English II 2ndterritorio.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/archivos/...Adjective Comparative...
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8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
English II Exam Review:
I.
II. THE COMPARATIVE AND THE
SUPERLATIVE
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this
pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).
EXAMPLES
My house is larger than hers. This box is smaller than the one I lost. Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog. The rock flew higher than the roof. Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
EXAMPLES
My house is the largest one in our neighborhood. This is the smallest box I've ever seen. Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race. We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is
understood)
FORMING REGULAR COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of syllables in the original adjective.
ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant + single
vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the ending.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Tall Taller tallest
Fat Fatter fattest
Big Bigger biggest
Sad Sadder saddest
TWO SYLLABLES
Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er or by preceeding the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative either by adding -est or by preceeding the adjective with most. In many cases, both forms are used, although one usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure whether a two-syllable adjective can take a comparative or superlative ending, play it safe and use moreand most instead. For adjectives ending in y,
change the y to an i before adding the ending.
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Happy Happier happiest
Simple Simpler simplest
Busy Busier busiest
Tilted more tilted most tilted
Tangled more tangled most tangled
THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of the adjective, and the superlative by putting most in front.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Important more important most important
Expensive more expensive most expensive
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better best
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
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Adjective Comparative Superlative
Bad Worse worst
Little Less least
Much More most
Far further / farther furthest / farthest
EXAMPLES
Today is the worst day I've had in a long time. You play tennis better than I do. This is the least expensive sweater in the store. This sweater is less expensive than that one. I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even farther today.
II. Meaning of if and unless
If
If means on (the) condition that, provided (that), providing (that), presuming (that), supposing (that), assuming (that), as long as...
Example:
If I am free this evening, I will watch the match.
Unless
Unless means except if.
Example:
You will feel cold unless you wear a warm jacket.
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If and unless in conditional sentences
Both if and unless are used to introduce conditional sentences:
Conditional Sentence Type 1:
If we don't hurry, we will be late for the show. Unless we hurry, we will be late for the show.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
If he had permission from his parents, he would travel alone. Unless he had permission from his parents, he wouldn't travel alone.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
If you hadn't suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him. Unless you had suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.
III. yet, still, already
These words are often used with the present perfect tense
although yet, still and already can all be used with other tenses. Just
‘Just’ is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means ‘a short time ago’.
I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?
Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone?
In the present perfect, ‘just’ comes between the auxiliary verb (‘have’) and the past participle.
Yet
‘Yet’ is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means ‘at any time up to now’. It is used in questions and negatives.
Have you finished your homework yet? The speaker expects that the homework will be finished.
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
I haven’t finished it yet. I’ll do it after dinner.
‘Yet’ usually comes at the end of the sentence.
Still
‘Still’ is used to talk about something that hasn’t finished – especially when we expected it to finish earlier.
I’ve been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
You promised to give me that report yesterday and you still haven’t finished it.
‘Still’ usually comes in ‘mid-position’
Still is often used with other tenses as well as the present perfect.
I’ve still got all those letters you sent me.
Are you still working in the bookshop?
Already
‘Already’ is used to say that something has happened early – or earlier than it might have happened.
I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.
The train’s already left! What are we going to do?
‘Already’ usually comes in mid-position.
IV. Question Tags:
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person
you are talking to. That’s not really difficult, is it? ;o)
Form
positive main clause → negative question tag
negative main clause → positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom, aren’t you?
He isn’t Joe, is he?
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main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag
You’ve got a car, haven’t you?
We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.
They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment
and so keep the conversation open.
Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no
auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a
negative sentence, make a positive tag.
It's beautiful, isn't it?
He has been, hasn't he?
You can, can't you?
It must be, mustn't it?
You know him, don’t you?
He finished it, didn't he?
He will come, won't he?
It isn't very good, is it?
It hasn't rained, has it?
It can't be, can it?
Jenny doesn't know James, does she?
They didn't leave, did they?
He won’t do it, will he?
Notice these:
There isn't an ATM here, is there?
Let's have a cup of coffee, shall we?
To reply, use the same auxiliary:
It's beautiful, isn't it? ~ Yes, it is. I think it's fabulous.
It isn't very good, is it? ~ No, it isn't. In fact, it's terrible.
Although, the rules are very simple and mechanical, in order to use them easily in
conversation, they have to be automatic. So you need to hear and practice them very often.
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
The First Conditional
The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simplein
the other clause:
if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't
know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which
could easily come true.
If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. If I see her, I'll tell her.
First vs. Zero Conditional:
The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero
conditional describes what happens in general.
For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm
talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural
consequence of the sitting)
But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking
about what will happen today, another day might be different)
First vs. Second Conditional:
The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future,
whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really
happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.
For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think
it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think
that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)
The First Conditional: (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive) If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
The Second Conditional: (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive) If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
The Third Conditional (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle) If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.
V. Past Simple vs Past Continuous:
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Simple Past Past Progressive
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs
I spoke
regular verbs: verb + ed
I worked
past form of 'be' + ing form of verb
I was speaking
you were speaking
he / she / it was speaking
we were speaking
they were speaking
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
VI Present perfect:
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
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ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the
Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why
she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for
three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
Examples:
I went to Mexico last year. I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year. I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time. Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Many tourists have visited that castle. Active That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
8th Grade Mr. Alexander
ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
VI. Opposite Adjectives:
An opposite adjective is an word that describes the exact opposite of something. For example: hot vs. cold
Big Small / Little
Cheap Expensive
Clean Dirty
Deep Shallow
Down Up
Early Late
Easy Difficult / Hard
Far Near / Close
Fast Slow
Fat Thin / Skinny
Full Empty
Good Bad
Happy Sad
Heavy Light
Here There
High Low
Hot Cold
In Out
Inside Outside
Interesting Boring
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Light Dark
Long Short
Loud Soft
Many Few
New Old
Rich Poor
Right Left
Right Wrong
Safe Dangerous
Single Married
Smooth Rough
Soft Hard
Strong Weak
Tall Short
Thick Thin
Tight Loose
Warm Cool
Wet Dry
Wide Narrow
Young Old
adjective opposite adjective
asleep awake
alert drowsy
alive dead
awesome terrible
best worst
big small
bitter sweet
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ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
brave afraid
bright dull
calm nervous
certain unsure
close distant
cold hot
cool uncool
complete incomplete
cruel kind
dark light
dangerous safe
different same
dirty clean
dry wet
early late
easy difficult
far near
fast slow
fat thin
future past
happy sad
healthy sick
hungry full
interesting boring
left right
loose tight
loud soft
low high
narrow wide
normal strange
old young
on off
open closed
public private
raw cooked
regular irregular
right wrong
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ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW
rough smooth
short tall
small large
smart stupid
soft hard
special ordinary
straight crooked
tender tough
top bottom
true false
white black
wise foolish