English i - Geology
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Transcript of English i - Geology
GEOLOGY
Geology is the study of the
earth, its processes, its
materials, its history, and its
effects on humans and life in
general.
Crust
Crust
Crust
Mantle
Mantle
Mantle
Nucleus
core
Nucleus core
Internal
parts of
the
Earth.
Concepts:
Rock:
It’s a lump or mass of hard
consolidated mineral matter.
Sedimentation:
The phenomenon of sediment or
gravel accumulating.
Sediment:
Particles that form a sedimentary
rock by accumulating.
Erosion:
Is the process by which
material is removed from a one
place to another.
Agent of erosion:
wind, moving water, moving ice
and gravity.
TYPES OF
ROCKS
Igneous rocks:
Are called fire rocks and are
formed either underground or
above the ground.
They are formed when
volcanoes erupt causing the
magma to rise above the
Earth surface, this lava form
them when it’s cold.
volcano
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ANDESITE
Grey, with black and white flecks
DUNITE
• Green, rock form of olive
(Phanerictic and intrusive)
RHYDILE
• Light, sandy and pinkish (Aphanitic
and extrusive)
PUMICE
• Tan and Gray, small pores (Vesicular and
extrusive)
SCORIA
• Almost back, bubbly (Vesicular and
extrusive)
OBSIDIAN
• Glassy, red and black
BASAT
• Dark, black
PEGMATITE
• Large, white crystals
(Phanerictic and intrusive)
GABBRO
• Darker, fewer white spots
(Phanerictic and intrusive)
GRANITE
Light, colored (Phanerictic and
intrusive)
GRANITE PORPHYRY
Pink and Grey (Porphyritic and
intrusive)
DIORITE
Light, peppered with white (Phanerictic
and intrusive)
DIORITE
Metamorphic rocks:
It’s the transformation of an
existing rock type, in a
process called metamorphism
which means change in form.
These rocks were once
igneous or sedimentary rocks.
The rocks are under tons of
pressure and this causes them
to change.
They are subjected to high
pressures (about 1,500 bar),
high temperatures (between
150 and 200 ° C) or a working
fluid that causes changes in
the rock composition,
adding new substances to it.
Metamorphic rocks are
classified according to
their physicochemical properties.
Metamorphic rocks are classified
in two kinds according with their
textures: foliated and non
foliated.
Foliated texture:
Some of them are
the slate (breaking
are obtained
sheets) the shale
(breaks easily), and
gneiss (composed
of light and
dark minerals).
Non foliated texture:
Some of them
are marble (crystalline
appearance and are
formed by
metamorphism of
limestone and
dolomite), quartzite
(is white but can be
changed by impurities)
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
TWO TEXTURES FOLICITED AND
NON-FOCILIATED
QUARTIZITE
• White, tan , or reddish-brown, granny (Non.foliated).
METACONGLOMERATE
White quartz crystals handing together gray
particles (Non- foliated)
MARBLE
• Pink, but not always (Non-
foliated)
GNEISS
• Black and white layering, slight glitter
(Foliated)
SCHIST
• Glittery mica (Foliated)
PHYLLITE
• Brown/ orangish sheen of mica
particles (Foliated)
SLATE
• Layered, dark gray / black , flat (Foliated)
Sedimentary rocks:
It’s a type of rock formed by
sedimentation of material at
the Earth surface and within
bodies of water.
They may be formed on the
banks of rivers, deep ravines,
valleys, lakes, seas, and at the
mouths of rivers. Are arranged
in layers or strata.
sedimentary rocks are rocks formed
by accumulation of sediment,
subjected to physical and chemical
processes (diagenesis), result
in more or less consolidated
material of a certain consistency.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TWO TEXTURES, CLASTIC
AND NON-CLASTIC
CHERT
• Multicolor, possibly swirl (Non-clastic)
OOLITIC LIMESTONE
• Off color grains “EEW” (Non-
calstic)
COAL
• Black, akin to charcoal
(Non.clastic)
DOLOSTONE
• Mostly uniform in color, smooth (Non-clastic)
COQUINA
• Little shell fragments
(Non – clastic)SHALE
• Gray and flat (Clastic)
SANDSTONE
• Red , brow, or tan, sandy looking
(Clastic)
ARKOSE
• 20% pink feldspar (Clastic)
QUARTZ- PEBBLE
• (Conglomerate)
• Milky white pebbles (Clastic)
FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE
• Full of “fossils” (Non- clastic)
The fundamental division
of sedimentary rocks is done
taking into account the
predominant form of deposit or
sediment occurs:
1. Detrital: in that
sedimentation takes
place by decreasing
energy transportable
agent. The sediment is
called Detrital or Clastic.
2. Chemicals: the deposition is
produced either by
concentration, such as
evaporation of solvent or super
saturation of the solution or
by precipitation, which occurs
when a chemical reaction with
formation of insoluble. In this
case the deposit is
called chemical.
3. Organic: when they
accumulate in the
sedimentation plant or
animal remains, producing
an organic deposit.
BASALT
Compiled Material by:
ArchitectCarlos Eduardo Osorio Villabona