English philology
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Transcript of English philology
ENGLISH PHILOLOGY
England
What do we know? Write down ANYTHING you think you might know
about this country. bubbl.us
What is England?
https://www.google.com/maps/place/England,+UK/@48.9393077,-7.3823063,3z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x47d0a98a6c1ed5df:0xf4e19525332d8ea8
England < Great Britain < The United Kingdom (UK)
Philology
philology: the branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages.
“A Borrowed Language”
What might this mean?
Cuchulain (Cuh-Hullen) The oldest known British Isles folk hero. (Very Irish)
The Original Celtic
Cathac of St. Columbia
Early story
Written centuries later
The Original Celtic – Pangur Ban A monk’s
poem about a cat
This is not English
It might serve as the basis for what English became.
An example of modern Gaelic https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=e6JbUDBfY1E
The Original Celtic Before AD 43 – Old
Celtic/Britton
Romans drove them out
Romans spoke Latin
Latin influence in the area (Romano-British)
Welcome!
What were the two languages we discussed yesterday?
Which was there first and which was brought and who
brought it to England?
The Timeline (so far)
????? – 43AD – Celtic/British 43AD – ~400AD – Romano-British
The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Anglo-Saxons
Following Roman retreat in 5th century AD (Anno Domini, “In the year of our Lord,” or CE (common era)
Germanic Kingdoms
Slaughter of Locals?Probably not.
Small groups settled unused land.
Acculturation or slow integration.
Anglo-Saxon culture kinda took over.
Brittons still there
Remnants of Celtic and Latin still around
“Germanic” Tribes
Guess what older version of the modern language they spoke.
No surprise, German.
No record of what they actually sounded like.
Why combine languages?
Anglo-Saxons had MONEY!
Kings/wealthy travelled, set up in England
Anglo-Saxon became the language of the elite
Locals learned it to seem “cool”
Families created common ancestors with A-S
How it all adds up:
Old Gaelic
Romano/Britton
+ Anglo-Saxon
Old English
Guess the name of this
font!
Yep: Old English
Caedmon’s Hymn Now (we) should praise of the kingdom of
heaven the Warden, Of the Creator the might, and his mind-thought
(purpose), the work of the Gloryfather, just as he of wonders, eternal Lord, created the beginning (of each). He first created for the children of earth heaven as a roof, holy Shaper; then Middle Earth mankind's Warden, eternal Lord, after created for men the earth, Ruler almighty.
The Gloryfather?
The Christian Lord?
Celtic Gods?
Roman Gods?
Norse Gods?
Christian Missionaries Traveled all over Europe converting
people for centuries
Favorite book? Copy, Paste, Repeat Monks = only writers
Local stories eventually got written down
Beowulf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y13cES7MMd8
From the GET GO
Language of praise and
wonder
Welcome!
The story so far…
????? – 43AD – Celtic/British 43AD – ~400AD – Romano-British ~400AD – 1066 – Anglo-Saxon 1066…
THE NORMAN INVASION!!!!
How it all started…
Vikings going cray-
cray on Europe
France invites a Viking clan to settle the
northern beaches to protect the mainland.
“Nortmanni” or
“Northmen” bacame
“Normandy”
>> ~100 years
William the Conqueror – Unites Normandy and sails to England for battle!
The Norman Invasion
Anglo-Saxons: slow, peaceful acculturation
Normans: Killing and replacing
1066
In the year of our Lord (Anno Domini, AD) or the Common Era (CE)
The Norman Invasion
Their language
Norman-French Mixture of Viking Norweigen/Swedish and local French
http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_middle.html
Again, they were high-status William the Conqueror
took all the land and gave it his rich buddies.
Therefore, landowners, business owners, and the nobility all spoke Norman-French.
If you were still speaking the Old English?
Had to learn new language of business.
Old English and Norman-French
pig/ pork, chicken/ poultry, calf/ veal, cow/ beef, wood/ forest,
sheep/ mutton, house/ mansion, worthy/ valuable, bold/ courageous, freedom/ liberty.[6]
Norman Influence on High-Society Nobility: crown, castle, prince, count, duke, baron,
noble, sovereign, heraldry Government: parliament, government, governor, city Law: court, judge, justice, accuse, arrest, sentence,
appeal, condemn, plaintiff, bailiff, jury, felony, verdict, traitor, contract, damage, prison
War: army, armour, archer, battle, soldier, guard, courage, peace, enemy, destroy
Wealth: mansion, money, gown, boot, beauty, mirror, jewel, appetite, banquet, herb, spice, sauce, roast
Art: art, colour, language, literature, poet, chapter
Their Language in England English < Norman French = Modern French fashion < faichon = façon
cabbage < caboche = chou (cf. caboche) candle < ca(u)ndelle = chandelle, bougie castle < castel (now catè) = château, castelet cauldron < caudron = chaudron causeway < caucie (now cauchie) = chaussée catch < cachier (now cachi) = chasser cater < acater = acheter cattle < *capte(l) = cheptel cherry (ies) < cherise (chrise, chise ) = cerise fork < fouorque = fourche garden < gardin = jardin mug < mogue/moque = mug, boc plank < pllanque = planche pocket < pouquette = poche poor < paur = pauvre wait < waitier (old Norman) = gaitier (mod. guetter ) war < werre (old Norman) = guerre wicket < viquet = guichet (cf. piquet)
How it all adds up:
Old Gaelic
Romano/Britton
Anglo-Saxon
+ Norman-French
Middle English
Some Old Translations…
Some Old Translations…
Middle English Most notable example: Geoffery Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QE0MtENfOMU
The History of English in Ten Minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SfKhlJIAhew
When we return, please title a new heading “Shakespeare’s Influence on the English Language”
Break Time!!
One man! More influence than
anyone else Greatest writer in
English Greatest playwright in
the world Influence countless
other artists and authors
Before Bill Shaxbear
Think about the language
Different everywhere
No fixed set of rules
Chaotic!
The Enlightenment Out of the brutal, violent “Dark Ages”
New ideas of philosophy, religion, art, and science… but no proper vocabulary
So if no word exists to represent what you feel, make one up or steal one!
30,000 new/borrowed words added from 1500-1650
Vocabulary
Warren King "In all of his work – the plays, the sonnets and the narrative poems – Shakespeare uses 17,677 words: Of those,
1,700 were first used by Shakespeare.” Oxford English Dictionary records over 2,000
Resources
http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/resources/shakespeare-words/
http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/resources/shakespeare-phrases/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMkuUADWW2A
Welcome!
Please have out your notes on English Philology and title a new heading “The Printing Press”
Sorry China!
Europe Wins!
Johannes Gutenberg
Originally a craftsman, mixed a new, durable metal
Invented oil-based ink
Printing and Language Chaos of different dialects
Big presses located in London (Caxton), so that was the version of Middle English published
Local dialects influenced by London dialect
Now shared versions of texts (Standardization and Unification)
Mistakes?
The First Dictionary
Dictionary of the English Language, Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1755
The Most Popular Book…
… King James?
King James
The Original King James Stuffy, Old, White
Dude
Commissioned third translation of BibleLatin > English
Puritans dissatisfied with first two
Literary Influence of the Bible HUGE!!!
Fall of Lucifer Adam and Eve Cain and Abel Abraham and Isaac Job
Ever Since…
Industrial Revolution
Imperialism
Digital Evolution
Report procedure
1. give handout/expectations
2. two days for first draft
3. one day for peer editing/conferencing
Grammatical Labeling Please label your first draft with the following
grammatical elements
Parts of speech (4) each nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns
Parts of a sentence Parallel Structure List of items
Colon, Commas Homophones (4) Apostrophes
Welcome!
Please write in your notes the definition of a paragraph and the specific components that go into making a good one.
Paragraph – a distinct selection of sentences, usually exploring a single idea
What a paragraph needs… Indenting – starting the first line 1/2 inch
from the margin – hit tab 5-7 sentences
Transition sentenceTopic Sentence/Hook – describes what
you’ll be explainingExamples to back up the first sentence
(support) – DetailsConclusion – wraps up specific ideaTransition – to the next idea
Reflection on your drafts
Introduction Paragraphs What makes a good one?
1. Hook to get the reader interested1. What are the roots of the English language? Why does English
have so many words from other languages? English evolved from many languages. “Interesting Quote.” The English language has impacted the world by borrowing or stealing words.
2. Background information1. Languages are always changing. When wars happen, people
move around and their language goes with them.
3. Big Ideas/Main points
4. Thesis statement1. English is made of so many languages
2. The mixture of these influences have created the English Language
Conclusion paragraphs
Wraps up entire essay in 3+ sentences No new details
1. Restate your thesis in different words
2. A summary of what you discussed
3. Inviting further thought1. The future of the language?
2. Hypothesize about other language evolutions?
Drafting, Peer Editing, Conferences
Think about paragraph construction
(4 Each) Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns/antecedents, prepositions, conjunctions)
(4)Parts of a sentence (subject, predicate, prepositional phrases)
(1)Parallel structure(1)Lists of items with or without a colon(2)Knowledge of homophones(2)Proper use of apostrophes (contractions are
OK here, possession)
FINAL DRAFT
Due on Tuesday