TABLE 54 COMPANY OVERVIEW: NETZSCH 212

SNF Group 212


Sulzer 214

TABLE 56 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SULZER 214



GAS FLOODING TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS 216

NITROGEN PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT 216

Air Liquide 216

TABLE 58 COMPANY OVERVIEW: AIR LIQUIDE 217

Air Products 217

TABLE 59 COMPANY OVERVIEW: AIR PRODUCTS 218









Cryogenic Industries 218

TABLE 60 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES 219

Generon Innovative Gas Systems 219

TABLE 61 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GENERON INNOVATIVE GAS SYSTEMS 220

Linde 220

TABLE 62 COMPANY OVERVIEW: LINDE 221



Praxair 222

TABLE 64 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PRAXAIR 223

CARBON DIOXIDE SUPPLY 223

Denbury Resources 223

TABLE 65 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DENBURY RESOURCES 224

ExxonMobil 224

TABLE 66 COMPANY OVERVIEW: EXXONMOBIL 225

Kinder Morgan 226

TABLE 67 COMPANY OVERVIEW: KINDER MORGAN 226

Occidental 227

TABLE 68 COMPANY OVERVIEW: OCCIDENTAL 228

GAS COMPRESSION AND INJECTION SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS 228

Ariel 228

TABLE 69 COMPANY OVERVIEW: ARIEL 229

Cameron 229

TABLE 70 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CAMERON 230

Cat Pumps 230


Caterpillar 231

TABLE 72 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CATERPILLAR 232

Cryogenic Industries 232


Dresser-Rand 233

TABLE 74 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DRESSER-RAND 234

Elliott 234

TABLE 75 COMPANY OVERVIEW: ELLIOTT 235

Flowserve 235

TABLE 76 COMPANY OVERVIEW: FLOWSERVE 236



Gardner Denver 237

TABLE 78 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GARDNER DENVER 238



MAN 240

TABLE 80 COMPANY OVERVIEW: MAN 242

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 242

TABLE 81 COMPANY OVERVIEW: MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES 243

Rolls-Royce 243

TABLE 82 COMPANY OVERVIEW: ROLLS-ROYCE 244









Siemens 244

TABLE 83 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SIEMENS 245

Wood Group 245

TABLE 84 COMPANY OVERVIEW: WOOD GROUP 247

GAS RECOVERY SYSTEMS 247

Air Liquide 247


Air Products 248


Cameron 249


Guild Associates 251

TABLE 88 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GUILD ASSOCIATES 252

Membrane Technology Research 252

TABLE 89 COMPANY OVERVIEW: MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 252

Ube 253

TABLE 90 COMPANY OVERVIEW: UBE 254

CHEMICAL AND GAS INJECTION WELL EQUIPMENT 254

Cameron 254








Seaboard 259

TABLE 95 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SEABOARD 260



Wood Group 261


THERMAL FLOODING TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS 262

COGENERATION TURBINES 262

Dresser-Rand 262




MAN 265


Rolls-Royce 266


Siemens 267


STEAM GENERATORS 269

Babcock & Wilcox 269

TABLE 103 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BABCOCK & WILCOX 269

China National Petroleum Corp. 270









TABLE 104 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHINA NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORP. 271

Clayton Industries 271

TABLE 105 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CLAYTON INDUSTRIES 272

Hamon Deltak 272

TABLE 106 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAMON DELTAK 273

Industrial Technology Management 273

TABLE 107 COMPANY OVERVIEW: INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 273

IST 274

TABLE 108 COMPANY OVERVIEW: IST 275

Nooter/Eriksen 275

TABLE 109 COMPANY OVERVIEW: NOOTER/ERIKSEN 276

Premier Energy 276

TABLE 110 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PREMIER ENERGY 277

TEi-Struthers Wells 277

TABLE 111 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TEI-STRUTHERS WELLS 278

Vogt Power 278

TABLE 112 COMPANY OVERVIEW: VOGT POWER 279

THERMAL WELL EQUIPMENT 279

Cameron 279


China National Petroleum Corp. 280






Halliburton 284

TABLE 117 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HALLIBURTON 285

Industrial Technology Management 286


Stream-Flo 286

TABLE 119 COMPANY OVERVIEW: STREAM-FLO 287

TAM Intl. 287

TABLE 120 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TAM INTL. 288

TIW 288

TABLE 121 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TIW 288



AIR COMPRESSORS 290

Ariel 290


Bauer 291

TABLE 124 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BAUER 291

Dresser-Rand 292


MAN 293


PRODUCTION-SIDE PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS (APPLICABLE TO MULTIPLE EOR









TECHNOLOGIES) 294

PRODUCTION PUMPS 294

Bornemann 294

TABLE 127 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BORNEMANN 295

Flowserve 295




Leistritz 297

TABLE 130 COMPANY OVERVIEW: LEISTRITZ 298

Seepex 298

TABLE 131 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SEEPEX 299

Sulzer 299




PRODUCED FLUIDS SEPARATION/PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 302

Cameron 302


Cyclotech 303

TABLE 135 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CYCLOTECH 304

Eaton 304

TABLE 136 COMPANY OVERVIEW: EATON 305

Eco-Tec 305

TABLE 137 COMPANY OVERVIEW: ECO-TEC 306





Siemens 309


Sulzer 310


Veolia 311

TABLE 142 COMPANY OVERVIEW: VEOLIA 312

CHAPTER 11 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS 315

CHAPTER 12 REFERENCES 319

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE A LIST OF GLOBAL MARKETS CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY 4

TABLE B RESEARCH INFORMATION SOURCES 6

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION,










TABLE 1 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERED IN THIS REPORT 13

TABLE 2 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY INDUSTRY COMPANY TYPES 36

TABLE 3 EXAMPLES OF EOR COST VARIATION FOR CO2-EOR IN THE U.S. 45

TABLE 4 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 47

TABLE 5 GLOBAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH


TABLE 6 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH


TABLE 7 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR NITROGEN FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 85

TABLE 8 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, THROUGH


TABLE 9 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 90

TABLE 10 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 92

TABLE 11 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 95

TABLE 12 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH

2018 ($ MILLIONS) 107

TABLE 13 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING,


TABLE 14 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 112

TABLE 15 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 114

TABLE 16 SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 117

TABLE 17 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 131

TABLE 18 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, THROUGH 2018

($ MILLIONS) 134

TABLE 19 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 136

TABLE 20 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 138

TABLE 21 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 141

TABLE 22 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE


TABLE 23 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS


TABLE 24 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKETS FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING,


TABLE 25 MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING,


TABLE 26 ASIAN MARKET FOR CARBON DIOXIDE FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 176









TABLE 27 ASIAN MARKET FOR HYDROCARBON GAS FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($

MILLIONS) 179

TABLE 28 ASIAN MARKET FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 181

TABLE 29 ASIAN MARKET FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 183

TABLE 30 ASIAN MARKET FOR STEAM FLOODING, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 186

TABLE 31 COMPANY OVERVIEW: AKZO NOBEL 189

TABLE 32 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BASF 191

TABLE 33 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHAMPION TECHNOLOGIES 191

TABLE 34 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL 192

TABLE 35 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DOW CHEMICAL CO. 193

TABLE 36 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DUPONT 194

TABLE 37 COMPANY OVERVIEW: KEMIRA 195

TABLE 38 COMPANY OVERVIEW: OIL CHEM TECHNOLOGIES 196

TABLE 39 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PQ CORP. 197

TABLE 40 COMPANY OVERVIEW: RHODIA 198

TABLE 41 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SHELL CHEMICALS 199


TABLE 43 COMPANY OVERVIEW: STEPAN 201

TABLE 44 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TIORCO 202

TABLE 45 COMPANY OVERVIEW: UNITECH ASIA PACIFIC LTD. 203


TABLE 47 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BAKER HUGHES 205




TABLE 51 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAMMELMANN 209

TABLE 52 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAYWARD GORDON 210


TABLE 54 COMPANY OVERVIEW: NETZSCH 212







TABLE 61 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GENERON INNOVATIVE GAS SYSTEMS 220

TABLE 62 COMPANY OVERVIEW: LINDE 221


TABLE 64 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PRAXAIR 223

TABLE 65 COMPANY OVERVIEW: DENBURY RESOURCES 224

TABLE 66 COMPANY OVERVIEW: EXXONMOBIL 225

TABLE 67 COMPANY OVERVIEW: KINDER MORGAN 226

TABLE 68 COMPANY OVERVIEW: OCCIDENTAL 228




TABLE 72 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CATERPILLAR 232











TABLE 75 COMPANY OVERVIEW: ELLIOTT 235



TABLE 78 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GARDNER DENVER 238



TABLE 81 COMPANY OVERVIEW: MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES 243







TABLE 88 COMPANY OVERVIEW: GUILD ASSOCIATES 252

TABLE 89 COMPANY OVERVIEW: MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 252

TABLE 90 COMPANY OVERVIEW: UBE 254





TABLE 95 COMPANY OVERVIEW: SEABOARD 260








TABLE 103 COMPANY OVERVIEW: BABCOCK & WILCOX 269


TABLE 105 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CLAYTON INDUSTRIES 272

TABLE 106 COMPANY OVERVIEW: HAMON DELTAK 273


TABLE 108 COMPANY OVERVIEW: IST 275

TABLE 109 COMPANY OVERVIEW: NOOTER/ERIKSEN 276

TABLE 110 COMPANY OVERVIEW: PREMIER ENERGY 277

TABLE 111 COMPANY OVERVIEW: TEI-STRUTHERS WELLS 278

TABLE 112 COMPANY OVERVIEW: VOGT POWER 279


TABLE 114 COMPANY OVERVIEW: CHINA NATIONAL PETROL








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