English Grammar For Class Ten

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English Grammar For Tenth Class - 1 -

English Grammar for

Tenth Class

By student

Jaeger Khorsheed

With Help

Mehvan teacher

This gift quires for all students



How Many:

How many + (pl.n.) + are there + complement?

- How many pupils are there in class H?

- How many desks are there in the class?

When:

- When did he go to school?

Where:

- Where do you live?

What:

- What's your name?

Who:

- Who are you?

Advising:

S. + + base + complement

Example: I have got a headache.

- You should go to the hospital.

- You need to take medicine.

Should

Need to



Suggestion:

Let's + base + complement

- Let's go to the supermarket.

Maybe + sub + can + base + complement

- Maybe we can meet at night.

Refuse:

- Sorry I can't.

- I am afraid, I can't.

Accepting:

- Yes. That's fine.

- Fine. No problem.



Present Continuous:

S. + + (V.ing) + complement

- We are playing football.

S. + + not + (V.ing) + complement

- We are not playing football.

+ sub + (V.ing) + complement

- Are we playing football?

How, at the moment

Present Simple:

+ (V.s) + complement

- Sara plays basketball.

Is

Am

are

Is

Am

are

Is

Am

are

He

She

It



+ base + complement

- We play basketball.

Negative:

doesn'the,she,it

don'tI,we,they,you

do,doesbase

- They don't cut trees.

- She doesn't finish all the work.

Questions:

Does + + base + complement?

Do + + base + complement?

- Does he finish his homework?

- Do they finish their work?

They

We

You

I

He

She

It

They

We

You

I



Adverbs Of Frequency:

(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)

S. + V.be + adv. Of frequency + adj

- It is sometimes hot.

S. + adv. Of frequency + (verb)

- I never smoke.

Past Simple:

S. + (V.be) + complement

- We were in the class.

- My brother was a player.

Negative:

- He wasn't a student.

Question:

- Was he a student?

- Were they student? Answer/ yes – no

- Where were they student? Answer/ they were student at...



Past Simple With Main:

S. + + complement

- They played very well last night.

- 2009-yesterday-ago-last

Negative:

S. + didn't + base

dign't

- They didn't play very well last night.

Used To:

We should use after (to) + inff…

- He used to listen the stories on the radio.

- They used to eat an apple at night.

V.in past

V.ed

Irregular V.



/t/

sh-ch-k-pth

ed/t/

Stopped – Parked – Watched – Asked – Looked – Talked

/id/

ed/id/eddt

Started – Ended – Wanted

/d/

/d/Scored

Reflex Pronouns:

I >>>>> myself

You >>>>> yourself

He >>>>> himself

She >>>>> herself

We >>>>> ourselves

They >>>>> themselves

You >>>>> yourselves

Examples:

- He hurt himself.

- They burnt themselves.

- Stop, Lily, or you are going to fall and hurt yourself!

- Stop, Tom, or you are going to crash and hurt

yourself!



Past Continuous:

S. + + base + ing + object

- We were playing football.

- He was playing football.

Negative:

S. + + not + base + ing + object

- We weren't playing football.

- He wasn't playing football.

Question:

+ s. + base + ing + object ?

- Were you playing football.

- Was he playing football.

Was

Were

Was

Were

Was

Were



Past Continuous + Past Simple:

While + past continuous + past simple

Past simple + while + past continuous

Example:

- While we were playing football, it started to rain.

- It started to rain while we were playing football.

- While I was going to school, the lesson started.

- The lesson started while I was going to school.

When + past simple + past simple

Past simple + when + past simple

When + past simple + past continuous

Example:

- When he arrived, he had a dinner.

- We had dinner when he arrived.

- When he arrived, we were having dinner.

Adjective And Adverbs:

Example:

- He is a careful driver. (adj)

- He drives carefully. (adv)

- She is a fast runner. (adj)

- She can run fast. (adv)

- Your English is good. (adj)

- You speak English well. (adv)



Quantifiers:

(Some, much, many, a little, a few, a lot of)

Some:

-

- We bought some bottles of cola.

- Could you give me some bottles of cola, please?

- Would you like some sugar?

Any:

-

- Do you have any questions?

- No, we don't have any questions.

Much:

-

- How much money did you spend?

- I didn't spend much money.

Many:

-

- Have you got many apples?

- We haven't got many apples.

A little:

-

- I like a little water in my juice.



A few:

-

- Ew only need a few oranges.

A lot of:

-

- A lot of people drive very fast.

- We bought a lot of rice.

(a/an, some, the or (-) zero article)

a/an: indefinite article

- I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch.

The: definite article

- The sandwich wasn't very good, but the apple was nice.

Some: quantifiers

- We need some cola.

(-): zero article

- I love (-) bananas.

- a/an

- the



- some

- zero article

Too, Either:

>>>>> I really like meat

- Agree >>>>> I lover meat too.

- Disagree >>>>> I can’t stand meats.

>>>>> I don't like meat.

- Agree >>>>> I love meat.

- Disagree >>>>> I can't stand meat, either.

- too

- either



Relative Clauses With who, which and that:

Example:

- A dictionary is book which/that gives you the meaning of

words.

- Alexander bell was the man who/that invented the telephone.

He looked like a lot of young people, the people come to see

me. (relative clauses)

- He looked like a lot of young people who/that come to see

me.

These groups give the 50 nutrients, we need the nutrients.

- These groups give the 50 nutrients which/that we need.

Present Perfect:

S. + + (yet, so far, already, nearly, just) + p.p

Already:

-

- He has already arrived.

- Have you already arrived?

Nearly:

-

- She has nearly finished her work.

- Have you nearly finished your work?

Have

Has



Just:

-

- I have just opened the door.

- Has she just finished her work?

Yet:

-

- Have you found a job yet?

- No, I haven't found a job yet.

So far:

-

- They haven't had problem so far.

- How long you lived in Duhok so far?

yet,so far

-

- havehas yet

- how longhow muchhow far

so far



Past Simple Tense:

S. + past verb + complement

- She passed her examination.

Negative:

S. + did not + base + complement

- She didn't pass her examination.

Questions:

Did + S. + base + complement?

- Did she pass her examination?

Past Simple With (be):

S. + + complement.

- The weather was nice yesterday.

Negative:

S. + + not + complement.

- The weather wasn't nice yesterday.

Questions:

+ S. + complement?

- Was the weather nice yesterday?

yesterday, last, ago, 1996

Was

Were

Was

Were

Was

Were



Since, For:

For: Since:

- 20 minutes - 3:00 o'clock

- 3 hours - 3rd April

- 4 days - Sunday

- 5 weeks - 2000

- 6 months - last (week)

- 2 years - Christmas

- Along time - lunch time

- Ages - they were at school

Examples:

- He has not seen his friend for 5 days.

- He has not seen his friend since last week.

Comparative And Superlative:

One syllable:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Warm warmer the warmest

Thin thinner the thinnest

Big bigger the biggest

Hot hotter the hottest

Heavy heavier the heaviest

Lucky luckier the luckiest

Pretty prettier the prettiest



Two syllable:


Beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

Expensive less expensive the least expensive

Irregular:


Good better the best

Bad worse the worst

Far farther the farthest

Too ____, (not) ____ Enough:

Too + adjective, (not) adjective enough.

- The water was too dirty to swimming,

- The water was (not) clean enough to swimming.



Comparative Adverbs of Manner:

- Beth dresses more smartly than Sara.

- Sara dresses less smartly than Beth.

- Haval drives more slowly than Ben.

- Ben drives faster than Haval.

- fastfaster

faster

- faster

drives

Adjective Comparative Adverb Comparative

Warm warmer warmly more warmly

Big bigger bigly more bigly

Thin thinner thinly more thinly

Adjective Comparative Adverb Comparative

Beautiful more beautiful more beautiful more beautiful

Good better well better

Far farther far farther

Comparison With: as_____ as or (not) as_____ as

As (not) + Adj - Adv + as

- Ben is as tall as Haval.

- Marks shoes aren't as expensive as Tom's.

- tall, expensivebe

- Emma dresses as smartly as Bahar.

- John doesn't drive as carefully as his brother.

- smartly, carefully



Open Conditional:

+ Present Simple, Present Simple.

(S.+ Verb(s)+Com…)

(S.+ don’t – doesn't + base)

S. + Verb(be) + com…)

Present Simple + + Present Simple.

- If/When mum is very tired, I make dinner for the family.

- I make dinner for the family, if/when mum is very tired.

First Conditional:

+ Present Simple, Future with (will)

(S. + will + base)

Future with will + + Present Simple.

- If it rains, we will not go to picnic.

- We will not go to picnic, if it rains.

- When I am ready, I will call you.

- I will call you, when I am ready.

Second Conditional:

If + Past Simple, S. + + base

(S. + v.ed + com…)

(S. + didn't + base + com…)

(S. + verb(be) + com…)

- If I won a car, I would learn to drive.

- If the book wont so expensive, I might buy it.

If

When

If

When

If

When

If

When

Would

Would

probably

Might

Could



Reported (indirect) Statement: 2 and 2

Direct Indirect

Present Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous

I She, He

We They

My Her, His

Our Their

(Name) said (that) or (Name) told me (that)

Q/ change this direct statement into indirect statement?

- "My parents are very well" Ben said

A/ indirect statement

- Ben said (that) his parents were very well.

Direct - "I am interested in football" Haval told me.

Indirect - Haval told me (that) he was interested in football.

-

that

(name) said (that)

(name) told me (that)



Reported Requests:

S. + + object + to infinitive

- "Can you show me the way to Duhok?" Mark asked Pedro.

Mark asked Pedro to show him the way to Duhok.

- "Could you open the window, please?" Ben asked his friend.

Ben asked his friend to open the window.

- can, could, please,

would

Reported Order (commands):

S. + told + object + (not) + to infinitive

- "Stay in bed for a few days" the doctor told Haval.

The doctor told Haval to stay in bed for a few days.

- "Don't shout" Ben told Mark.

Ben told Mark not to shout

Asked

Wanted



Present and Past Passive:

Present Passive: Past Passive:

O. + + p.p O. + + p.p

- Somebody cleans this classroom every day. (active)

This classroom is cleaned every day. (passive)

- Somebody cleaned this class room yesterday. (active)

This classroom was cleaned yesterday. (passive)

Passive by agent:

- Coaches train members. (active)

Members are trained by coaches. (passive)

- Millions of people watched the program. (active)

The program was watched by millions of people. (passive)

Is

Am

Are

Was

Were



English Grammar for Tenth

Class

By student

Jaeger Khorsheed

With Help

Mehvan teacher Special thanks… Special thanks for my teacher Mehvan. And thanks for all my friends for respect for me.

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English Grammar For Class Ten

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