English vs. German A short language comparison. Some basic information about the languages English...
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![Page 1: English vs. German A short language comparison. Some basic information about the languages English and German are two Germanic languages and therefore.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5515f5ff55034694308b46e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
English vs. German
A short language comparison
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Some basic information about the languages
• English and German are two Germanic languages and therefore share many of the same characteristics
• English and German belong to the “West Germanic” group of the Indo-European language family
• English developed from the “Low German”• Modern High German developed from the “High
German”
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Language Tree
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• German
- Deutsch official language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
- around the world, German is spoken by approximately 95 to 110 million native speakers and another 20 million non-native speakers
• English
- the official language of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
- the standard language of the United States
- spoken by 370 million people as first language (estimated), circa 3 billion total
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The sounds in both languages
• both the English and the German alphabet consist of 26 letters, using the Latin alphabet
• however, more phonetic symbols are used in transcription of German words
• sometimes, same sounds are pronounced in a different way
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Phonetic symbols
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The "th" sound (all positions)
English Old English German
think þencean denken
three þrīe drei
this þis dies
thou(you sing.)
þū du
leather leðer Leder
path pæð Pfad
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/x/ before /t/
English Old English German
brought brōht gebracht
thought þōht gedacht
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[ts] and [ç]
• English: sits /sɪts/, sets /sets/, cats /kæts/
• German: zu /tsu:/, zehn /tse:n/, Zunge /tsʊŋə/, Zimmer /tsɪmɐ/
• German: [ç] like in ich, Milch, Pech
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Additional characteristics in German
• German umlaute: Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü
• [y] Fülle• [y:] Rübe, Tür
sounds doesn’t exist in• [ɛ ] mästen English• [ɛ:] wählen
• [ø] Ökonom• [ø:] Öl
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• Eszett: - ß (also called “sharp s”)
- rules where “ß” can be replaced with “ss”Example: Fuß (foot), Füße (feet)
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Inflectional system
• inflection: change of form or modification that words undergo to make distinctions such as case, gender, number, tense, person, mood, or voice
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Gender of words
• Grammatical gender is not very important in English nouns in English have lost their gender (except for certain professions)
• All German nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter
• The gender of the German noun is often indicated by the article (definite or indefinite)
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Definite article and gender
masculine feminine neuter
der Mann
(the man)
die Frau
(the woman)
das Kind
(the child)
der Ball
(the ball)
die Tasche
(the bag)
das Haus
(the house)
der Baum
(the tree)
die Lampe
(the lamp)
das Jahr
(the year)
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- der Student (masculine)
student
- die Studentin (feminine)
- der Lehrer (masculine)
teacher
- die Lehrerin (feminine)
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Cases of nouns
• In German, words (usually nouns) can have a variety of forms depending on its function in the sentence case
• The four cases in German: the subject or nominative casethe direct object or accusative casethe indirect object or dative casethe possessive or genitive case
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• The nominative case is used in reference to the subject of a sentence.
• Der Mann / Die Frau / Das Kind isst. (The man / the woman / the child is eating.)
• The accusative case is used in reference to the direct object of a sentence.
• Ich sehe den Mann / die Frau / das Kind. (I see the man / the woman / the child.)
• The dative case is used in reference to the indirect object of a sentence.
• Er gibt dem Mann / der Frau / dem Kind den Löffel. (He gives the spoon to the man / the woman / the child.)
• The genitive case is used in reference to a possessed object of a sentence.
• das Buch des Mannes / der Frau / des Kindes (the man's / woman's / child's book)
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Present tense of verbsPersonal Pronoun
German English
ich/I spiele play
du/you spielst play
er, sie, es/he, she, it
spielt plays
wir/we spielen play
ihr/you spielt play
sie/they spielen play
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False FriendsMeaning in
EnglishMeaning in
German
GIFT a present poison
KIND nice, generous a child
ROCK a stone a skirt
BOOT a tall shoe boat
BAD evil, harmful bath
HANDY easy to handle cell phone