English Tenses – Examples 1 english.pdf... · action that takes place once, never or several...
Transcript of English Tenses – Examples 1 english.pdf... · action that takes place once, never or several...
1
COLmiddotLEGI INTERNACIONAL SEK-CATALUNYA DEPARTAMENT DE LLENGUumlES ESTRANGERES
English Department CREDIT
VARIABLE
CURS
200809
UNIT 1
English Tenses ndash Examples
Explanation Past Present Future
Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple
action that takes place
once never or several times
He played football
every Tuesday
He plays football every
Tuesday
He will is going to
play football every Tuesday
actions that happen one
after another
He played football and
then he went home
He plays football and
then he goes home
He will play football
and then he will go
home
state He loved football He loves football He will love football
Past Progressive Present Progressive Future I Progressive
action going on at that
moment
He was playing
football
He is playing football He will be playing
football
actions taking place at
the same time
He was playing
football and she was
watching
He is playing football
and she is watching
He will be playing
football and she will be
watching
Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect
Simple
Future II Simple
action taking place
before a certain
moment in time
emphasises the result
He had won five
matches until that day
He has won five
matches so far
He will have won five
matches by then
Past Perfect
Progressive
Present Perfect
Progressive
Future II Progressive
action taking place
before a certain
moment in time (and
beyond) emphasises
the duration
He had been playing
football for ten years
He has been playing
football for ten years
He will have been
playing football for ten
years
2
Table of English Tenses
tense AffirmativeNegativeQuestion Use Signal
Words
Simple Present A He speaks
N He does not speak
Q Does he speak
action in the present taking
place once never or several
times facts
actions taking place one after
another action set by a
timetable or schedule
always every hellip
never normally
often seldom
sometimes
usually
if sentences type I
(If I talk hellip)
Present Progressive A He is speaking
N He is not speaking
Q Is he speaking
action taking place in the
moment of speaking
action taking place only for a
limited period of time action
arranged for the future
at the moment
just just now
Listen Look
now right now
Simple Past A He spoke
N He did not speak
Q Did he speak
action in the past taking place
once never or several times
actions taking place one after
another action taking place in
the middle of another action
yesterday 2
minutes ago in
1990 the other
day last Friday
if sentence type II
(If I talked hellip)
Past Progressive A He was speaking
N He was not speaking
Q Was he speaking
action going on at a certain
time in the past actions taking
place at the same time action
in the past that is interrupted
by another action
when while as
long as
Present Perfect Simple A He has spoken
N He has not spoken
Q Has he spoken
putting emphasis on the result
action that is still going on
action that stopped recently
finished action that has an
influence on the present
action that has taken place
once never or several times
before the moment of speaking
already ever
just never not
yet so far till
now up to now
3
Simple Present (Present Simple) - Introduction
Simple present is also called present simple
The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once never or several times It is also
used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule
The simple present also expresses facts in the present
1Simple Present Write down the missing sentences
affirmative negative question
I I am hungry
you You are Sam
he He is not here
she Is she loud
it It is okay
we Are we fine
you You are not friendly
they Are they happy
4
2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present
1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------
2 we to play card games - ---------------------------
3 he to read comics - -----------------------------
4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------
5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------
6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------
7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------
8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------
9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------
10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------
3Simple Present Make negative sentences
1 I watch TV - -----------------------
2 We play football - -----------------------------
3 It is boring - -----------------------------
4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------
5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------
6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------
7 They open the windows - ------------------------------
8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------
9 I am late - ----------------------------------
10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------
4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions
1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------
2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------
3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------
4 she often to dream - -------------------------------
5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------
6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------
7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------
8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------
9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------
10 he to read books - -----------------------------------
5
Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule
The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s
example he can she may it must
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s
example do - he does wash - she washes
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s
example worry - he worries
But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified
example play - he plays
5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs
1 I can - he -------------------------
2 I go - he --------------------------
3 I wish - he -------------------------
4 I must - he ------------------------------
5 I hurry - he --------------------------
6 I do - he ------------------------------
7 I may - he -------------------------------
8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9 I worry - he -----------------------------
10 I teach - he ---------------------------
Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case
Article
Direct article ndash the example the house
Indirect article a an
a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university
an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
2
Table of English Tenses
tense AffirmativeNegativeQuestion Use Signal
Words
Simple Present A He speaks
N He does not speak
Q Does he speak
action in the present taking
place once never or several
times facts
actions taking place one after
another action set by a
timetable or schedule
always every hellip
never normally
often seldom
sometimes
usually
if sentences type I
(If I talk hellip)
Present Progressive A He is speaking
N He is not speaking
Q Is he speaking
action taking place in the
moment of speaking
action taking place only for a
limited period of time action
arranged for the future
at the moment
just just now
Listen Look
now right now
Simple Past A He spoke
N He did not speak
Q Did he speak
action in the past taking place
once never or several times
actions taking place one after
another action taking place in
the middle of another action
yesterday 2
minutes ago in
1990 the other
day last Friday
if sentence type II
(If I talked hellip)
Past Progressive A He was speaking
N He was not speaking
Q Was he speaking
action going on at a certain
time in the past actions taking
place at the same time action
in the past that is interrupted
by another action
when while as
long as
Present Perfect Simple A He has spoken
N He has not spoken
Q Has he spoken
putting emphasis on the result
action that is still going on
action that stopped recently
finished action that has an
influence on the present
action that has taken place
once never or several times
before the moment of speaking
already ever
just never not
yet so far till
now up to now
3
Simple Present (Present Simple) - Introduction
Simple present is also called present simple
The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once never or several times It is also
used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule
The simple present also expresses facts in the present
1Simple Present Write down the missing sentences
affirmative negative question
I I am hungry
you You are Sam
he He is not here
she Is she loud
it It is okay
we Are we fine
you You are not friendly
they Are they happy
4
2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present
1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------
2 we to play card games - ---------------------------
3 he to read comics - -----------------------------
4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------
5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------
6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------
7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------
8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------
9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------
10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------
3Simple Present Make negative sentences
1 I watch TV - -----------------------
2 We play football - -----------------------------
3 It is boring - -----------------------------
4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------
5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------
6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------
7 They open the windows - ------------------------------
8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------
9 I am late - ----------------------------------
10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------
4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions
1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------
2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------
3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------
4 she often to dream - -------------------------------
5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------
6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------
7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------
8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------
9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------
10 he to read books - -----------------------------------
5
Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule
The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s
example he can she may it must
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s
example do - he does wash - she washes
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s
example worry - he worries
But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified
example play - he plays
5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs
1 I can - he -------------------------
2 I go - he --------------------------
3 I wish - he -------------------------
4 I must - he ------------------------------
5 I hurry - he --------------------------
6 I do - he ------------------------------
7 I may - he -------------------------------
8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9 I worry - he -----------------------------
10 I teach - he ---------------------------
Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case
Article
Direct article ndash the example the house
Indirect article a an
a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university
an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
3
Simple Present (Present Simple) - Introduction
Simple present is also called present simple
The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once never or several times It is also
used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule
The simple present also expresses facts in the present
1Simple Present Write down the missing sentences
affirmative negative question
I I am hungry
you You are Sam
he He is not here
she Is she loud
it It is okay
we Are we fine
you You are not friendly
they Are they happy
4
2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present
1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------
2 we to play card games - ---------------------------
3 he to read comics - -----------------------------
4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------
5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------
6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------
7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------
8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------
9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------
10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------
3Simple Present Make negative sentences
1 I watch TV - -----------------------
2 We play football - -----------------------------
3 It is boring - -----------------------------
4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------
5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------
6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------
7 They open the windows - ------------------------------
8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------
9 I am late - ----------------------------------
10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------
4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions
1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------
2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------
3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------
4 she often to dream - -------------------------------
5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------
6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------
7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------
8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------
9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------
10 he to read books - -----------------------------------
5
Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule
The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s
example he can she may it must
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s
example do - he does wash - she washes
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s
example worry - he worries
But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified
example play - he plays
5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs
1 I can - he -------------------------
2 I go - he --------------------------
3 I wish - he -------------------------
4 I must - he ------------------------------
5 I hurry - he --------------------------
6 I do - he ------------------------------
7 I may - he -------------------------------
8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9 I worry - he -----------------------------
10 I teach - he ---------------------------
Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case
Article
Direct article ndash the example the house
Indirect article a an
a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university
an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
4
2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present
1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------
2 we to play card games - ---------------------------
3 he to read comics - -----------------------------
4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------
5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------
6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------
7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------
8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------
9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------
10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------
3Simple Present Make negative sentences
1 I watch TV - -----------------------
2 We play football - -----------------------------
3 It is boring - -----------------------------
4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------
5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------
6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------
7 They open the windows - ------------------------------
8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------
9 I am late - ----------------------------------
10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------
4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions
1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------
2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------
3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------
4 she often to dream - -------------------------------
5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------
6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------
7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------
8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------
9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------
10 he to read books - -----------------------------------
5
Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule
The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s
example he can she may it must
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s
example do - he does wash - she washes
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s
example worry - he worries
But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified
example play - he plays
5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs
1 I can - he -------------------------
2 I go - he --------------------------
3 I wish - he -------------------------
4 I must - he ------------------------------
5 I hurry - he --------------------------
6 I do - he ------------------------------
7 I may - he -------------------------------
8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9 I worry - he -----------------------------
10 I teach - he ---------------------------
Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case
Article
Direct article ndash the example the house
Indirect article a an
a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university
an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
5
Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule
The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s
example he can she may it must
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s
example do - he does wash - she washes
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s
example worry - he worries
But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified
example play - he plays
5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs
1 I can - he -------------------------
2 I go - he --------------------------
3 I wish - he -------------------------
4 I must - he ------------------------------
5 I hurry - he --------------------------
6 I do - he ------------------------------
7 I may - he -------------------------------
8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9 I worry - he -----------------------------
10 I teach - he ---------------------------
Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case
Article
Direct article ndash the example the house
Indirect article a an
a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university
an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
6
6Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct
1 -----------key
2 ------------bus
3 -------------orange
4 -------------apple
5 -------------watch
6 -------------ice-cream
7 ----------------umbrella
8 ---------------university
9 ---------------8-year-old girl
10 --------------hour
7Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article
1 We went to ---------------------cinema
2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock
3 He plays ------------------tennis very well
4 Can you play ----------------------guitar
5 This is my last year at -------------------school
6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio
7 They went to London by --------------------plane
8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday
9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC
10 That was an important day in ----------------------history
Plural Spelling Rules
general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars
after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes
y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for
electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes
8Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)
1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------
2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea
3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------
4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
7
5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------
6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------
7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you
8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project
9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome
10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired
Possessive Case of Nouns
adding s of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Ronnys brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase
example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany
When using the possessive case with a time s is added
example a three weeks holiday
9Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase
1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------
2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------
3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------
4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------
5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------
6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------
7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------
8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------
9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------
10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
8
Pronouns
(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
example We have got some books
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
example The books are for us
Possessive Adjectives
example These are our books
Possessive Pronouns
example The books are ours
Reflexive Pronouns
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
9
example He can carry the bags himself
Relative Pronouns
example This is the man who lives next door
10Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question
1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family
2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany
3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter
4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother
5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins
6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old
7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury
8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London
9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us
10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family
11Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns
1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------
2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------
4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------
5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------
6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------
7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------
8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------
10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------
12Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives
1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now
2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy
3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family
4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle
5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships
6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle
7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
10
8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter
9 (We) --------------------------winter
10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer
13Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns
1 This book is (you)------------------------
2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------
3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------
4 The ring is (she) ---------------------
5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------
6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------
7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------
8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------
9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------
10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------
14Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns
1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------
2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror
3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------
4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------
5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour
6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------
7 She made --------------------a pullover
8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror
9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------
10 We can move the table -----------------------
READING
15Christmas in England
In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on
Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
11
and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree
In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys
Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding
26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is
called Boxing Day
Questions on the text
Answer the questions according to the text
1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip
in front of the house
in the sitting room
on top of the house
2 Santa puts the presents hellip
under the tree
in the chimney
in his bag
3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day
People used to fight for their presents on that day
People hang around all day watching TV
People received little gift boxes on that day
16A Christmas Carol
Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost
Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail
Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat
busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either
Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew
ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said
ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
12
ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo
ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a
year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo
ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent
him out
When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money
ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office
When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit
ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk
ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you
donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo
Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home
Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky
but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked
himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire
Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The
noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was
Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses
ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge
ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo
ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo
ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared
about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance
Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo
When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge
went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
13
17Questions on the text
Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text
1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------
Find a synonym for each word in the text
1 spirit - -------------------------------
2 next - --------------------------------
3 start - --------------------------------
4 happy - -----------------------------
5 at once - ----------------------------
6 shut - -------------------------------
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions
as hellip as
Example Jane is as tall as John
not as hellip as not so hellip as
Example John is not as tall as Arnie
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est
silent bdquoe‟ is dropped
Example late-later-latest
final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i
Example easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
14
Example hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much many more most
far (place +
time)
further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
15
old (people and things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest
18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)
1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours
2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one
3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read
4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers
5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world
6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains
7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer
8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth
9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer
10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all
19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as
1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen
2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer
3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister
4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can
5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum
6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine
7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I
8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday
9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you
10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do
Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to
That‟s not really difficult is it o)
Form
positive main clause rarr negative question tag
negative main clause rarr positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom aren‟t you
He isn‟t Joe is he
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
16
main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car haven‟t you
20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags
1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------
2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------
3 You are John -------------------------------
4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------
5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------
6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------
7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------
8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------
9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------
10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------
Short Answers
Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used
To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of bdquobe‟)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)
Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t
Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t
Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t
Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t
Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
17
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t
If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not
But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t
21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form
1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------
3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------
4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------
5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----
-------------------
7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------
8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------
9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------
READING
22New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July
4 1776)
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
18
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction
Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was
added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters
Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building
Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds
Short Answers
Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check
out our grammar section
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
19
23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an
example)
1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------
2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------
3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------
4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------
5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------
Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future
Present progressive is also known as present continuous
Present ContinuousProgressive - Form
Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing
Use
am with the personal pronoun I
is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)
affirmative negative question
I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing
he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
20
you we they
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing
Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions
In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb
In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be
Present Continuous Progressive - Form
24Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms
affirmative negative question
I I am working
you You are jumping
he He is not dreaming
she Is she sleeping
it It is snowing
we Are we singing
you You are not fighting
they Are they reading
25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive
1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------
2 it to rain - --------------------------------
3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
21
4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------
7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------
10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an
influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result
Form of Present Perfect
Positive Negative Question
I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken
he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken
For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love ndash loved
final consonant after a short stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit ndash admitted
travel ndash travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example She has written five letters
action that is still going on
Example School has not started yet
action that stopped recently
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
22
Example She has cooked dinner
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example I have lost my key
action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example I have never been to Australia
26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action
1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------
3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------
4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------
27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores
1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------
7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------
28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury
1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
23
3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------
29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple
Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple
1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)
1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today
2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp
3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet
4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------
5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters
6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time
7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school
8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet
9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss
10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet
31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
Decide whether to use some or any
1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends
2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends
3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters
4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left
24
5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine
6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you
7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits
8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead
9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left