English Project Sabina

7/26/2019 English Project Sabina

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EnglishPROJECT 1

THEME: MADE IN U.K

GROUP V THEME: THE HISTORY OF U.K

LEADER: EDIT DOLLANIMEMEERS:

SAINA DEDJA

ANISA ARDHI

JURILDA MUCA

FLORENC STAFAELIO HIMCI

ERMIRA PISHA

ENKEL !AR!IU


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JURILDA:PREHISTORIC BRITAIN

The story of prehistoric Britain began when the first humans arrived in Britain. It

ended when the Romans conquered the ancient Britons and Britain became part ofthe Roman Empire.

The earliest humans were hunter-gatherers. They survived by hunting animals and finding food

to eat. Then, very gradually people learned new skills. First they learned to herd animals and

grow crops. Later they discovered the secrets of making bronze and iron.

Prehistoric people couldn't read or write, but they were astonishing builders. Their tombs, forts

and monuments have survived for thousands of years.The prehistoric period is divided into three

ages. They are known as the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.Stone-Age Britain

The earliest inhabitants of Britain for whom there is compelling evidence are bands of hunters

living in Southern and Western England during the Hoxnian interglacial (about 380,000 to

400,000 BC).

(Some very recent excavations of stone tools on the East Anglian coastline suggest human

presence as early as 700,000 years ago).

However, as temperatures again dropped, Britain was abandoned. Although there are signs ofhuman habitation during later interglacials, it was not until roughly 14,000 years ago that

occupation became permanent.

Some of the first things that Mesolithic Britons did, were to wipe out the lion, the elephant, and

the hippopotamus, and to domesticate the dog.

By about 6000 BC the melting of the ice sheet had created the English Channel, and Britain

became an island.


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Bronze Age Britain

There is no clear division between the Stone and the Bronze Age in Britain. Around 2500 BC the Beaker

people(originally fro S!ain" began to iigrate to Britain and brought etal#wor$ing s$ills with the. They

ade gold% co!!er and bronze i!leents and ornaents.

&t was during the Bronze age (after 2500 BC" that circles of standing stones began to be erected in Britain. By far

the ost faous is Stonehenge% but at least '00 stone circles survived long enough to be recorded. any stone

circles were erected within e)isting *henges* # (i.e. circular earthwor$s consisting of a ditch and ban$ surrounding

a central table".

The stone circles ay have been used to hel! with the astronoical observations

necessary to establish the correct days for seasonal festivals # idsuer solstice%the first day of S!ring and so on.

Soe archaeologists suggest that the stones theselves ight be !hallic sybols

used in fertility rituals (but the reseblance is generic to ost stones # in contrast to

stones sha!ed soewhat li$e% say% the right $nee or the left foot".


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THE WHITE HORSE AT UFFINGTON

THIS IMAGE WAS FORMED BY CARVING

THROUGH THE TURF AND EXPOSING THE

CHALK BENEATH. IT PROBABLY DATES TOABOUT 1,000 BC, AND IS ABOUT 375 FEET

LONG AND 110 FEET HIGH.

AROUND 1400 BC, THE CLIMATE OF BRITAINSTARTED BECOMING GRADUALLY COOLER

AND WETTER, AND BRITAIN'S POPULATION

DECLINED. MUCH OF THE POPULATION

LIVED IN HILL FORTS.

Late Neolithic inhabitants (c. 3000-2000

BC) of Norfolk dug mines up to 35 feet

deep to reach seams of flint - the basic

constituent of their edged weapons and

tools.


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ERMIRA:ROMAN PERIOD

The Romans came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago and changed it. Eventoday, evidence of the Romans once being there, can be seen in the ruins of

Roman buildings, forts, roads and culture that can be found all over

Britain.The Romans conquered most of the island and this became the

Ancient Roman province of Britannia. England in the Middle Ages concerns

the history of England during the medieval period, from the end of the 5th

century through to the start of the Early Modern period in 1485. When

England emerged from the collapse of the Roman Empire, the economy wasin tatters and many of the towns abandoned. After several centuries of

Germanic immigration, new identities and cultures began to emerge,

developing into predatory kingdoms that competed for power. When some

Gauls fled to Britain from Rome's armies, Caesar feared that they might

use it as a base for a counterattack. He mounted two brief expeditions to

Britain - in August 55BC and May 54BC. He defeated a small British army,and returned to Gaul.Britain remained a possible target for conquest

because of its wealth. Claudius placed AulusPlautius and Vespasian in

charge of an army of c. 40,000 men. Claudius paid a brief visit to Britain (16

days), and - taking all the credit for the conquest - minted coins celebrating

his victory, and named his son Britannicus.


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+ulius Caesar ac,uired e)traordinary resources by his

con,uest of -aul with these% he guaranteed the

loyalty of his troo!s and bribed i!ortant /oans.

is actions were $ey to transforing the

/oan /e!ublicinto the /oan 1!ire.

Military commanders and provincial

governors amassed fortunes from the

conquered peoples and then used theirwealth and power to influence the

political process back at Rome.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook09.htmlhttp://www.roman-empire.net/index.htmlhttp://www.roman-empire.net/index.htmlhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook09.html


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Britains !art#tie warriors were no atch for the better trained and

e,ui!!ed /oan soldiers. British soldiers !ossessed no aror that was

!roof against the /oanpilumor 3avelin% nor had they an a!!ro!riate

tactical res!onse to the /oan legionaries disci!lined% close#order use

of the short thrusting sword (gladius".

Claudius placed AulusPlautius and Vespasian in charge of an army of

c. 40,000 men. Claudius paid a brief visit to Britain (! days", and #

ta$ing all the credit for the con%uest # minted coins celebrating his

victory, and named his son Britannicus.

&nitially% /oe occu!ied only the South#1ast% but soon e)!anded 4orth and est.

Caratacus organized resistance in ales% but this was su!!ressed by 60 A7.

The substantial investent in garrisons and infrastructure was

worthwhile because of Britains agricultural and ineral wealth.

Britain under Rome


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7uring the last ,uarter of the first century A7 (85#900"% cities e)!anded considerably #

theatres% a!hitheatres% !ublic onuents% baths : ar$et !laces were constructed.

The /oans were efficient engineers who !rovided cities with good water su!!lies.

;rbanization went alongside /oanization.


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our centuries of occu!ation left their ar$ on the British landsca!e. The networ$ of roads running arrow#straight

through the British countryside ar$ed routes that survive to this day.

Although /oan cities were decayed% any e)!anded again later% and soe ay have been continuously

occu!ied% though not as real urban centers.

n the death in '5 of the 1!eror Theodosius% the 1!ire was divided between his twosons # Arcadius receiving the est and onorius the 1ast. The 1astern !art of the 1!ire had

long been growing relatively ore !owerful and !ros!erous. &n the est% i!erial !ower fell

increasingly into the hands of ilitary coanders% often of barbarian descent.

Britains coasts were under attac$ by -eranic raiders all along the *Sa)on Coast* of South

and 1ast 1ngland. But by D09 the /oan hoelands theselves were under attac$% and

lavius Stilicho% the effective ruler of the 1!ire% withdrew ost of the legions garrisoned in

Britain.

Final collapse

The Roman legacy to Britain

our centuries of occu!ation left their ar$ on the British landsca!e. The networ$ of

roads running arrow#straight through the British countryside ar$ed routes that

survive to this day.

Although /oan cities were decayed% any e)!anded again later% and soe ay

have been continuously occu!ied% though not as real urban centers.


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E"i#:T$"%& Engl'n"The Tudor !eriod was one the ost e)citing in British history. The Tudors were a elsh#1nglish faily that ruled 1ngland

and ales fro 9D>5 to 960% starting with the first onarch Eing enry ?&& (9D58'950'". The Tudors ruled for 99> yearsand Tudor 1ngland saw two of the strongest onarchs ever to sit on the 1nglish throneF Eing enry ?&&& and his daughter

Gueen 1lizabeth .

enry ?&&enry ?&&&

1dward ?& ary &1lizabeth &

enry ?&&&% began his reign in 950'. enry arried his brothers

widow% Catherine of Aragon% who gave birth to his first child ary but

failed to !rovide the new $ing with a ale heir. alling out of favor with

enry% Catherine was re!laced by the $ings istress%Anne Boleyn.hen enry found hiself unable to convince the !o!e to sanction

his divorce fro Catherine% he declared !a!al authority ended in hisreal and founded the Church of 1ngland.

e then arried Anne Boleyn% who gave birth to a single daughter%

1lizabeth. Anne ran afoul of !owerful nobles allied with the $ing and

was accused of treason and incest% which brought about her arrest

and e)ecution. enrys third wife% +ane Seyour% died giving birth to

the $ings sole ale offs!ring% 1dward.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Henry_VIII.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Anne_Boleyn.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Anne_Boleyn.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Henry_VIII.aspx


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1lizabeth restored the Church of 1ngland and encouraged !laywrights% usicians%

and !oets at her court. Talented en such as illia Sha$es!eare% Christo!her

arlowe% and Ben +onson flourished during the 1lizabethan Age% when 1nglandwas also hoe to a leading scientific !hiloso!her% Sir rancis Bacon. 7uring her

reign 1ngland began to colonize4orth Aerica% and the 1nglish ca!tain Sir rance7ra$e led the first voyage of 1nglish shi!s around the world. She also defeated the

atte!t by her cousin% the Catholic ary% Gueen of Scots% to overthrow her% and

regretfully ordered arys e)ecution in 95>8

At the age of nine% 1dward ?& succeeded his father in 95D8. This young and sic$ly

$ing died in 955% leaving the throne to his half sister ary% daughter of Catherine of

Aragon. A loyal Catholic%Bloody ary) ade futile atte!ts to return 1ngland to theCatholic Church% ordering the seizure and e)ecution of several without an heir% which brought the accession of her half

sister 1lizabeth% daughter of Anne Boleyn. 7evoted to the eory of her other%

1lizabeth felt deterined to reign in the religious conflict and !olitical intrigue that !laguedthe Tudor court since the tie of enry ?&&.

.

&n the ne)t year% an iense arada of S!anish warshi!s was sent by the $ing ofS!ain% scattered by stors in the1nglish Channel% ar$ing the rise of 1nglish!ower on the continent and the beginning of a steady decline in the !ower of

S!ain.

ith 1lizabeth reaining unarried and childless% the Tudor dynasty cae to an

end with her death in 960.

What did the Tudors do for Britain?

7uring 99> years of Tudor rule% 1ngland becae richer than ever before. As the

country becae wealthier%townsgrew% beautifulhouseswere built andschoolsand colleges were set u!. Arts and crafts flourished too. 1ngland was hoe to

great !ainters% writers and usicians.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Shakespeare.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/North_America.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/catholic_church.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spain.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/English_Channel.aspxhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/dailylife.htmhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/houses/tudor.htmhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/schools.htmhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/schools.htmhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/houses/tudor.htmhttp://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/dailylife.htmhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/English_Channel.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spain.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/catholic_church.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/North_America.aspxhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Shakespeare.aspx


12/27

England is the paradise of women, the

purgatory of men, and the hell of

horses."+ohn lorio (955#9625"

oreign travelers in 1ngland coented on the sur!rising degree of freedo and inde!endence en3oyed by

1nglish woen # but their standards differed fro todays. Certainly% 1nglish woen were not confined to

the hoe in anything li$e the way coon in the editerranean region.

Although it was assued that woen would be su!!orted by their husbands or fathers% and although

woen were e)cluded fro the educated !rofessions and !ublic office% woen oved freely outside the

hoe and any were engaged in econoic activities designed to su!!leent the faily budget.

&n rance% Salic =aw e)cluded woen fro succession to the throne but the 1nglish crown could descend

to a woan if there were no ale heirs.

This had ha!!ened in 995% when Eing enry & had died leaving no sons # only his daughter atilda (or

aud". The barons had sworn to acce!t atildas succession but any su!!orted enry &s ne!hew%

Ste!hen% instead. The result was civil war. (1ventually% atildas son% enry &&% succeeded".

illia Shakespearewas born in 956D. e grew u! in Tudor1ngland in the timeof Gueen 1lizabeth &

.

Tudor houses are very distinctive and any can still be seen today.Thehouses had a wooden frae with walls ade fro wattle and daub # a

building aterial consisting of wooden stri!s covered with ud% clay and wet

soil. The walls were then !ainted white giving what is $nown as the blac$ and

white effect


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WhenQueen Victoriaascended the British throne in 1837, it marked the beginning of apromising new age - the Victorian era.he preceding !eorgian era had "asted from 171# to 183$, from the reign of !eorge % through

!eorge %V.Era of Peace and ProsperityThose who could see into the future would have been e)cited to see the dawn of a long !eriod of !eace and !ros!erity

in 1ngland under Gueen ?ictoria

.

Anis':Vi(#%&i'n &i#'in ) 1*+, #% 1-1.
http://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/queen-victoria.asphttp://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/queen-victoria.asp


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Middle class England grew rapidly and the upper class, which was formerly purely hereditary, came to include the nouveau

riche, who made fortunes from successful commercial enterprises.

However, a large proportion of Victorian society was still working class, and they remained disgruntled at the social inequality

and eventually sought reform.

Transport Evolution

Railways continued to develop, offering mass transit for city dwellers who were able to spend time off visiting the seaside and

participating in the new pastime of sea bathing.

rom !rightonto !ridlingtonfashionable seaside resorts sprang up. !oarding houses were built along the seafronts of townsnear to industriali"ed areas such as #ondon, Manchester, #eedsand the northwest of England.

$n #ondon, the world%s first underground railway, nicknamed the &ube, opened in '()*.

Politics, The Arts and Science

+olitically, during the Victoria era, the House of ommons had two main political parties- the &ories and the higs.

!y the mid '/th centurythe higs were known as the #iberal party and the &ories were the onservative party. &he #abour

party only came into being in '/00.

+rince 1lbert was a keen supporter of the 1rts and #ondon blossomed under his patronage with the building of the Royal

1lbert Hall, the Royal 2pera House, the 3cience Museum, the4atural History Museumand &he Victoria and 1lbert Museum.

+oetry, literature and art flourished with the !ronte sisters, 5eorge Eliot, 2scar ilde, Rudyard 6ipling and harles 7ickenspublishing popular works.

3cientifically, the Victorian era also saw huge success. 7arwin published his &heory of Evolution and the 5reat E8hibition of

'(9' showcased many industrial and technological advances in the specially built rystal +alace.

3igmund reud developed modern psychiatry and 6arl Mar8 developed his new economic theory.

&he Victorian era in 5reat !ritain was a time of great change and progress and is still considered the !irth of Modern &imes.

+rogress

Victoriabecame queen in '(:; at age '(. Her long reign until '/0' was generally characterised mostly by peace and

prosperity. &here were no great wars. !ritain reached the "enith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. &he

era saw the e8pansion of the second !ritish Empire.Historians have characteri"ed the mid


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Eli%: /%&l" /'& On0

WWI saw pioneering adances in modern medicine

&ns!ired by the sight of soldiers*faces ravaged by shra!nel% any of which

reained covered by as$s% arold -illies established the field of !lasticsurgery% !ioneering the first atte!ts of facial reconstruction. As well as

this% blood transfusions becae routine to save soldiers% with the first blood

ban$ established on the front line in 9'98.


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The ;nited Eingdo of -reat Britain and &reland+then consisting of 1ngland% Scotland% ales% and the whole of &reland+was one ofthe Allied was nearly four illion !ounds.

R f d i i


17/27

Reform and crisis

1 protest march by women suffragettes in #ondon, '/':

&his did not mean that the #iberal government did not tackle political reform before '/'D. &he House of #ords had not really been

touched by the reform acts of the '/th century and increasingly behaved as a onservative opposition when the #iberals were in

power.

$n '/0/, the #ords vetoed the budget, a package of ta8 proposals which hancellor of the E8chequer 7avid #loyd 5eorge had

adroitly presented as designed to finance welfare reforms, when in reality they were driven as much by the requirements of defence.

&he ensuing crisis, which spanned two general elections, culminated with the #ords losing their power of veto and becoming a

revising chamber only.Incipient domestic breakdown was usurped by international crisis

&he other great constitutional issue remained unionism. !y '/'* < '/': $reland was threatening to break the #iberal party once

again. &he '/'0 elections left the #iberals without an overall maFority and dependent on the $rish nationalists, the price of whose

support was $rish @home rule@.

$n $reland itself, the Glster +rotestants refused to be separated from !ritain and in March '/'D elements of the army made clear that

they would not force them, even if ordered to do so by the elected government of the day.

&hus the political ramifications e8tended beyond debates within estminster to include the power of e8tra


18/27

Fl%&0n( : /%&l" /'& T%hen the ;nited Eingdo (;E" declared war on 4azi -erany at the outset of orld ar &&% it controlled% to varying

degrees% any crown colonies% !rotectorates across the world and the &ndian 1!ire.

&t also aintained uni,ue !olitical ties to five inde!endent doinions as !art of the British Coonwealth (a nae

!o!ularised during orld ar &% which becae official after the Balfour 7eclaration of 9'26"%FH9I Australia% Canada% South

Africa% 4ew Jealand% and &reland.Although the British 1!ire and the Coonwealth countries all eerged fro the war as victors% and the con,uered

territories were returned to British rule% the costs of the war and the nationalist fervour that it had sto$ed becae a

catalyst for the decolonisation which too$ !lace in the following decades as the foration of the Coonwealth real


19/27

?ictory

The front !age ofThe ontreal 7aily Starannouncing the -eran surrender. ay 8% 9'D5n > ay 9'D5% theorld ar &&Alliesforally acce!ted theunconditional surrenderof the ared forcesof4azi -eranyand the end ofAdolfitlersThird /eich. The foral surrender of the occu!ying -eranforces in theChannel &slandswas not until ' ay 9'D5. n 0 A!rilitler coitted suicideduring theBattle of Berlin% and so the surrender of -erany was authorized by his re!laceent% ay in

Berlin% -erany.&n the afternoon of 95 August 9'D5% theSurrender of +a!anoccurred% effectively endingorld ar &&..Afterath

orld ar && confired that Britain was no longer the great !ower it had once been% and that it had been

sur!assed by the ;nited States on the world stage. Canada% Australia and 4ew Jealand oved within the

orbit of the ;nited States. The iage of i!erial strength in Asia had been shattered by the +a!anese

attac$s% and British !restige there was irreversibly daaged. H9IThe !rice for &ndias entry to the war hadbeen effectively a guarantee for inde!endence% which cae within two years of the end of the war% relieving

Britain of its ost !o!ulous and valuable colony. The de!loyent of 950%000 Africans overseas fro British

colonies% and the stationing of white troo!s in Africa itself led to revised !erce!tions of the 1!ire in Africa.In the summer and fall of 1940, German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the United

Kingdom, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date. A significant turning point of

World War II, the Battle of Britain ended when Germanys Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority overthe Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britains air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its

civilian population. Britains decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible

occupation by German forces while proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle.On June 17, 1940, the defeated French signed an armistice and quitWorld War II.Britain now stood

alone against the power of Germanys military forces, which had conquered most of Western Europe in

less than two months. But Prime Minister Winston Churchill rallied his stubborn people andoutmaneuvered those politicians who wanted to negotiate withAdolf Hitler. But Britains success in

continuing the war would very much depend on the RAF Fighter Commands ability to thwart the

Luftwaffes efforts to gain air superiority. This then would be the first all-air battle in history.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Starhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_surrenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_IIhttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-iihttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-iihttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitlerhttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitlerhttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-iihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_surrenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Star


20/27

Did You Know?

The battle received its name from a speech Winston Churchill

delivered to the British House of Commons on June 18, 1940, in

which he stated "The Battle of France is over. I expect the Battle of

Britain is about to begin."

In fact, Britains situation was more favorable than most of the world

recognized at the time. Britain possessed an effective air defense

system, first-rate fighter pilots, and a great military leader in AirMarshal Hugh Dowding. On the other hand, the Germans had major

problems: they had no navy left after the costly conquest of Norway,their army was unprepared for any form of amphibious operations,

and the Luftwaffe had suffered heavy losses in the west (the first two

factors made a seaborne attack on the British Isles impossible from

the first).Even more serious, the Germans had poor intelligence and little idea

of British vulnerabilities. They wasted most of July in waiting for a

British surrender and attacked only in August. Although air strikesdid substantial damage to radar sites, on August 1315 the

Luftwaffe soon abandoned that avenue and turned to attacks on

RAF air bases. A battle of attrition ensued in which both sides

suffered heavy losses (an average loss of 21 percent of the RAFs

fighter pilots and 16 percent of the Luftwaffes fighter pilots each

month during July, August, and September).

For a time the advantage seemed to swing slightly in favor of theGermans, but a combination of bad intelligence and British attacks

on Berlin led the Luftwaffe to change its operational approach tomassive attacks on London. The first attack on London on

September 7 was quite successful; the second, on September 15,

failed not only with heavy losses, but also with a collapse of morale

among German bomber crews when British fighters appeared in

large numbers and shot down many of the Germans. As a result,

Hitler permanently postponed a landing on the British Isles and

suspended the Battle of Britain.

S 2i Th Th # h E # #h P #


21/27

S'2in':Th0 Th'#(h0& E&' #% #h0 P&0s0n#&n ay% 9'8'% the Conservatives returned to !ower under the leadershi! of argaretThatcher%Britain*s first feale !rieinister% who used her cast iron will to hel! change the face of Britain. She e!itoised a !articular school of right#wing

!oliticsF Thatcheris 'laissez#faire econoics and individual self#deterination.1ven after her death% she reains acontroversial figure. Soe see her as having saved Britain fro econoic decline% others believe she destroyed the

livelihoods of illions of wor$ers.

What is Thatcherism?

"argaret Thatcher#s policies as prime minister changed many aspects of British life$ and were collectielycalled Thatcherism% But what does the term mean?

A handful of !olitical leaders are influential enough to have an is after their nae. But no !olitical !hiloso!hy has

sha!ed a nation in ,uite the sae way as Thatcheris.

At its ost crude% Thatcheris re!resents a belief in free ar$ets and a sall state. /ather than !lanning and

regulating business and !eo!les lives% governents 3ob is to get out of the way.

&t should be restricted to the bare essentialsF defence of the real and the currency. 1verything else should be left to

individuals% to e)ercise their own choices and ta$e res!onsibility for their own lives.

This was a revolutionary% even dangerous% notion to ost !ostwar !oliticians.

Central !lanning of industry and society had hel!ed win the war. The only way to *win the !eace*% it was believed by

the leaders of both the =abour and Conservative !arties% was to !lan and control industry% vast swathes of which were

owned by the state.

argaret Thatcher was not alone in re3ecting state ownershi! of businesses and socialist central !lanning.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/thatcher-margaret-hilda-roberts-thatcher-baroness.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/thatcher-margaret-hilda-roberts-thatcher-baroness.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/thatcher-margaret-hilda-roberts-thatcher-baroness.html


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Thatcher gradually oved su!!orters of her !redecessor Ted

eath% who she labelled *wets*% fro her cabinet

Thatcher belonged to a Conservative


23/27

Thatcher ade uch of her bac$ground as a grocers daughter

*She saw herself as a conviction !olitician. She !rided herself on her # what she would call # steadfastness% and what others

would call her infle)ibility.*

She inherited a !arty that contained su!!orters of her !redecessor Ted eath% labelled by her as *wets*% who o!!osed her

onetarist !olicies and cuts to !ublic s!ending.

&n the early stages she had to continue to include the in the cabinet% says >. The controversial

clause stated that a local authority shall not *!roote the teaching in any aintained school of the acce!tability of hoose)ualityas a !retended faily relationshi!*.

Because it did not create a criinal offence% no !rosecution was ever brought under this !rovision. hile the legacy of any

Thatcher !olicies reain to this day% Conservative


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(nkel )arciu* T+( I",A)T -F "I.RATI-/ -/ 01 ,-,0&ATI-/

.R-WT+

;nderstanding the evidence

1ey concepts

&n the ;E statistical syste long#ter international igrants are defined as !eo!le who ove into andout of the country for at least 92 onths. 4et igration is the balance between iigration and

eigration over a given tie !eriod. &n deogra!hic ters% natural change 'i.e. the difference betweenthe nuber of births and deaths 'easures the contribution of vital events to the dynaics of the!o!ulation. &igration and eigration contribute to !o!ulation change not only by altering the nuber

of individuals in the country at a given tie (direct contribution" but also by affecting natural change

(indirect contribution".

,opulation estimates

Theffice for 4ational Statistics(4S" !roduces annual estiates of the resident !o!ulation of1ngland and ales and estiates for the ;E as a whole by collating data !rovided by the4orthern &reland Statistics and /esearch Agency(4&S/A" and by the 4ational /ecords for Scotland(4/S" (4S 2095a". The !o!ulation at 0 +une of a given year (stoc$" is obtained by annually

-u!dating*the ost recent census !o!ulation count with data on deogra!hic events contributing to!o!ulation change between these two dates (births% deaths and igration flows".


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,opulation pro2ections


26/27


27/27

THE END

English Project Sabina

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