Nouns..

Noun – is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.A proper noun – which names a specific person, place or thing.

Example:• Carlos• Middle East• Malaysia• Presbyterianism

~ Nouns also can be classified as count nouns ( which name anything that can be counted).

~ Non-count nouns ( which name something that can’t be counted).

~ Collective nouns ( which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items).

Example: -COUNT NOUNS

NON-COUNT NOUNS

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Four books Water Jury

Two continents Air Team

A few dishes Energy Class

A dozen buildings

Blood Herd

POSSESIVE

NOUNS..

Possesive nouns- to show that something belongs to somebody or something, add ‘s to a singular noun and an apostrophe ‘ to a plural noun.

For Example:-• Jennifer’s imagination ran wild as she

pictured the accident.• The kitten’s toy is a stuffed catnip mouse.

~ Some possesive nouns are actually personal pronouns.

~ Pronoun – is a word that can stand in for the noun in a sentence.

For Example:-• We decorated our house for the holidays with

colorful lights.• My car is red.

*Personal Pronouns reflect ownership, and DO NOT get the apostrophe + s added to them!

VERBS..

A verb – which express a state of being are the ones.

Subject Verb to be in the past tense

Verb to be in the present tense

Verb to be in the future tense

I Was Am Will be

You Were Is Will be

He/ She/ It Was Are Will be

We Were Are Will be

They were Are Will be

• Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence.

• Some verbs require an object to complete their meaning.

• Verbs also can be classified as either finite or non-finite.

• A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.

• A non-finite verbs ( think “unfinished”) cannot by themselves.

ADJECTIVES..

Adjectives – are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.

Position Of Adjectives:• Adjectives appear before the noun or noun

phrase that they modify.• Certain adjectives that, in combination with

certain words are always “postpositive”.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Rich Richer Richest

Lovely Lovelier Loveliest

Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful

• Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degree.

Irregular Comparative and Superlatives FormsGood Better BestBad Worse WorstLittle Less LeastMuchManySome

More Most

Far Further Furthest

*NOT TO USE MORE along with comparative adjectives formed with –er NOR TO USE most along with a superlatives adjectived formed with –est (e.g., DO NOT write that something is more heavier or most heaviest).

CONJUNCTION WORDS..

• Conjuction – words that used to link phrases and clauses.

• Types of Conjuction:i. Forii. Andiii. Noriv. Butv. Orvi. Yet

PRESENT/ PAST/ FUTURE TENSE..

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE~Repeated ActionUse the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.

Example: I play tennis.

~Facts or Generalization.The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future.

Example: California is in America.

~ Scheduled Events in the Near FutureSpeakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future.Example: The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.

~ Now ( Non-Continuous Verbs)Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening now. This can ony be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.Example: He does not need help now.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE~ Past Tense – used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite time in the past.

~ We normally add –ED to the end of the verb.• Play – played• Cook – cooked• Rain – rained• Wait – waited

~ There are some words that are not adding the –ED at the end of the verb.• Eat – ate• Drive – drove• Sing – sang• Drink - drank

FUTURE TENSE~ Indicates that an action is in the future relative to the writer.

~ The future tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the verb:• She will leave soon• We shall overcome.

~ The future is also formed with the use of a form of “go” plus the infinitive of the verb:• He is going to faint.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL

NOUNS..

~ A singular noun refers to 1 only; a plural noun refers to 2 or more.

~Two things to note about singular and plural nouns. The first is that they change their form depending on whether they are singular or plural.

Example: 1 car 2 cars*Adding an –s to a singular noun to make it plural.

~ The second point to note is to do with the verb which goes with the noun.

Example: The car is in the garage. The cars are in the garage.

Form~Most nouns in English are regular. To make them plural we simply add –s to the end:

SINGULAR PLURAL1 Book 2 books1 Car 4 cars

1 House 8 houses1 Penny 2 pence/ pennies1 Person 4 persons/ people

1 Fish 8 fish/ fishes

UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS..

UNCOUNTABLE NOUN~ Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot “count” them.

~ For example, we cannot count “milk”. We can count “bottles of milk” or “litres of milk”.

Here are some more uncountable nouns:• Music, art, love, happiness• Rice, sugar, butter, water• Money, currency

~ We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. For example:• This news is very important.• Your luggage looks heavy.

~ We do not usually use indefinite article a/ an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say “an information” or “ a music”. But we can say a something of:• A piece of news• A bottle of water• A grain of rice

~ We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:• I’ve got some money.• Have you got any rice?

~ We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:• I’ve got a little money.• I haven’t got much rice.

Countable Nouns~ Countable nouns are the things that we can count.~ For example: “pen”. We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. ~ Here are some more countable nouns:• Dog, cat, animal, man, person• Bottle, box, litre• Cup, plate, fork~ Countable nouns can be singular or plural:• My dog is playing.• My dogs are hungry.

~ We can use the indefinite article a/ an with countable nouns:• A dog is an animal.

~ When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/ the/ my/ this with it:• I want an orange. (not I want orange)• Where is my bottle? ( not Where is bottle?)

~ We can use some and any with countable nouns:• I’ve got some dollars.• Have you got any pens?

~ We can use a few and many with countable nouns:• I’ve got a few dollars.• I haven’t got many pens.

~ Here are some more examples of uncountable and countable nouns:

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

Dollar Money

Song Music

Suitcase Luggage

Table Furniture

Battery Electricity

Report Information

Tip Advice

SYNONYM AND ANTONYM..

~ Synonym - a word or phrase that means the same, or nearly the same as another word or phrase.

~ Antonym – a word or phrase that means the opposite from another word or phrase.

~ Example of Synonym and Antonym:Words Synonym Antonym Example Sentences

Big Large Small -He has a big house.-She has a small apartment.

New Recent Used -I bought a recent book.-She drives a used car.

Clean Tidy Dirty -He keeps his house tidy.-The car is dirty.

Good Great Bad -That’s great idea!-He’s a bad tennis player.

QUESTION WORDS (5W’s)..

The most common question words in English are the following:

1) WHO is the only used when referring to people. ( = I want to know the person).

• Who are your best friends?

2) WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place).

• Where do you live?

3) WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion (= I want to know the time)

• When is his birthday?

4) WHY is the only used to obtain explanation. ( = I want to know the reason).• Why does he complain all the time?

5) WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing).• What is your name?

6) WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between alternatives)• Which is better – this one or that one?

5) HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)

• How does he know the answer?

~ With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:• How much - refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable

nouns).• How many - refers to a quantity ( countable nouns)• How often - refers to frequency.• How far - refers to distance.