ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDY MATERIAL (CLASS-8)

Chapter:-1 (Revision)

Sentence , Phrase, Clause, Parts of Speech

What is a sentence? In grammar, a sentence is the basic grammatical unit. It contains a group of words and expresses a complete thought. A sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. For example in the sentence "Bill writes good poems"

Bill is the subject of the sentence and writes good poems is the predicate.

Simple and complex sentences

Simple sentences contain one clause:

▪ The girl is learning how to drive

Complex sentences contain more than one clause.

▪ The girl who is learning how to drive is still twelve years old.

▪ She faced the whole trouble with courage and managed to solve the problem all by herself.

Types of sentences There are four types of sentences:

• Declarative sentence Applicants will be answered in due time. (It makes a statement.)

• Imperative sentence Show me your photo album, please. (Gives a command or makes a request.)

• Interrogative sentence Do you like this photo? (Asks a question.)

• Exclamatory sentence what a beautiful dress she is wearing! (Shows strong feeling)

Phrase:- A phrase is a group of words that stands together as a single grammatical unit, typically as part

of a clause or a sentence. A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot

convey a complete thought. ... A clause does contain a subject and verb, and it can convey a complete

idea.

Clause:-In language a clause is a part of the sentence that contains a verb. A typical clause consists of a

subject and predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes not said or explicit, often the case in null-subject language if the subject is retrieval from context, but it sometimes also occurs in other languages if the subject is

retrieval from context, but it sometimes also occurs in other languages such as English (as in imperative sentences and non-finite clauses).

A simple sentence usually consists of a single finite verb that is independent. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses. Main clauses (matrix clauses, independent clauses) are those that can stand alone as a sentence . Subordinate clauses (embedded clauses, dependent clauses) are those that can stand alone as a sentence. Subordinate clauses are those that would be awkward or incomplete if they were alone.

Parts Of Speech:-

What is a Part of Speech?

A part of speech is one of the nine types of words: VERB, NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, PRONOUN,

PREPOSITION, DETERMINER, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION

There are thousands of words but they don't all have the same job. For example:

• some words express action

• other words express things

• other words join one word to another word

These are the "building blocks" of the language. Think of them like the parts of a house. When we want to build a house, we use concrete to make the foundations or base. We use bricks to make the walls. We use window frames to make the windows, and door frames to make the doorways. And we use cement to join them all together. Each part of the house has its own job.

And when we want to build a sentence, we use the different types of word.

Each type of word has its own job.

There are 9 basic types of word, and they are called "parts of speech".

The most important parts of speech are the BIG FOUR, and the verb is the king of these. Here they are, each with an example and its basic "job":

• verb (deliver - expresses action)

• noun (computer - expresses a thing)

• adjective (yellow - tells us more about a noun)

• adverb (quickly - tells us more about a verb)

The other parts of speech are mostly small words:

• pronoun (it - replaces a noun)

• preposition (on - links a noun to another word)

• determiner (the - limits a noun)

• conjunction (and - joins words)

• interjection (ouch! - expresses feeling)

Exercise

A. Name the parts of Speech

1. Steve can play the trumpet.

2. Do you like dogs.

3. They listen to music every day.

4. She is an old lady.

5. The group went climbing in the mountains.This is a fast car.

6. He did well in the test.

7.My father drives carefully.

8.Has your father ever been to Australia?

9.The play was fantastic.

B. Separate the subject and predicate in the following sentences.

1. She has a good memory.

2. No man can serve two masters.

3. The sea has many varieties of fishes.

4. A bus passed our house.

5. My father got a promotion.

6. Here comes the bus.

7. James has a good memory.

8. A healthy body leads to a healthy mind.

9. The Earth revolves around the Sun.

10. It is a very cold day.

Answer:-

1. Subject—She

Predicate—has a good memory

2. Subject—No man

Predicate— can serve two masters

3. Subject—The sea

Predicate—has many varieties of fishes

4. Subject—A bus

Predicate—passed our house

5. Subject—My father

Predicate—got a promotion

6. Subject—Here comes

Predicate—the bus

7. Subject—James

Predicate—has a good memory

8. Subject—A healthy body

Predicate—leads to a healthy mind

9. Subject—The Earth

Predicate—revolves around the Sun

10. Subject—It

Predicate—is a very cold day The Sun

C. Complete the sentences using suitable subj

1. rises in the East.

2. is good for health.

3. is money.

4. is wealth.

5. is one.

6. is a hot day.

7. is a big city.

8. is the capital of Pakistan.

9. never fit well.

10. is the best physician.

Answer:-

1. The Sun

2. Milk

3. Time

4. Health

5. God

6. Today

7. Kolkata

8. Islamabad

9. Borrowed garments

10. Nature

D. Complete the sentences using suitable predicate.

1. The Sun___________ 2. The cow_____________. 3. Delhi___________ 4. The flower__________ 5. Akbar____________ 6. The bird__________. 7. The tree_________ 8. The Earth__________ 9. The slope_______ 10. He____________

Answer:-

1. Sets in the West. 2. Gives us milk. 3. Is the capital of India? 4. Is beautiful. 5. Was a great king. 6. Flies in the sky. 7. Is very big. 8. Revolves around the Sun. 9. Is very steep. 10. Has a good memory.

E. Identify the type of sentences.

1. What is your name?

2. What a clever boy he is!

3. It is a very dirty room.

4. Where do you live?

5. Have some mercy upon us.

6. Dancing is my hobby.

7. Please be quite.

8. All roads lead to Rome.

9. What a shame!

10. This is not my cup of tea.

Answer

1. Interrogative sentence

2. Exclamatory sentence

3. Assertive sentence

4. Interrogative sentence

5. Imperative sentence

6. Assertive sentence

7. Imperative sentence

8. Assertive sentence

9. Exclamatory sentence

10. Assertive sentence

F. Complete the following sentences by choosing appropriate phrases from the box given

below.

How to do it, to my door, in the east, on a wall, of gold

1. The sun rises_____________

2. I asked my friend to show me________

3. My mother has a chain___________

4. There came a beggar__________

5. Humpty Dumpty sat ___________

Answer:-

1. in the east

2. how to do it

3. of gold

4. to my door

5. on a wall

G. Underline the group of words that form a clause in the sentence.

1. People who pay their debts are trusted.

2. We cannot start while it is raining.

3. I think that you have made a mistake.

4. People who rise early stay healthy.

5. I think it is his hard work that has made him successful.

Answer

1. People who pay their debts are trusted. 2. We cannot start while it is raining. 3. I think that you have made a mistake. 4. People who rise early stay healthy. 5. I think it is his hard work that has made him successful.

Chapter:-2

The Noun:- Kinds of Nouns

Definition of Noun:-

A noun is defined as the name that is given to any person, place, thing or an idea.

1. The Sun shines brightly.

2. The Jasmine smells sweet.

Kinds of Noun

the kinds of noun are as follows:-

Proper Noun

A proper noun is the name given to a particular person or a place. A proper noun always begins with

capital letter.

e.g.

Maria lives in the United States of America.

World War I started in the year 1914.

Common Noun

A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. Common

nouns are not written in capital letters.

e.g.

India is a country.

Daniel is a boy.

Differences between Proper Noun and Common Noun

Proper Noun Common Noun India country Daniel boy Maruti Suzuki car

Mcdonald restaurant Kolkata city Abstract Noun An abstract noun is a word that is used to indicate an idea, activity, action, a quality or a state which is considered separate from the object to which it relates. The names relating to arts and sciences are also included in abstract noun. Idea, thought, suggestion, belief, dream etc. Activity Marketing activity, advertising, economic activity, playing etc. Action Hatred, movement, operation, laughter etc. Quality Hardness, honesty, goodness, kindness etc. State Death, darkness, childhood, poverty etc. e.g. We are studying Mathematics. Ken thought of a brilliant idea for his story. Collective Noun A collective noun is the name that is given to a group/number of persons or things in collection, e.g. A staff of employees. A troupe of dancers Material Noun Material nouns are names of substances of which things are made. e.g. I bought a gold ring. Plastic toys are very colorful. According to grammatical distinction, the nouns can be classified as either countable or uncountable. Countable Noun The countable noun represents the names of the people or the object that we can count, e.g. There are two books in my bag. Our house has six rooms. Uncountable Noun The uncountable noun represents the names of the people or the object that we cannot count, but can measure or weigh. e.g. There is no information about him. Have you got some paper? There are certain nouns that can be used as both countable and uncountable according to the context, e.g. There are 3-4 hairs on my table.

She has a black, shiny hair. In examples ‘Hair’ is used as countable nouns, while in examples Hair is uncountable noun. Number

According to numbers, the nouns can be categorized as singular and plural.

Singular Number

A noun that represents one person or one thing is known as singular number,

e.g.

It is a very tall tree.

I am writing with a blue pen.

Plural Number

A noun that represents more than one person or a thing is known as a plural number.

e.g.

The boys are playing in the ground.

The cows are eating grass.

I like to read stories.

Rules for Changing the Singular into Plural

• Rule 1

Nouns that end with a consonant are made plural by adding ‘-s’ to the singular.

Parrot Parrots

Egg Eggs

Boat Boats

Actor Actors

Cook Cooks

Hat Hats

• Rule 2

Nouns that end with -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -z, -x are plural by adding ‘-es’.

Bus Buses Glass Glasses Bench Benches Bush Bushes Quiz Quizes Tax Taxes

• Exception Stomach Stomachs Monarch Monarchs

• Rule 3 Nouns that end with -o and there is a consonant before -o then plural is made by adding ‘-es’. Tomato Tomatoes Mosquito Mosquitoes Mango Mangoes Hero Heroes

• Exception Photo Photos Zero Zeros

• Rule 4 Nouns that end with -y and there is a consonant before -y, then plural is made by changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ and adding ‘-es’. Fly Flies Fly Flies Story Stories Baby Babies Family Families Copy Copies Library Libraries

• Rule 5 Nouns that end with -y and there is a vowel before -y, then plural is made by adding ‘-s’. Boy Boys Day Days Key Keys Way Ways Toy Toys Essay Essays

• Rule 6 Nouns that end with double vowel are pluralised by adding ‘-s’. Tree Trees Bee Bees Zoo Zoos Radio Radios

Portfolio Portfolios Bamboo Bamboos

• Rule 7 Some nouns are plural by the change in their inside vowel. Tooth Teeth Foot Feet Mouse Mice Man Men

• Rule 8 Nouns that end with -f or –Fe plural by adding ‘-es’ after -f or -Fe is changed to ‘-v’. Knife Knives Thief Thieves Wife Wives Life Lives

• Exception Roof Roofs Safe Safes Chief Chiefs Proof Proofs Scarf Scarf’s/scarves

• Rule 9 Compounds nouns are plural by adding the principal word. Step-son Step-sons Brother-in-law Brothers-in—law Pea-cock Pea-cocks Passer-by Passers-by

• Exception Man-Servant → Men-Servants Lord-Justice → Lord-Justices

• Rule 10 Nouns that end with -man’ are made plural by changing ‘-man’ into ‘-men’ Woman Women Postman Postmen Watchman Watchmen Chairman Chairmen Milkman Milkmen Fellowman Fellowmen

EXERCISE

Question 1:

Identify Common Noun and Proper Noun in each of the following sentences.

(i) The house is on main street.

(ii) Shahs played with her sister.

(iii) Sita is a girl.

(iv) Australia is a country.

(v) Ram goes to bank.

(vi) I went to the city.

(viii) Mr. Brown is a kind man.

(viii) Vihaan went on a holiday.

(ix) Joe is my cousin.

(x) Mrs. Wood took her baby to the park.

Question 2:

Choose the correct form of noun given in the brackets.

1. We all love…………………… (Honest/honesty)

2. The knife needs……………………. (sharping/sharpening)

3. My house has……………………. rooms, (four/some)

4. A large is expected,…………………… (crowd/crowds)

5. There are three in my team……………………. (woman/women)

6. There are many in my house……………………. (children/childrens)

7. of soldiers visited our academy……………………. (An army/A group)

8. The are very good……………………. (cloth/cloths)

9. There is a at my school today……………………. (holidays/holiday)

10. I wear polished…………………… (Shoes/shoe)

Answer

1. Honesty

2. Sharpening

3. Four

4. Crowd

5. Women

6. Children

7. An army

8. Cloths

9. Holiday

10. Shoes

Question 4:

Find all the nouns in the passage given below.

It is a great thing to take pride in our work. Anything that is worth doing at all is worth doing well. Even

in the humblest task we should be ambitious to do it as well as we can, if possible better than anyone

else. E.g. a

cobbler should not think that because his job is a humble one, it can be scampered and done anyhow;

he should be determined to make better shoes than any other cobbler; and a tinker should take pride in

mending even an old kettle better than any other tinker cad.

Answer:-

thing Pride task ambitious cobbler humble cobbler tinker pride kettle tinker

Chapter:-3

The Noun:- Gender

Gender According to gender, the nouns can be classified as masculine, feminine, common and neuter gender.

Masculine Gender a noun that represents a male is known as the masculine gender. E.g. boy, man, lion, king etc.

Feminine Gender a noun that represents a female is known as the feminine gender. e.g. girl, woman, lioness, actress, queen etc.

Common Gender a noun that represents either a male or a female is known as the common gender. E.g. friend, guardian, guest, infant, owner, parent, passenger, pig, pupil etc.

Neuter Gender a noun that represents a thing which is neither a male nor a female as a neuter gender

E.g. box, bread, butter, chair, chalk etc. All non-living objects and animals fall into this category.

Rules for Changing Masculine into Feminine

• Rule 1

Masculine can be changed into feminine by adding ‘-ess’.

Poet Poetess

Lion Lioness

Host Hostess

Giant Giantess

• Rule 2

In some nouns,- ending in V, after masculine can be changed into feminine by adding ‘-ess’

removing the ‘vowel’ before the last letter.

Tiger Tigress

Monitor Monitress

Actor Actress

Editor Editress

• Rule 3

Masculine can be changed into the feminine by using a completely different word.

King Queen

Hero Heroine

Uncle Aunt

Husband Wife

• Rule 4

Feminine of the compound nouns are made by changing the masculine word of the compound

noun that comes to the front.

He-bear She-bear

Bull-calf Cow-calf

He-goat She-goat

Son-in-law Daughter-in-law

• Rule 5

Feminine of some masculine are made by removing the last vowel and consonant and then by

adding ‘-ess’.

Governor Governess

Murderer Murderess

• Exception

Duke Duchess

Rule 6

Compound nouns change their gender masculine word into feminine coming later.

Headmaster Headmistress

Grandfather Grandmother

Milkman Milkmaid

Peacock Peahen

EXERCISE

Rewrite the following sentences with the opposite gender of the underlined word.

1. They have brought a new lion to the zoo.

2. The crowd rushed to greet the actor.

3. I received a letter from my uncle yesterday.

4. The man sat watching TV.

5. My nephew sings very well.

6. Sir, what would you like to have?

7. The audience welcomed the hero with great enthusiasm.

8. You are a generous host.

9. You don’t see many milkmen today.

10. The horse cleared the hurdle easily.

11. He is the heir to the throne.

12. He is a generous host.

13. She remained a spinster.

Answers:-

1. They have brought a new lioness to the zoo.

2. The crowd rushed to greet the actress.

3. I received a letter from my aunt yesterday.

4. The woman sat watching TV.

5. My niece sings very well.

6. Madam, what would you like to have?

7. The audience welcomed the heroine with great enthusiasm.

8. You are a generous hostess.

9. You don’t see many milkmaids today.

10. The mare cleared the hurdle easily.

11. She is the heiress to the throne.

12. She is a generous hostess.

13. He remained a bachelor.

Chapter:-6

The Pronoun

What Is a Pronoun?

Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that

they can be substituted for other nouns. For instance, if you’re telling a story about your sister Sarah,

the story will begin to sound repetitive if you keep repeating “Sarah” over and over again.

Sarah has always loved fashion. Sarah announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.

You could try to mix it up by sometimes referring to Sarah as “my sister,” but then it sounds like you’re

referring to two different people.

Sarah has always loved fashion. My sister announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.

Instead, you can use the pronouns she and her to refer to Sarah.

Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants to go to fashion school.

Personal Pronouns

There are a few different types of pronouns, and some pronouns belong to more than one

category. She and her are known as personal pronouns. The other personal pronouns

are I and me, you, he and him, it, we and us, and they and them. If you learned about pronouns in

school, these are probably the words your teacher focused on. We’ll get to the other types of pronouns

in a moment.

Antecedents

Pronouns are versatile. The pronoun it can refer to just about anything: a bike, a tree, a movie, a feeling.

That’s why you need an antecedent. An antecedent is a noun or noun phrase that you mention at the

beginning of a sentence or story and later replace with a pronoun. In the examples below, the

antecedent is highlighted and the pronoun that replaces it is bolded.

My family drives me nuts, but I love them. The sign was too far away for Henry to

read it. Sarah said she is almost finished with the application.

In some cases, the antecedent doesn’t need to be mentioned explicitly, as long as the context is totally

clear. It’s usually clear who the pronouns I, me, and you refer to based on who is speaking.

It’s also possible to use a pronoun before you mention the antecedent, but try to avoid doing it in long

or complex sentences because it can make the sentence hard to follow.

I love them, but my family drives me nuts.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns come in two flavors: limiting and absolute. My, your, its, his, her, our, their and

whose are used to show that something belongs to an antecedent.

Sarah is working on her application. Just put me back on my bike. The students practiced their

presentation after school.

The absolute possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs. The absolute forms can be

substituted for the thing that belongs to the antecedent.

Are you finished with your application? Sarah already finished hers. The blue bike is mine. I practiced my

speech and the students practiced theirs.

Some possessive pronouns are easy to mix up with similar-looking contractions. Remember, possessive

personal pronouns don’t include apostrophes.

Chapter:-7

The Pronoun: Demonstrative, Indefinite, Distributive and Reciprocal Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

That, this, these and those are demonstrative pronouns. They take the place of a noun or noun phrase

that has already been mentioned.

This is used for singular items that are nearby. These is used for multiple items that are nearby. The

distance can be physical or metaphorical.

Here is a letter with no return address. Who could have sent this? What a fantastic idea! This is the best

thing I’ve heard all day. If you think gardenias smell nice, try smelling these.

That is used for singular items that are far away. Those is used for multiple items that are far away.

Again, the distance can be physical or metaphorical.

A house like that would be a nice place to live. Some new flavors of soda came in last week. Why don’t

you try some of those? Those aren’t swans, they’re geese.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person or thing that doesn’t need to be

specifically identified. Some common indefinite pronouns are one, other, none, some, anybody,

everybody, and no one.

Everybody was late to work because of the traffic jam. It matters more to some than others. Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen.

When indefinite pronouns function as subjects of a sentence or clause, they usually take singular verbs.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,

themselves.

Use a reflexive pronoun when both the subject and object of a verb refer to the same person or thing.

Henry cursed himself for his poor eyesight. They booked themselves a room at the resort. I told myself it was nothing.

Intensive Pronoun looks the same as reflexive pronouns, but their purpose is different. Intensive

pronouns add emphasis.

I built this house myself. Did you yourself see Loretta spill the coffee?

“I built this house” and “I built this house myself” mean almost the same thing. But “myself” emphasizes

that I personally built the house—I didn’t hire someone else to do it for me. Likewise, “Did you see

Loretta spill the coffee?” and “Did you yourself see Loretta spill the coffee?” have similar meanings. But

“yourself” makes it clear that the person asking wants to know whether you actually witnessed the

incident or whether you only heard it described by someone else.

Occasionally, people are tempted to use myself where they should use me because it sounds a little

fancier. Don’t fall into that trap! If you use a -self form of a pronoun, make sure it matches one of the

uses above.

Please call Sarah or myself if you are going to be late. Loretta, Henry, and myself are pleased to welcome you to the neighborhood.

Chapter:-8

Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns make up another class of pronouns. They are used to connect relative clauses to

independent clauses. Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in the

sentence. Relative pronouns include that, what, which, who, and whom. Traditionally, who refers to

people, and which and that refer to animals or things.

The woman who called earlier didn’t leave a message. All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved. My car , which is nearly twenty years old, still runs well.

Whether you need commas with who, which, and that depends on whether the clause is restrictive or

nonrestrictive.

Who vs. Whom—Subject and Object Pronouns

Now that we’ve talked about relative pronouns, let’s tackle the one that causes the most confusion:

Who is a subject pronoun, like I, he, she, we, and they. Whom is an object pronoun, like me, him, her,

us and them. When the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition, the object form is the one you

want. Most people don’t have much trouble with the objective case of personal pronouns because they

usually come immediately after the verb or preposition that modifies it.

Please mail it to I.

Please mail it to me.

Ms. Higgins caught they passing notes.

Ms. Higgins caught them passing notes.

Is this cake for we?

Is this cake for us?

Whom is trickier, though, because it usually comes before the verb or prepositions that modifies it.

Whom did you speak to earlier?

A man, whom I have never seen before, was asking about you.

Whom should I say is calling?

One way to test whether you need who or whom is to try substituting a personal pronoun. Find the

place where the personal pronoun would normally go and see whether the subject or object form makes

more sense.

Who/whom did you speak to earlier? Did you speak to he/him earlier?

A man, whom I have never seen before, was asking about you. Have I seen he/him before?

Whom should I say is calling? Should I say she/her is calling?

If the object pronoun (him or her) sounds right, use whom. If the subject pronoun (he or she) sounds

right, use who.

Before we move on, there’s one more case where the choice between subject and object pronouns can

be confusing. Can you spot the problem in the sentences below?

Henry is meeting Sarah and I this afternoon. There are no secrets between you and I. It doesn’t matter

to him or I.

In each of the sentences above, the pronoun I should be me. If you remove the other name or pronoun

from the sentence, it becomes obvious.

Henry is meeting I this afternoon. No one keeps secrets from I. It doesn’t matter to I.

Chapter:-9

Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, what, which,

and whose.

Who wants a bag of jelly beans? What is your name? Which movie do you want to watch? Whose jacket is this?

Exercise

Question 1:

Identify the correct form of pronoun in the following sentences.

1. Many of them came, but few stayed long. 2. Give everybody something to eat before they leave. 3. What did you bring? 4. Did they teach themselves how to speak French? 5. After he cut himself, he went for a tetanus shot. 6. All of those are expensive. Answer:-

1. I know the girl whose name is Jane. 2. She walked downstairs. 3. The boy ate his dinner. 4. Mia and Jones love each other.

1. Many (Indefinite), them (Personal), few (Indefinite) 2. Everybody, something (Indefinite), they (Personal) 3. What (Interrogative), you (Personal) 4. They (Personal), themselves (Reflexive) 5. He (Personal), himself (Reflexive) 6. All (Indefinite), those (Demonstrative) 7. I (Personal), whose (Relative ) 8. She (Personal) 9. His (Pronominal possessive) 10. Each other (Reciprocal)

Question 2: In the following sentences use pronouns in place of nouns wherever you can.

1. From the top of the hill, Shyam and Sundar saw the Northumberland straight. 2. The soup was delicious! 3. Karl rode the horse. 4. Meeta and Seema performed in the talent show. 5. Gianna petted the puppy. 6. Louis cleaned the house. 7. Lisa and I baked the cake. 8. Kamal is my friend. 9. The presentation was very interesting. 10. Mark and Joe did well on the science project.

Answer:-

1. Shyam and Sundar : They 2. The soup : It 3. Karl : He 4. Meeta and Seema : They 5. Gianna : She 6. Louis : He 7. Lisa and I : We 8. Kamal : He 9. The presentation : It 10. Mark and Joe : They

Question 3: Write the correct form of pronoun in the following blanks.

1. Be sure that everyone brings_________ own book 2. Mark and ________ have been very good friends for years. 3. If_________ calls, tell them that_________will be back in an hour. 4. Did you see Tom and ___________ at the match? 5. Between you and ____________ a politician match? Cannot be trusted. 6. Each person in the room turned__________head to the front when the teacher entered. 7. The local government plans to cut__________ budget for recreation. 8. ___________ who purchased one of the paintings was pleased. 9. Christopher and___________ want to travel to the far East someday. 10. The cost of the repairs shocked both my brother and_____________.

Answer:-

1. his or her 2. I 3. anyone, I 4. him

5. me 6. his 7. its 8. Everyone 9. I 10. me

Question 4: Join together each of the following pairs of sentences by the means of a connective.

1. I know lady. The lady has been to London. 2. I saw a girl. She was singing. 3. I met a boy. He was very cruel. 4. The child is dead. I saw the child last week. 5. The horse was lame. We saw the horse. 6. She is a rouge. No one trusts her. 7. He does his best. He should be praised. 8. MF Hussain is famous. He made some famous paintings. 9. We met a boy. The boy had lost his way. 10. The lady is honest. The lady is trusted.

Answer:-

1. I know the lady who has been to London. 2. I saw the girl who was singing. 3. I met the boy who was very cruel. 4. The child whom I saw last week is dead. 5. The horse that we saw was lame. 6. She whom no one trusts is rouge. 7. He who does his best should be praised. 8. MF Hussain, who made some famous paintings, is famous. 9. We met the boy who had lost his way. 10. The lady who is honest is trusted,

Question 5: Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns.

1. This is……………….. book. (me, my) 2. Those books are……………….. (your, yours) 3. Here is your book, take……………….. away (this, it) 4. The baby has torn……………….. clothes. (it, its) 5. Those beggars are idle……………….. refuse to work. (their, they)

Answer:-

1. my 2. yours

3. it 4. its 5. they

Question 6: In the following sentences use pronouns in place of noun wherever you can.

1. John gave John’s pen to James and James lent the pen to John to write John’s copy with the pen.

2. Rama had taken Rama’s watch out of his pocket and was looking at the watch uneasily, shaking the watch every now and then, and holding the watch to his car.

3. Atul loved Sandeep’s sweater and asked Sandeep from where Sandeep had bought the sweater.

4. Sita informed Rama that Rama’cab was late in arriving and therefore Rama might go home with Sita.

5. Lata found Lata’s books torn by Lata’s brother.

Answer:-

1. John gave his pen to James and James lent it to John to write her copy with the pen. 2. Rama had taken his watch out of his pocket and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now

and then, and holding it to his car. 3. Atul loved Sandeep’s sweater and asked him from where he had bought it. 4. Sita informed Rama that her cab was late in arriving and therefore she might go home with her. 5. Lata found her books torn by her brother.

Chapter:-12

The Articles

What Are Articles?

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples: After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good.

After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.

The Definite Article

The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?”

The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about. The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.

Below are some examples of the definite article the used in context:

Please give me the hammer. Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small. Please give me the nail. Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold this painting. Please give me the hammer and the nail.

The Indefinite Article

The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing. For example, you might ask your friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?” Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. “I am going to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend probably doesn’t even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of indefinite articles used in context: Please hand me a book; any book will do. Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

• Exceptions: Choosing A or An

There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start with consonants and an

before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant, but

it’s unpronounced. In spite of its spelling, the word honor begins with a vowel sound.

Therefore, we use an. Consider the example sentence below for an illustration of this concept.

My mother is a honest woman.

My mother is an honest woman.

Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a consonant sound, use a, as

in the sample sentence below:

She is an United States senator.

She is a United States senator.

This holds true with acronyms and initialisms, too: an LCD display, a UK-based company, an HR

department, a URL.

Article Before an Adjective

Sometimes an article modifies a noun that is also modified by an adjective.

The usual word order is article + adjective + noun.

If the article is indefinite, choose a or an based on the word that immediately follows it. Consider the

following examples for reference:

Eliza will bring a small gift to Sophie’s party.

I heard an interesting story yesterday.

Indefinite Articles with Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to count. Uncountable nouns

include intangible things (e.g., information, air), liquids (e.g., milk, wine), and things that are too large or

numerous to count (e.g., equipment, sand, wood).

Because these things can’t be counted, you should never use a or an with them—remember, the

indefinite article is only for singular nouns.

Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however. Consider the examples below for

reference:

Please give me a water.

Water is an uncountable noun and should not be used with the indefinite article.

Please give me some water.

However, if you describe the water in terms of countable units (like bottles), you can use the indefinite

article.

Please give me a bottle of water. Please give me an ice. Please give me an ice cube. Please give me some ice .

• Note that depending on the context, some nouns can be countable or uncountable (e.g., hair, noise, time):

We need a light in this room. We need some light in this room. Using Articles with Pronouns Possessive pronouns can help identify whether you’re talking about specific or nonspecific items. As we’ve seen, articles also indicate specificity. But if you use both a possessive pronoun and an article at the same time, readers will become confused. Possessive pronouns are words like his, my, our, its, her, and their. Articles should not be used with pronouns. Consider the examples below. Why are you reading the my book? The and my should not be used together since they are both meant to modify the same noun. Instead, you should use one or the other, depending on the intended meaning: Why are you reading the book? Why are you reading my book?

• Omission of Articles

Occasionally, articles are omitted altogether before certain nouns. In these cases, the article is implied but not actually present. This implied article is sometimes called a “zero article.” Often, the article is omitted before nouns that refer to abstract ideas. Look at the following examples: Let’s go out for a dinner tonight. Let’s go out for dinner tonight. The creativity is a valuable quality in children. Creativity is a valuable quality in children. Many languages and nationalities are not preceded by an article. Consider the example below: I studied the French in high school for four years. I studied French in high school for four years.

• Sports and academic subjects do not require articles. See the sentences below for reference: I like to play the baseball.

I like to play baseball . My sister was always good at the math . My sister was always good at math .

EXERCISE

Insert articles wherever necessary:-

1. I like __________ blue T-shirt over there better than ________ red one.

2. Their car does 150 miles ________hour.

3. Where's __________ USB drive I lent you last week?

4. Do you still live in ____Bristol?

5. Is your mother working in __________ old office building?

6. Carol's father works as ______ electrician.

7. The tomatoes are 99 pence __________ kilo.

8. What do you usually have for ______ breakfast?

9. Ben has ________terrible headache.

10. After this tour you have __________ whole afternoon free to explore the city.

Answers:-

1. I like the blue T-shirt over there better than the red one.

2. Their car does 150 miles an hour.

3. Where's the USB drive I lent you last week?

4. Do you still live in x Bristol?

5. Is your mother working in an old office building?

6. Carol's father works as an electrician.

7. The tomatoes are 99 pence a kilo.

8. What do you usually have for x breakfast?

9. Ben has a terrible headache.

10. After this tour you have the whole afternoon free to explore the city.

PROJECT:-

Essay Writing :- Topic:- (i)“India no more lives in underdeveloped villages.” Express your

views for or against the statement.

Title

• Index

• Acknowledgement

• Definition

• Essay

• Conclusion

• Bibliography

NOTE:-

• Read the study material well and do solve the objectives in your classwork copy. One example

will be solved for you.

• Question and answers are solved so learn and write them in CW copy.

• Extra questions for reference and practice are also given which you need to solve in home.

• Project to be solved in classwork copy.