English Pronunciation

Sep. 19, 2012

Xu Yan

• To learn how to improve teachers’ phonetic competence

• To learn how to get students interested and help them improve their pronunciation ability

Objectives

？？？Why English

Pronunciation?

Pronunciation

The way in which a language or a particular word is pronounced

1. 很多学生学完音标之后音标记不准、认不全；

2. 许多学生没有独立识词的拼读能力，学习英语靠鹦鹉学舌，背诵单词靠死记单词字母顺序，给英语单词加注汉语拼音或汉字；

3. 朗读时不能表情达意，一些学生害怕当众朗读。

4. 单词不会拼读造成词汇记忆困难，而大多数学生不具备拼读能力，最终导致英语学习的两极分化。

1. 教材语音教学内容的安排分散且学程长，又因为“课时紧，赶进程”，语音教学得不到保证，不利于学生拼读能力的培养，使学生从一开始便处于被动学习地位，学习英语的兴趣、自信心受到挫伤，教学效果差。

2. 重单音教学轻语流教学。3. 重知识传授轻能力培养。

清楚英语语音的发音方式及发音部位了解英语语音中常用的和基本的概念句子的连读、弱读、失去爆破和轻重音及语调

等的处理。

Read the following sentences:

Nancy works at a bank in town.

The streets are wide, clean and beautiful.

He said that he was coming to see me.

Give my best wishes and regards to them.

2 ．超切分音位 Suprasegmental phoneme

1 ）重音

双音节名词的重音在第一个音节上。 'conduct 'contrast 'export 'import 'increase 'object 'record 'present

双音节动词的重音在第二个音节上，等。 con'duct con'trast ex'port im'port in'crease ob'ject pre'sent re'cord

2 ）节奏

A. I’m leaving. 轻 重 轻 B. Just a minute. 重 轻 重 轻 Here’s a letter for you. 轻 轻 重轻 轻 轻 A. Would you read it for me now? 轻 轻 重 轻 轻 轻 重

3 ）意群和停顿

The box is so heavy| that he can’t carry it. Sam said| the teacher is silly. Sam| said the teacher |is silly. （ 7+2 ） ×2 = 18 Seven plus two | times two| equals eighteen. 7+ （ 2×2 ） = 11 Seven plus | two times two| equals eleven.

4 ）连读和失去爆破

辅音 + 元音的连读：

-Look out of 　　 ︶ ︶ -Not at all. 　 ︶ ︶ 　 　 - Good idea. ︶

Far away ︶ as a matter of fact ︶ For a long time ︶ Ever after ︶

r 连读：r 连读：

元音 + 元音的连读：

May I ask? 元音 + 元音连读的发音要领： 扁唇元音 + 元音的连读在两个元音中间要加入轻微的 [j]

音。 see off, stay up, we agree, the end, say it,

2 ）圆口元音 + 元音的连读

圆唇元音 + 元音的连读在两个元音中间要加入轻微的 [W] 音

How old are you? ︶

Go on, no end, who else saw it?

︶ ︶ ︶ ︶

不能连读的情况： 连读必须在同一意群内进行，分属两个意群中的词不能连

读 : 1. 被逗号隔开，分属两个意群的两个词不能连读。例如： Yesterday when he was there, I forgot to

speak to him. （逗号已把句中前后两个分句隔开， there 和 I 分属两个

意群，这两个词不能连读。） 2. 虽无逗号分开，但是不属于同一意群的两个词也不能连

读。 Shall we meet at the gate if it is OK? 句中的 gate 和 if 虽无逗号分开，但是这两个词不属于同

一意群，因此也不应连读。

失去爆破的规律：

当六个爆破音中的任何两个音相遇或相连接时，均须按照失去爆破的方法发音，既：发第一个爆破音时要做到引而不发，只是“摆摆姿势而已”，发第二个爆破音时才真正实施爆破。失去爆破可发生在以下情况：

在单词中，如 : blackboard Lamppost goodbye 2 ．短语中，如： a good time 　 sit down 　

5 ）语调

Yes A: Would you like something to drink? B: Yes, please. A: What would you like, tea or coffee? B: Just some hot water, please. A: Just hot water? B: Yeah,

语句重音 普通话语中的语句重音是根据词性而定的。语句重音

的规则为： 1 ）在语句中，所有实词都要重读。实词指在句中负

有表示重要意义的词：如名词、形容词、数词、某些代词（指示代词）、疑问词、感叹词、实意动词。（具有语句重音的代词包括：指示代词： this, that, these ， those, 反身代词： myself ， yourself ， himself ， itself 等。

具有语句重音的不定代词包括： some, every, all, none, both, other, many, few, somebody, something, everybody, everything 等。 具有语句重音的疑问代词包括： who, whom, whose, what, which, 等。）

2) 虚词在语句中一般要轻读。在连贯的语句中下列虚词一般不重读：冠词（ Articles ）： 不定冠词： a, an; 定冠词： the

连词： and 人称代词： I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we,

us, they, them ，等。 物主代词 : my, your, his, her, its, our, your,

their 关系代词 : who, whose, whom, that, which

弱读

弱读有时表现在单元音向央元音 /ə/ 靠拢（如 /mʌst/→/məst/ ），有时表现在元音或辅音的脱落（如 have/hæv/→/həv/ ； and/ænd/→/ənd/ ），有时表现在长元音时长的缩短 ( 如 we/wi:/→/wi/) 。

中国学生的典型语音错误 :

中国学生七种典型的错误发音特征： 短音（小音）长化（大音化）的错误。船、羊不分，十几、几十不分的错误。 Ship—sheep ； thirty—thirteen; 2 ）双元音单元音化 如： late –let Ten—turn 辅音后添加元音，特别是在辅音连缀两个辅音当中 如： Please--police 单词重音 如： Record--record 3 ）语句重音 4 ）虚词在非强调的情况下重读 My mother loves me a lot. 5 ）连读 --- 6 ）停顿： 随处想停顿就停顿，喘不上气来就停。停顿时一概用降调 , 等。 如： Sally said the teacher is stupid. Sally, said the teacher, is stupid.

一、不能在辅音之间填加元音。二、不能吞没辅音连缀中的任何一个辅音。三、在 [s]+ 清辅音的连缀中清辅音要浊化。

beat bit bet batmeet mid met madteam tip tell tapsteel still step stand

eat-it seat-sit feet-fit sheep-ship peal-pill leak-lick sleep-slip beat-bit bead-bid field-filled steel-still neat-knit He sees a ship.She sees a sheep.A ship and a sheep. This is a ship.That is a sheep.

bed-bad met-mad men-man net-lap said-sad mess-mass merry-marry set-sat led-lad lend-land beg-bag pen-pan a red flag get mad very bad weather felt very sad help his dad sat on the bed never come back get to know that

Don’t let the cat out of the bag.I guess they want gas.Can you bend that iron band?What daddy said made me sad.

bark box bought book bootlark lot lord look loompart pot port put poolshark shot short shook shootvast what water wood wound

foot-boot pull-pool good-food full-foolAt noon I took a bookAnd sat by the pool in the wood,And put my foot in the pool,Oh, how cool!

Monday money month monkey country worry wonderful mother London in such a hurry love each other suffer hunger My husband is lucky enough to make a lot of money.

work-walk word-ward worm-warm first world war the worst storm worth much more

mask-must heart-hut father-mother cut-cart come-calm duck-dark park the truck a hard nut such a market hurry to the farm rush to the park

How much wood would a woodchuck( 美洲旱獭 ) chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood.

take name faint play plane danger train main David snake played same change hate to be late play a game a railway stationwait at the gate make a silly mistake You should play it safe and make haste.He did it only for the sake of face saving.

nice write kind behind exciting style why mind tight eyes riding writing Fridayride a bike far and wide a quiet night Out of sight, out of mind. Mike's wife likes her life in the countryside.The kite is flying high in the sky.

boy enjoy join point voice spoil annoy boil noisy soil poison coin choice oil One man's meat is another man's poison.

loud house shout lounge round now down found crown surround clothes go for an outing how about look outside like a drowned mouse They often make loud noises out of hours.

home boat slowly coat road clothes post telephone tone Joan bowl toast rode wrote go home hold a post wrote a poem make a toast

英语元音

dear clear beer fear hero appear theatre idea serious

wear repair stairs careful there compare fair and square Jack likes to wear his hair long.

tour sure February during poor pure furious Europe

元音的长度 长元音和双元音都有一定的长度

① 长元音和双元音在句末时比在句子中时较长 Did you see him?-- What did you see? I know him very well.-- I don't know.

② 长元音和双元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前长 leave-leaf hard-park road-wrote cause-course line-light noise-voice

③ 长元音和双元音在重读音节中比在非重读音节中长 sofa-window idle-idea board-blackboard

短元音一般比较短，但在以下情况下短元音的长度也有变化

① 短元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前长 bad-hat mud-cup leg-let big-sit dog-hot

② 除了在浊辅音前外，一般情况下也比其他短元音略长 men-man said-sad bed-bad

③ 短元音 在词尾非重读音节中发音较长较清晰 better-alone doctor-forget city-exam

wine-vine worse-verse wise-vice wail-vail wake-vague wane-vain Walt-vault

While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.Who washed Washington's white woolen underwear when Washington's washer woman went west?The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver. Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently.

辅音连缀

speak spill spot spade The spy speaks no truth.

star stay story study steam stand stare stare at the stars

skate sky skin school sketch

其他sphere Sphinx small smoke smog snow snob sleep slave sweep sway Swiss print twice twin twelve class cry cream cross quite quick queen blue blind bread bright glass globe grow green clear climb dwell fly flesh flag from afraid three throw thrice shrimp spring spread spray splash street strong scream describe split square squat straight

词尾的辅音连缀

caps books desks stops dogs leaves clothes ribs tools doors bridges oranges watches stopped coughed asked watched laughed robbed killed begged called holds bathed closed rests breasts giftscosts fields seemed spends

He could read ten pages in three minutes.The six small foxes fight for the cakes on the desks.He likes playing tricks on others.She stopped and asked for directions.He spends a lot of time working in his corn fields.He lends all his money to his classmates.I’d go to the ends of the earth to see her again.

连读辅音 + 元音come out look at take it off beat it drop in put on bend over keep onan orange one of us half an hour read it stand up put it on not at all first of all a cup of tea take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it up an hour and a half let him in A group of people put on their coats and went out.

r+ 元音 far away after all for ever a pair of our own there is for example After all, this is our own home.

元音 + 元音go on how old go away try again I love you and all. How are you? No end Say it again. I am who elseWe are ... see it try it see off any other we agree May I?two o’clock in the afternoon

连读练习

Take a look.I’ll be back in half an hour.Will it take a lot of time to go to town on foot?There is a pair of shoes.She was away from her own country for a long time.Shall we meet at ten o’clock tomorrow morning?Each of us had a sandwich and a cup of tea.Is it very cloudy outside?Those who are quick can go early.Do I have to do every exercise?Many of us will go out tonight.Everybody can see that he is blue in the face.

语调在英语说话和朗读时不但要注意句子的重读、音的长度、音的变化，而且很重要的是要注意句子或短语的语调

在英语中通过语调的高低、句子重读、音的长度，使语言表达丰富多彩，声情并茂。英语语调或升或降，或高或低，一般落在短语或句子的最后一个重音上

可以将英语语调归纳为四种：

降调 升调

平调 降升调

╮ ╯ � ~

用降调的句型

1. 陈述句

Thank you.

Not at all.

You’re quite right.

I’m afraid I must be off.

2. 特殊疑问句

What time can I see you?

What’s the matter with you?

3. 祈使句

Come in. Close the door.

Fetch me my gloves.

Please drop in any time you like.

Hurry up or we’ll miss the train.

4. 感叹句

What a hot day!

Isn’t it lovely!

用升调的句型

1. 一般疑问句

Have you been staying here long?

Are you free tomorrow morning?

2. 祈使句 表示很婉转和客气的请求， 祈使句有时也可以一般疑问句的形式出现

Won’t you take a seat?

Excuse me one moment.

Shall we go to the dining room?

3. 陈述句有些陈述句包含不肯定、疑惑、安慰、抱歉、无能为力、轻蔑、不在乎、不耐烦，以及其他一些没有直接表达出来的情绪时，用升调

I can’t wait that long.

I thought everything would be all right.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

上述某些情绪，如不肯定、疑惑、轻蔑、无可奈何等，也可以用降升调，情绪更为强烈

语调群 1. 升调在前，降调在后

选择疑问句，要求回答者选择任何一个

Do you prefer tea or coffee?

Is he still here or has he gone home already?以状语或状语从句开始的句子

At ten o’clock in the morning the contest began.计数或点东西

a chair, a table, a bed and a desk

2. 降调在前，升调在后反意疑问句，表示说话人有一些疑惑，要肯定以下自己的看法

You went to the concert yesterday, didn’t you?

He works in a bank in town, doesn’t he?前面是陈述句，后面有一个表示不肯定或有疑虑的附加语

It’s going to rain, I’m afraid.在句末称呼人时，用升调

Tell me the truth, George.

3. 前后都是降调反意疑问句，这类反意疑问句疑问成分很少，答案无疑已经知道

It’s a fine day, isn’t it?

She is talking just like her mother, isn’t she?主语在前，状语或状语从句在后的陈述句

He will know better when he gets older.有两个或两个以上并列句的句子

The telephone rang, but I didn’t answer it.

Falling toneQuestions and Responses

-- What would you like? -- I'd like a chicken-salad sandwich.

-- What will you have? -- I'll have a hotdog and a coke.

-- Where are you going? -- To the lab.

-- What time is it? -- It's a quarter past four.

-- Where's your lab book? -- I lost it.

-- Where did you leave it? -- I don't remember.

Falling toneQuestions and responses

-- What would you like? -- I'd like a chicken-salad ↘ sandwich.

-- What will you ↘ have? -- I'll have a hotdog and a ↘ coke.

-- Where are you ↘ going? -- To the ↘ lab.

-- What ↘ time is it? -- It's a quarter past ↘ four.

-- Where's your ↘ lab book? -- I ↘ lost it.

-- Where did you ↘ leave it? -- I don't re ↘ member.

Rising tone

Yes/no questions and responses

Are you coming later? If I can.

May I help you? Yes, I'll have a hotdog.

Is it cold outside? It's very cold.

Shall I wait for you? No, you go ahead.

Did he bring his money? No, he forgot it.

Rising tone

Yes/no questions and responses

Are you coming later? If I ↘ can. May I ↗help you? Yes, I'll have a ↘ hotdog.Is it cold ↗outside? It's ↘ very cold.

Shall I ↗wait for you? No, you go a ↘ head.

Did he bring his ↗money? No, he for ↘ got it.

Fall-rise toneQuestions/statements and responses

-- Do you know German? -- I can read it.

--Everyone knows about it. -- Well, not everyone.

-- We got there about midnight. -- I think it was earlier than that.

-- Nobody wants to buy them. -- Nobody can afford to buy them.

-- Are you sure he's coming tonight? -- He said so.

Fall-rise toneQuestions/statements and responses

-- Do you know ↗German? -- I can ↘↗read it.

--Everyone knows a ↘ bout it. -- Well, ↘ not ↗everyone.

-- We got there about ↘ midnight. -- I think it was ↘ earlier than ↗that.

-- Nobody wants to ↘ buy them. -- Nobody can af ↘ ford to ↗buy them.

-- Are you sure he's coming to ↘ night? -- He ↘ said ↗so.