Slide 1

How to deal with Writing & Grammar Section

PrefaceDear readers this is a presentation which will be helpful in many ways such as for exams, for improvement in English speaking and creative thinking, and to get rid of doing grammatical mistakes while writing or speaking.

Thank you IndexWriting SectionStory WritingArticle WritingDiary Writing

Grammar SectionNounAdjectivePronounVerbAdverbPrepositionsConjunctionsInterjections

Story Writing What is a story?A Story is narration of incidents. It has three main purposes :1)Entertainment2)To give a moral or a message.3)It should be written in such a way that a reader must get curious as what will happen next.Tips for writing :Each story should have a theme and appropriate title according to the story.A plot A sequence of proper incidents which leads to a proper climax.Protagonist- the main character of the story. The whole story must revolve around this character. Limited character must be used in a short story.Story must be full of imageries

My Daddys coming home today!Mummy and me and Grandma and Granddad have all come to meet him.Daddy sent me a picture. He is wearing a big, yellow, floppy hat. He iskneeling down in front of a green tent. His face is very brown and he issmiling. His teeth look very shiny and bright. He is holding a big Teddy Bear.Daddy is very handsome. Handsome means he looks nice, Mummy told me that.Daddy sent me a letter with the picture.My Darling Admond,Here is a picture of me with a special friend that I am bringing home for you.His name is Pickle and he sleeps with Daddy every night. I tell him all aboutmy special little girl and he cant wait to meet you.He has a pink ribbon around his neck and Daddy is sending you another piecefor you to tie around your letters.Look after Mummy for me and save me some kisses.All my love plus a little bit moreDaddy

I have brought Daddys picture with me. And my letters. I have tied them up with my pink ribbon. I love my Daddy very much.There are lots of people in the street. And other children. I think some other Daddies must be coming home today as well. I have my best dress on. Daddy likes my blue dress best. I put it on for him today. I love my Daddy very much.I have a little flag to wave. It has red, white and blue on it. Some of thebig people have big flags. Some are like mine but some are other colours. Theyare not waving them. They are holding them up in front of their faces. Theirfaces look very sad, like Mummys and Grandmas and Granddads. I am not sad.I am happy because my Daddys coming home today!There is a man walking down the road. He is very tall and has a black coat oneven though it is not cold. He is carrying a big black hat. I dont know whyhe is walking in the middle of the road because there are some cars behind himand they cant get past. I am not allowed to walk in the road. Daddy told me.We are standing very close to the road. The man is walking past me. He islooking at the ground. The people with the big flags are pointing them out infront of them as the cars go past.The cars are very posh and very big. They are black and they have big windowsalong the sides.Mummy, and Grandma and Granddad are touching one of the cars. They are allcrying.There is a big box in the back of the car. On the box is a big sheet. It isred, white and blue, like my flag. On the sheet there is a hat with a shinybadge, like Daddys, and a belt with a shiny buckle, like Daddys. There is aTeddy Bear near the hat. He has a pink ribbon around his neck. He looks likePickle.I cant see my Daddy.

Article writingArticle is a longer composition in which the information is described through various paragraphs.Write the title of the article and byline(by-(your name))1st Paragraph Begin with an eye catching line or slogan.2nd Paragraph i) Write your own views about the situation ii)Pros/cause/advantages or disadvantages 3rd Paragraph Conclusion/Ideal situation (end with a catchy line) Tips for writing :The context should be clear, simple and logically arranged.The title must be catchy and relevant to the topic.Our wondrous environmentby- Prakhar Dhumas

Nowadays environmental problems are too big to be managed by individual persons or individual countries. In other words, it is an international problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?An essential problem of the 21st century is pollution. Currently the environment is so contaminated that urgent measures should be taken. A single individual cannot be blamed for the world pollution, however every person should take care of his or her habitat. In addition, it is vital that environmental issues are treated internationally.

Lately, many presentations, conferences and international summits are held to deal with waste treatment, recycling, and soil and water contamination.For surejoint efforts and consolidation can only help in the mutual wartowardsthe ongoing environmental disaster. For instance, governments should offer support to companies and organizations, involved in manufacturing, industry or agriculture in order to find environment-friendly approaches. These could be special law regulations, recycling programs, helping courses in order to implement ISO certificates and many more.

However, the influence of individuals over environment should not be ignored. If we do notconfessthat our planet is our home, we will never be able to takeadequatelycare of it. We have to contribute every day to the preservation of nature and environment. For example, always remember to save energy by switching off lamps, computers and everything that we do not use. Our next obligation is to separate waste and throw bulk only in the designated areas. Driving vehicles can also be environment friendly. For example, we have to avoid accelerating the engines too rapidly or using the air conditioning in the country, where it would be better to save energy and simply open the windows.To sum up, environmental problems should be handled by local and international authorities as well as individuals. Every single person should take care of the environment, moreover we have to bring up our children to be conscious citizens of a clean and preserved planet.

Diary writingA diary writing is composition in which you are free to talk like a friend with your diary and even call it with a name or use funny language. Format Date ,DayDear Diary/Name of diary(if any),________________________________________Content________________________________________Good night (name of diary if any)January 1st , 2015Dear PuffyWhat a busy day! To start off, I could barely sleep last night because of the hard bed we slept on and because of my excitement at touring London for the first time! Ive always wanted to visit London, and Im finally here! After Jim and I got ready in our tiny room, we went downstairs for our complimentary breakfast. The tea and pastries were delicious, and they made amazing pancakes! We asked the concierge about some hot spots she recommended, and with our list and map in hand, we were off!Since our hotel is in a great central spot, we were able to walk to a lot of places. First, we wanted to see about getting tickets to a show for the evening, since London theatre is top notch. Then we wanted to make our way to Buckingham Palace. What an experience! We wanted to try out Londons public transportation, and after having a hard time figuring out which way to go and which stop to take, we finally asked some locals, who were very friendly and helpful. The tube wasnt very crowded, which was nice, and it wasnt a very far ride, which was double nice! Once we got off the tube, it was a bit of a walk to the actual palace, but since it was such a nice day , we didnt mind. Plus, the Palace grounds are absolutely gorgeous!! I think I found my new dream home. The gardens themselves are exquisite. We got to see the changing of the guards, which is one of the things Ive always wanted to do, took lots and lots of pictures, and sent our regards to the queen!

Once our Buckingham Palace experience was over, we were already getting hungry for lunch. So a guide at the Palace recommended a pub nearby that was within walking distance. Jim was especially excited about going to an authentic British pub; I was mostly really hungry and tired! The pub, which was called The Frog and the Toad, was adorable, and the food and drink hit the spot! We asked how to get to the famous London Eye, and the bartender recommended taking a taxi, since that can be fun too! It was! Especially because they drive on the other side of the road. When we got to the Eye, we knew wed have to wait in line, but we didnt think it would be two hours! Oh well...we really wanted the experience, and it was a great way to see all of London without having to walk so much. There were other Americans in our little pod, too! They were from Texas and were just as excited as we were about the London experience.After the Eye, we wanted to make sure to find a double-decker bus so we could see even more of the sights. Some highlights that we saw were Big Ben, the River Thames, and the Parliament building. Such history!!! Jim got his picture taken with everything! Our tour guide recommended a charming little tea house where we could experience afternoon tea. It was great to be able to sit in one place for a while and enjoy a bit of class. We felt quite elegant drinking our tea and eating our scones!

We decided to head back to our hotel after tea for a much needed rest and to get ready for dinner and the show. Then, back out we went to a lovely bistro that our concierge recommended. It was delicious and romantic! We enjoyed it so much that we were almost late for our show! We rushed out of the restaurant and rushed over to the theatre (luckily it wasnt too far away!!). We were very happy with our show choice, too; it was exquisite!

After the show, we stopped at a little cafe for some coffee and then straight to bed! Jim passed out right away, but I just had to get it all down on paper while my head was still swimming with the days events...I cant wait to head out to Paris tomorrow afternoon after some more souvenir shopping! Im sure Ill have just as many details of our experiences, and I hope they will be just as good as Londons!Until then...Good night Puff

NounsNouns are the naming words. Noun is a name of any person, place, thing, quality, or action. There are seven kind of Nouns. These are:Proper noun : is a noun that represents unique entities. E.g.. Ramesh is studyingCommon noun : is a noun which describe any kind in general. E.g.. A boy is studyingCollective noun :are nouns that refer togroupsconsisting of more than one individual. E.g.. A pride of lions, A shoal of fishes etc.Material noun : refers to things which we can see and touch. E.g.. Silk is smooth as butterAbstract noun : is a noun that names an idea, event, quality, or concept . E.g.. I am very happy.Countable noun : is the name of things which can be counted. E.g.. I have thousand coins.Uncountable noun : is the name of things which cannot be counted. E.g.. Water ,air ,and soil are most important natural resources.Nouns can be studied in three forms:1)Number(singular/plural)2)Gender(masculine/feminine/common/neuter gender)3)Case(It tells us what role a noun plays in a sentence)Subjective case: E.g.. Ram is doing work.Objective case: E.g.. The work is being done by Ram.Possessive case: E.g.. This is Rams work.Dative case: is a grammaticalcasegenerally used to indicate the noun to which something is given. E.g.. Tarun gave Ram a drink.Case of apposition: there are two nouns in a sentence and the second noun describes the first one. E.g.. Ram, our monitor is a good boy.PronounsWords which are used in place of noun are called Pronoun. These include:Personal Pronoun: are pronouns that stand for three persons: a)the person speaking b)the person spoken to c)the person spoken of

Possessive Pronoun: We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person or thing belonging to a person/people.

Number PersonGenderSubjectObjectSingular1st male/ female

IMe2ndmale/ female

YouYou3rdmaleHeHimfemaleSheHermale/femaleIt ,theyIt, themPlural1stmale/ female

WeUs2ndmale/ female

YouYou3rdmale/ female

TheyThemNumber Person GenderPossessive Pronouns

Singular1stmale/ female mine, my2ndmale/ female yours3rdmalehisfemaleherPlural1st male/ female ours2nd male/ female yours3rdmale/ female/neuter theirsInterrogative Pronoun: They are used to ask questions therefore called interrogative pronoun. E.g. What is the matter ?Demonstrative Pronoun: pronouns used to point out something to which they refer are called demonstrative pronoun. E.g. That is red fort.Distributive Pronoun: They refer to persons or things one at a time. E.g. Each of the men received the reward.Indefinite Pronoun: pronouns referring things in a general way but not in particular are called indefinite pronoun. E.g. All were drownedRelative Pronoun: They refers or relates to some noun going before (i.e. Antecedent). E.g. I have found the pen which I lost. Reflexive Pronoun: When the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject it is known as reflexive pronoun. E.g. I hurt myself.Emphatic Pronoun: When reflexive pronouns are used to put emphasis on a particular noun they are called emphatic pronouns. E.g. Theythemselvesadmitted their mistake.Reciprocal Pronoun: We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say; A and B are talking toeach other.

VerbsVerbs are the word which express action, state or existence are called verbs. Kinds of verbs are:Auxiliaries: these are of two types:Primary auxiliaries(helping verbs): be(is, am, was, were) ; have(has, had) ; do(did, does)Secondary auxiliaries(modals) : can, could, may, might, should etc.Transitive verbs: Atransitive verbsis followed by a noun ornoun phrase. These noun phrases are not called predicate nouns but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon. E.g. My friendreadthe newspaper. A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. E.g. The newspaperwas readby my friend.Intransitive verbs: Anintransitive verbsis one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by anadverb or end a sentence. E.g. The woman spokesoftly.

Linking verbs: A linking verb cannot be followed by anadverbor end a sentence but instead must be followed by a noun or adjective, whether in a single word or phrase. Common linking verbs includeseem,become,appear,look, andremain. E.g. His motherlookedworried. Therefore, linking verbs 'link' the adjective or noun to the subject.Finite verbs: are the verbs which are affected by the number and person of the subject. E.g. He likes writing.Infinite verbs: are those verbs which are not affected by the number and person of the subject. There are three types of infinite verbs:Gerund: It is a verbal it does not work as a verb but as a noun. E.g. Dancing is a good exercise. Infinitives: They work as noun, adjectives, adverbs. E.g. To dance is good habit .Participles: They work as adjectives. They are of three types:a)Past /Passive participle: E.g. My bike wasfixed.b)Present /Progressive participle: E.g. The guy isfixingmy bike.c) Perfect participle : E.g. He hasfixedmy bikeConditionals(if clause): These are of four types:1)Zero conditional: is used for habits, facts and universal truth and simple present tense is used. E.g. If it rains, it gets colder.2)1st conditional: is used for future assumptions which are possible and simple future tense is used. E.g. If it rains, it will get colder

3)2nd conditional: is used for past assumptions which are not possible and simple past tense is used. E.g. If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching.4)3rd conditional: is used for past assumptions which are unreal and past perfect tense is used. E.g. If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.Tenses:Present tense:a)Simple Present tense: To show near future.For live commenting For narrationFor proverbs and quotationsThe exclamatory sentences which begins with here and thereFor rapid news lines e.g. Germany wins the FIFA World Cup 2014.b) Present Continuous tense:For work which is in progress at the present timeFor actions that has already been arranged to take place in future.For explanations

c) Present Perfect tense:For any work which is finished recently as it affects the present time.d) Present Perfect continuous tense:For any work which began in past for the certain time and still continues. E.g. I am doing the work since Saturday.Past tense:a)Simple Past tense:We can express simple past by using about toAnything which is finished in the recent past.b) Past Continuous tense:Anything which is in progress in past.c) Past Perfect tense:It is used for nay work which finished before another work or at a certain time in past. E.g. I had completed my work by 7:00 am. d) Past Perfect continuous tense:For any work which began in past continues for a certain time and got finished at the moment of speaking.

Future tense:a)Simple Future tense:Used to show real futureWe can also use present continuous to show future. E.g. I am going to work hardWe can also use about tob) Future Continuous tense:It is used for any work which will continue at a given time in future.For anything which is bound to happen. E.g. The store is open at 9:00 amFor anything which is inhabitablec) Future Perfect tense:It is used for any work which will be completed at a certain time in future. E.g. I will have completed the work when my mother comes. d) Future Perfect continuous tense:It is used for any work which will be in progress till a certain time in future.For some sentence it may get finished. E.g. When I will have left office at 5:00 pm he will have been working for 3 hours. AdjectiveA word used with an noun to describe or point out, the person, animals, place or thing which the noun names, or tell the number or quantity, is called an Adjective. Adjectives are divided into the following classes:Adjectives of quality: shows the kind or quality of a person or thing. It answers the question : Of what kind? E.g.. Kolkata is a large city.Adjectives of quantity: show how much of a thing is meant. It answers the question : How much? E.g.. Take great care of your health.Adjectives of number: show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands. It answers the question : How many? E.g.. The hand has five fingers. These are of three kinds:Definite Numeral Adjectives: it denotes an exact number. E.g.. One, two, three, etc.Indefinite Numeral Adjectives: it don denotes an exact number. E.g.. few, several, any, etc.Distributive Numeral Adjectives: which refer to each one of a number. E.g.. Neither accusation is true.

Demonstrative Adjective: point out at which person or thing is meant. It answers the question : Which? E.g.. That boy is industrious.Interrogative Adjective : are similar to interrogative pronouns, but they cant stand on their own. In other words, they serve to modify another term, specifically a noun. The words which and what are the two interrogative adjectives and are used in interrogative sentences to modify nouns found in the question. Difference between Interrogative Adjective and Pronoun :Which is this book ?(Pronoun)Which book is this ?(Adjective) AdverbsAdverb is a word that is used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another Adverb . Types of AdverbsAdverbs of Time: (shows when)They are-after, before, till, soon etc. e.g. I have heard this before.Adverbs of Place: (shows where) They are- here, there, inside, out etc. e.g. My brother is out.Adverbs of Manner: (shows) They are- Slowly, lamely, neatly etc. e.g. Walk slowly.Adverbs of Degree or quantity: (shows) They are- very, much, almost, partially etc. e.g. I am fully prepared. Adverb of Affirmation: (shows agreement) They are- certainly, surely, anyhow etc. e.g. He certainly went.Adverb of Negation: (shows rejection) They are- no, never, not etc. e.g. I do not knowAdverb of Purpose or Reason: (shows for what ) They are- so, therefore, Thus, hence etc. e.g. He therefore left the schoolAdverb of Frequency: (shows how often) They are- always, often, frequently etc. e.g. I have told you twice.

Prepositions Prepositions usually describe the position of something, the time when something happens and the way in which something is done,although the prepositions "of," "to," and "for" have some separate functions.

Function

Sentence

Position

The cat isunderthe table.

He is sittingonthe chair.The pencil isinthe box.

TimeThe class startsat8 am.

I am going to SpainonWednesday.

How Something is Done

We travelledbycar.

Possession

The book belongstoColin.

The doorofthe house is red.ConjunctionsA conjunctionis apart of speech that connects words,sentences, phrases or clauses. There are three kinds of conjunctions:Coordinating Conjunctions: They join two independent sentences, clauses, phrases etc. They are of four kinds: Cumulative: They join two equal things(one is not depending on other).they are: and, as well as, also, no less than, now, both, not only but also .e.g. Trust in god and do right.Adversative: They show contrast. They connect independent sentences , phrases or clauses. They are: but, only, still, yet, however, nevertheless, which, whereas. e.g. He is rich still he is not rude.Alternative: They show choices. They are: eitheror, neitheror, or, else, otherwise. e.g. Neither he is smart nor intelligent. Illative: used to give explanations. They are: for , therefore, so, then, so then. E.g. he didnt work hard so he failed.Subordinating Conjunctions: The dependent sentences/ clauses can show their dependency in the following ways: Time: when, wherever, till, until, before, since, while, as long as, as soon as, just as.Place: where, whereverPurpose: that, so thatCause: because, as, so, thatContrast: although, though, howeverComparison: as, asas, so asCondition : if, unless, supposing(beginning), provided that, lest(or not)Co- relative Conjunctions: They are just used in pairs. E.g. Youeitherdo your workorprepare for a trip to the office.

InterjectionsAn interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion. It expresses emotion or feeling. It can be used with exclamation mark and can go anywhere in the sentence i.e. in the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. It does not:Relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentenceHelp the reader understand the relationship between words and phrases in the sentence.E.g. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over. Oh! I cant believe how nice you look.