NGLISHGrammar

AYAZ LATIF SIYAL B.Sc (Agri) honos +92-333-7579719 latifayazsiyal@gmail.com

Special Thanks

INNOVATIVE STUDENTS ORGANIZATION www.innovativestudents.jimdo.com innovativestudentsorg@gmail.com

Preface

“English Grammar Made easy” is a small book containing the skills and techniques about using English grammar in correct way and it is written in simple language that a new learner can use this book easily.

However, every effort has been made to make this text appropriate but after all we are humans and there is possibility of mistakes, errors and omissions

However, I shall be thankful if you point out about such mistakes and errors for amend in future. Your cooperation, guidance and abetment will be of very great benefit for me. All suggestions and comments will be welcomed.

I shall also be ready and available for all such guidance and advice for the benefit of young generation

Hyderabad Ayaz Latif SiyalJuly, 2015 latifayazsiyal@gmail.com +92-3337579719

Dedication

To my Mother

Who is the entire Universe for me…

Contents

Section AGrammatical terms

PARTS OF A SENTENCEo Sentenceo Objecto Complemento Clauseo Phrase

Parts of speecho Nounso Pronounso Adjectiveso Verbso Adverbso Prepositionso Conjunctionso Interjections

Section B

Chart of tenseso Present o Pasto Future

Active & Passive Voiceo Basic ruleso Conditional ruleso Non-passive ruleso Extra rules

Section CRules regarding Errors in English Grammar

o Agreement between Subject & Verbo Errors in using tenses

Section A

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence A Group of words which gives complete sense. A Group of words having subject and predicate.

Subject A word about which something is said.

Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket.

PredictThe part of sentence that, gives information about Subject.The predicate is all of the sentence except the subject.

Example: The house stands on the hill.

Object The word or words that; gives the answer of ‘What’ and ‘Whom’.

Example: He watches himself carefully.

Complement

After the verb to be there is no object since the noun which follows refers to the same thing as that which precedes the verb (the subject). The noun following the verb to be is called the complement.

Examples: I am a man.

ClauseThere are two kinds of clauses: principal (or main) clause, and subordinate (or dependent) clause.

-Principal ClausesA group of words which includes a subject and a finite verb and makes a complete statement.

Examples: I am a man.

- Subordinate ClauseA group of words which includes a finite or non-finite verb but does not make a statement which stands by itself.

Examples: The house, which stands on the hill, is empty.

PhraseA phrase is group of words without a verb.

Examples: He went over the sea.

PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNNouns can be thought of as 'names'; they denote things, people, and abstract ideas.Examples: My name is Bilawal

A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea.Example, theater is a common noun;

A proper noun is the name of a particular one. Example: English Grammar Made Easy Book

A concrete noun names a thing that can seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched.Example: script and villain

An abstract noun names an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic. Example: excitement and dishonesty are abstract nouns.

A collective noun is a word that names a group of people or things, such as crew.

Singular and Plural NounsA singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: One student had an interesting suggestion. (Singular nouns)

A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.Example: Several students had interesting suggestions. (Plural nouns)

PRONOUSA pronoun is used to replace or instead of noun or more nouns.Example: Bilawal used my pencil; he needs it to write a report.Types of Pronouns

Personal: I, me, mine, my / you, your / he, him, his / she, her / we, our, us / they, them, their / it...

Indefinite (not specific): all, any, anyone, each, either, everyone, few, many...

Interrogative (ask questions): what? which? who?, whom?, whose?...

Demonstrative (point out): this, that, these, those...

Reflexive (reflect back): myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves...Relative (link dependent clauses): that, which, who, whoever, whom, whose...

ADJECTIVEAn Adjective modifies; or describes the attributes, a noun or pronoun.Adjectives and adverbs are words you can use to modify, to describe or add meaning to other words.

VERBShow an action or say something.Where there is Verb there is Subject.State of doing, state of being.

Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket. Bilawal is my friend.

Kinds of verb1) Helping Verb: Support the main verb.2) Main verb: backbone of the sentence.

Helping Verb-Present form: 1st form - Write-Past form: 2nd form - Wrote-Past participle: 3rd form - Written-Continuous form: 4th form - Writing

Main Verb (two kinds)1) Regular Verb: 2nd – 3rd ( d, ed)

Play – Played – Played – Playing2) Irregular verb: (3 types)

Type A: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) SamePut-Put-PutType B: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) DifferentGood-Batter-BestType C: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) any two sameBring-Brought-Brought

ADVERBAdverbs can tell us how something is done, when it is done, and where it is done. The adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It describes an action verb.Example: Before next Wednesday, she needed to cash her paycheck.

PREPOSITIONPrepositions are the words that indicate location.

CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word or words used to connect sentence parts.Example: Let's start early in the day before it gets too hot.There are four kinds of conjunctions:

-coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions must connect the same parts of speech—two or more nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, or clauses.

-correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions join equal elements (parts of speech or phrases).

-subordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions introduce adverb clauses and signal the relationship between the adverb clause and another clause, usually an independent clause.

-conjunctive adverbsConjunctive adverbs connect two sentences. They explain how the first sentence relates to the second.

INTERJUCTION

A word or phrase used to express emotion.Example: Well, where should we start?

Section B

Chart of tenses

Present

Indefinite: -Verb: 1st Form -H/verb:

Do: Plural nounsDoes: Singular nouns

Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb:

Is (He, She, It, Singular-noun)Am (I)Are (You, They, We, plural-noun)

Perfect: -Verb: 3rd form-H/verb:

Has (He, She, It, Singular-noun) Have (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)

Perfect Continuous: -Timing-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb:

Has been (He, She, It, Singular-noun)Have been (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)

Since: exact timing shownFor: exact timing doesn’t show.

Past

Indefinite:-Verb:

Rule1: 2nd form (affirmative only)Rule2: 1st form (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative)

-H/verb:Did: (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative)

Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb:

Was: (He, She, It, Singular-noun)Were: (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)

Perfect:-Verb: 3rd form-H/verb: Had

Perfect Continuous:-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb: Had been

Future

Indefinite:-Verb: 1st form-H/verb:

Will:Shall: I, We

Continuous:-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb:

Will be:Shall be: I, We

Perfect:-Verb: 3rd form-H/verb:

Will haveShall have: I, We

Perfect Continuous:-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)-H/verb:

Will have beenShall have been: I, We

Active & Passive Voice

1) Basic rules 2) Conditional rules 3) Non-passive rules 4) Extra rules

1) Basic rules:

a) Subject + Verb + Object Object + Verb + Subjectb) Always use 3rd form.c) Use word ‘by’d) Subject changee) Object; Singular H/verb Singularf) Object; Singular H/verb Plural

2) Conditional rules:

a) if 4th form of Main verb use ‘being’b) if 3rd form of main verb use ‘been’c) if 2nd form of main verb use ‘was/were’d) if 1st form of main verb use ‘Is/Am/Are’e) if 1st form + modules use ‘be’

3) Non-Passive rules:

a) Be + verb 4th formb) Been + verb 4th formc) If interrogative verb

4) Extra rules:

a) If negative (sub + H/verb + not) (Object + H/verb + not)b) If interrogative (H/verb + Sub . . . ) (H/verb + Object . . .)c) If double interrogative (I/word + H/verb + sub . . .) (I/word + H/verb + object .

. .)d) If double interrogative “Who”

Who is playing cricket? By whom cricket is being played?e) If double interrogative “What”

What is he writing? What is being written by him?f) If 2 objects ( Direct, Indirect ) Any Object can be useg) If 2 objects ( Direct, Direct ) Both are usedh) If modifier Always use in lasti) If no object Some thing are used j) If no Subject (A/V P/V ) Someone is used

Section C

Rules regarding Errors in English Grammar

Agreement between Subject & Verb

Rule 1: Collective noun: When a collective noun is used collectively verb should be Singular, but when it is Used for its members the verb should be plural.

Rule 2: Neither...Nor, Either...Or, Not only...but also:- Neither he nor I am to go.- Either he or his brothers are to be palmed.

Rule 3: When two nouns or pronouns are joined by as well as:Verb should agree with the first noun or pronoun.- I as well as he am promoted

Rule 4: A lot of: When this phrase is used for a quantity of a thing, Singular verb is used but when it is used for numbers, Plural verb is used- A lot of sugar is wasted.- A lot of suggestions are given.

Rule 5: Everyone, “Anyone”, “Each one” are Followed by a singular verb.- Each one is given notice.

Rule 6: “One of” this phrase taken a singular verb:- One of the boys is injured.

Rule 7: “Many” is followed by a singular verb.- Many a flower is born to die.

Rule 8: “A pair” is taken a singular verb:- A pair of shoes is lost.

Errors in using tenses

Rule1: We always use present indefinite tense when we are referring to universal truth:- He said that Earth revolves round the Sun.

Rule2: Any action which regularly or habitually done. Is written in Present Indefinite tense:- He always tells lies- He generally meets him- I often meet him.

Rule3: Double “Will” is not used in the Sentences:- I will meet you when you come back.

Rule4: If the action is in present we make use of Present Continuous tense:- I am going just now.- He is coming to meet you.

Rule5: When action continues for some time, perfect continuous tense is used.- He has been working since morning. - He has been playing for two hours.

Rule6: If many things are done at same time, same verb is used:- I came, I saw,

Rule7: Past tense must be followed by past tense unless it is a universal truth.