English for the Eager Learners- L1-2
Transcript of English for the Eager Learners- L1-2
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Lesson 1
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Lesson 1
Nouns and Adjectives
ANOUNis theNAMEof anything.
1. John kicked thefootballthrough thegoal. (goal- a wooden frame)
2. The resultwas onegoalto nil. (goal - a point)
3. His team won a narrow victory.
4. His wish came true.
5. John got excited and drank up a can ofbeer.
When we WRITE, a noun has to be decided rst.
a.
b.
c.
d.
We put a noun
before a verb.
after a verb.
after apreposition.
after a 'be'.
- Johnkicked
- kicked the football
- through the goal
- was one goal
Please don't get deceived by the simple appearance of Lesson One.
In fact, it lays the sound foundations of all upcoming lessons
and is often referred to later on when your studying gets stuck.
Reminder
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
prep.
1
Nouns
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Lesson 1
Now turn our thoughts the other way round.
Any words or a group of words will be taken as nouns when they are found in thesefour positions:
a. Before a verb.
b. After a transitive verb.
c. After apreposition.
d. After a be.
This important concept will help us understand the formation of noun phrases, gerunds(pages 89 - 91) and even noun clauses (pages 150, 155, 237, 310, 312, 324).
a. Before any verb we can nd a subject noun-John kicked.
b. After a verb we can nd an object noun- kicked thefootball.
c. After apreposition we can nd an object noun- through thegoal.
d. After a be we can nd a complement noun
- was onegoal.
When weREAD, a verb orpreposition should catch our eyes rst. Then a noun comes next.
Kinds of Nouns:1. 2.
2
3
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Lesson 1
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A common noun is the name used for any one of a class, such as book (concrete),
family (collective), happiness (abstract) and copper (mass). It is contrasted with a
proper noun, which is used for a special person or place.
Note:
A name for a special person,place or company, such as John,
Paris, IBM, etc.1. Proper Noun
a. ConcreteNoun(countable)
b. Collective Noun(countable)
d. Mass Noun(uncountable)
Things that we can seeand touch, suchasbook, table, cup, bottle,
car, house, etc.
A number or collection that we
treat as a whole, such as family,mob, flock, army, fleet, etc.
c. AbstractNoun
(uncountable)
Something that we cant touch orsee but only feel, such as happiness,success, bravery,energy, wisdom,honesty, etc.
Things that dont have separate units,such as wood, water, gold, cotton,homework, money, advice, travel,weather, jewelry, news, etc. Intwo pieces of gold, we count pieces.
2. Common Nouns
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Lesson 1
Please put the underlined nouns of the following passage in the boxes
below.
A.
Lucky,alittledog,iscrossi
ngabridgewithapieceof
meatinhismouthwhenhehappen
stoseehisshadow
inthewaterbelow.Hemistakeshisownshadow
tobe
anotherdogwithabiggerpi
eceofmeat.Nowhewants
theotherdogsmeatandt
riestosnatchit.Whilehe
doesso,thepieceofmeati
nhismouthdropsintothe
wateranddisappearsindark
nessforever.Sadly,Lucky
goesbacktojoinhisfamily
withemptyhands.
(Youmayloseeverythingif
youaregreedy.)
TheDogandHisShadow
Proper Concrete Collective Abstract Mass
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Lesson 1
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Why do we classify a noun?
Singular Plural
FORCE
MANNER
PAPER
RETURN
WATER
- strength
- method of doing things
- sheet
- coming back
- liquid
- army
- politeness
- documents
- profits
- an area of water
FORCES
MANNERS
PAPERS
RETURNS
WATERS
From the kind of noun we can get: (1) its exact meaning, (2) its countable or
uncountable nature. This nature will guide us to the correct uses of: (3) articles(a, an, the), (4) verb forms (singular / plural) and (5) adjectives of quantity.
We come to understand the meaning of a noun according to its type.
(2)
(1)
Countable or uncountable nature of a noun carries a different meaning.
(3)Countable concrete and collective nouns take articles (a, an, the); uncountable
mass and abstract nouns dont.
In a barthe attendants were serving a group of tourists from an India town.
Beer brings temporary pleasure to drinkers. (no articles)
concrete n. collective n.
mass n. abstract n.
(4)Some nouns in singular number take a singular verb under one meaning, and
in plural number take a plural verb for another meaning.
The return of the companys former CEO was good news to the staff.
The returns on the new investment of the company were encouraging.
(5)Some adjectives of quantity such as many and few are used to qualify
countable nouns, while much and little to describe uncountable nouns.
Much beer has been sold during holidays.
At the close of business hours, only a few beers were left unsold.
mass n.
concrete n.
My catBeautydoes not like sh. (proper noun)Mary is still a beauty in her middle age. (concrete noun)
Everybody admires herbeauty. (abstract noun)
Beer [U] an alcoholic drink (mass noun uncountable) Beer is sold here.
[C] a bottle, can or glass of beer (concrete noun countable)
Give us two beers, please. (=two bottles, two cans or two glasses)
proper n.
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Lesson 1
GEORGE WALKER BUSH
Christian name
First name
Forename
(Given Name)
Middle name Last name
Surname
Family name
Knowyourname!
wyourname!
our
name!
o n
Anounisthenameofapersonor
athing. Whocangiveme anoun?Acow.Verygood. Anothernoun?!Anothercow!
Teacher:
Firstboy:Teacher:Secondboy:
Ronald Wilson Reagan
We usually write:
Ronald W. Reagan or Ronald Reagan
Barack Hussein Obama
Christian name
First name
Forename
(Given Name)
Middle name Last name
Surname
Family name
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Singular Plural Exceptions
Regular
Nouns that end in
a hissing sound
(-sh,-ch,-s,-x,-z)
Nouns that end in
-o
Nouns that end in
-f or -fe
Nouns that end in-y
Nouns that dont
follow any of these
rules
Nouns that refer to only one are singular.
Nouns that refer to more than one are plural.
men
teeth
geese
children
mice
sheep
oxen
Germans
dwarfs/ dwarves
scarfs/ scarves
wharfs/ wharves
book
horse
cat
dish
bench
box
buzz
ass
glassinch
life
knife
loaf
shelf
thief
dwarf
scarf
wharf
potato
tomato
echo
duty
army
lady
city
fybody
man
tooth
goose
child
mouse
sheep
ox
German
books
horses
cats
dishes
benches
boxes
buzzes
asses
glassesinches
potatoes
tomatoes
echoes
lives
knives
loaves
shelves
thieves
duties
armies
ladies
cities
fiesbodies
stomachs
monarchs
photos
pianos
casinos
hippos
proofs
beliefschiefs
keys
days
valleys
monkeys(A vowel before y)
Nouns: singular and plural
(ch pronounced as k)
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Lesson 1
News / Information
Aerobics
PhysicsGarbage / Trash
Equipment
Baggage / Luggage
Furniture
(No news is good news.)
(Aerobics is a form of exercise.)
(Physics is a science subject.)(Garbage is collected on Wednesdays in this town.)
(Our ofce equipmentis said to be up-to-date.)
(Too much baggage / luggage is not allowed on the plane.)
(Thefurniture of the home suits the style of the house.)
The following nouns are used ONLY in the singular:
1. In winter people wear heavy clothinglike hats, scarves, boots, and overcoats.
2. Many cloths of high quality are used for making fashionable and expensive clothes.
Some Final Words on Nouns at this early stage:
1. A noun has rst to be classied as countable (concrete and collective) oruncountable (abstract and mass).
2. Countable nouns require articles (a, an, the); uncountable nouns dont.
3. Countable nouns take singular / plural verbs; uncountable nounsonly singular.
4. Before a noun we nd a transitive verb /preposition, e.g. ... showlove, ... inlove. After a noun we nd a transitive / intransitive verb. E.g. Birdseat worms. Birdsy.
Please refer to Lesson 2.
tr. v. n. prep. n.
n. tr. v. int. v.n.
Sweets
Thanks
Riches
GoodsFireworks
Wages
Remains
(My sister bought a packet ofsweets to suck on her way to school.)
(It was thanks to my uncle that I got the job.)
(Some people wanted fame, while others were crazy about riches.)
(Our company supplies honestgoods at honest prices.)(Last night the whole city was entertained with reworks.)
(The little shop pays very low wages per week.)
(The remains of yesterdays lunch were still seen lying on the table.)
The following nouns are used ONLY in the plural:
Singular
cloth (C)
clothing (U)
Plural
cloths
clothes (C)
Examples
a yard of cloth
an item of clothing
a suit of clothes
exchange seats; shake hands; make friends with; take turns; be friends with
E.g. We may change trains at the next station. (NOT train)
Some nouns in certain expressions must be in plural number:
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Lesson 1
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The adjective qualifes the noun.
adjective noun
An adjective adds information to a noun.
We say that the adjective qualifes the noun.
Usually an adjective goes before a noun or comes after a linking verb.
(Please see page 19.)
1. Demonstrative AdjectivesThese adjectives point out people, things, etc.
This house is old. (singular)
That house is old. (singular)
These houses are new. (plural)
Those houses are new. (plural)
The school is open. (singular)
The children are playing. (plural)
This house
(this, that, these, those, the, a(n), etc.)
Adjectives are classifed in order to make a neat stacking (arrangement) ora smooth, natural description o a noun. (Please see page 12.)
This and these
That and those
This and that
These and those
The
refer to things close to the speaker.
point at things less close to the speaker.
go with singular nouns.
go with plural nouns.
goes with both singular and plural nouns.
Any word that adds inormation to a noun is an adjective.
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Lesson 1
1. The Possessive of a noun whether singular or plural is formed by adding s to the noun:
the boys book; the kings crown; the familys income;
mens club; childrens school; peoples leader
Formation of the Possessive:
2. When a noun ends in s, the Possessive is formed by adding an apostrophe ()
after the s:
the boys school; the students teacher
2. The PossessiveThis kind of adjectives shows ownership.
That is Johns car.
Johns shows ownership or possession.
Johns car The car that belongs to John.
The Possessive answers the question, 'Whose?'
Whose car? John's.
=
(noun in the possessive form used as an adjective)
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Lesson 1
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a nice man an old car a beautifulbig roundold table
a large city a blue shirt a blackJapanese car
a square table the English language
4. Adjectives of Quality
These adjectives answer the question: Of what kind?
thin man
(opinion, size/shape/age, color, proper adjectives)
Adjectives of opinion include beautiful, ugly, nice, bad, dirty, good ... .Note
:
3. Adjectives of Quantitysome money muchpatience
enough food all his wealthno sense whole amount
many days eachboy
These adjectives answer the question: How much or how many?
some money
Many goes with countable nouns. (concrete and collective nouns)
Much goes with uncountable nouns. (abstract and mass nouns)
Note:
i ii iii iv v vi
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
i ii iii iv
v vi
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Lesson 1
A beauty salon (A salon that provides beauty services)
A beautiful salon (A salon that looks beautiful)
An information center
An informative talk
(A center that provides information)
(A talk that gives people helpful ideas)
A gold chain
Golden hair
(A chain that has the element of gold)
(Hair that has bright yellow color)
A silk suitA silky voice
(A suit that is made of silk)(A gentle voice that is like soft silk)
Function:
Element:
n. n.
n.adj.
n.
n. n.
n.n.
n.
n.n.
n.adj.
adj.
adj.
ANOUN QUALIFIES ANOTHER NOUNA noun can be used as an adjective to qualify another noun in order to show theFunctionorElementof the second noun.
Word order of the adjectives
The chairmans two beautiful large round old brown Indian teak tables.
demonstrative possessive of quality noun used as adj.
to show element
opinion size shape age color proper adj.
(4)of quantity
(3)(2)(1)
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Lesson 1
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Adjectives Nouns
femalecharm
intuitiona ... dog
vital
a ... role
a ... game
clues
importance
all-round
full-time
secondary
adult
consumer
education
{a ... person
Adjectives Nouns{
{
a ... fig-tree
a ... officer
(= feeling)
(= chief)
Collocation(matching of different parts of speech)A noun and an adjective are close partners.
An adjective can qualify a few nouns, and, likewise, a noun can be qualied by afew adjectives.
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Lesson 1
The secret of writing good English lies in a good match between nouns and adjectives.
ONLY through extensive reading can a learner acquire such a kind of valuable knowledge.
Please underline all the adjectives in this passage.
Janets family had a big, old house with a beautifulgarden, a lot of owers and many old trees. One morning,
Janet came in from the garden. She was a tall, fat woman,thirty years old. It was the hottest day of the year, butshe wore a warm, brown skirt and yellow shirt. She wentinto the kitchen to get a refreshing drink of cold water.Just then the back door opened. And her mother came in.Her mother Molly was a tall, dark woman with gray hair.
A black and white dog came into the kitchen after herand ran across to her. She sat down, put her hands onits head and said to Janet, I usually did the same to youwhen you as a kid were having a sad and depressed look.
a new
the human
a rare
an extinct
an endangered
species(singular and plural)
{B.
5
10
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Lesson 1
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Most adjectives have the positive degree, the comparative degree followed by than to
compare 2 things, and the superlative degree preceded by the to compare more than 2 things.
All one-syllable adjectives follow the -er / -est pattern.
Positive Comparative Superlative
tall
quick
old
taller
quicker
older/elder
tallest
quickest
oldest/eldest
If the positive ends in -e, only -r and -st are added.
brave
cute
wide
braver
cuter
wider
bravest
cutest
widest
If the positive ends in -y, it changes to -ier and -iest.
drysly
shy
drierslier /slyer
shier /shyer
driestsliest /slyest
shiest /shyest
Most two-syllable adjectives, especially those ending in -able, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ive, -less
and -ous, take MORE / (LESS) in the comparative and MOST / (LEAST) in the superlative.
If the vowel of the positive is short, the last consonant is doubled.
big
red
wet
bigger
redder
wetter
biggest
reddest
wettest
readable
hopeful
charmingfoolish
active
more readable
more hopeful
more charmingmore foolish
more active
most readable
most hopeful
most charmingmost foolish
most active
Comparison of Adjectives
Other two-syllable adjectives follow the -er / -est pattern as the one-syllable adjectives do.
clever
simple
happy
friendly
cleverer
simpler
happier
friendlier
cleverest
simplest
happiest
friendliest
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Lesson 1
We use than with the comparative degree.
The is used with the superlative degree.
John is as fatas Jack.
Mary is not as fatas John.
John is fatterthan Mary.
This dress is morebeautiful thanthat dress.
John is thefattest of the three boys.
Mary is the most beautiful girlin the class.
This isthe fastest caron the running track.
However, some two-syllable adjectives can take EITHER-er / -est ORmore / most:
Your servant was stupider thanI thought.
Your servant was more stupid thanI thought.
e.g.
The following Adjectives are exceptions:
Irregular Comparison
We use as...aswith the positive degree.
good
badlittle
much
many
far
better
worseless, lesser
more
more
farther/further
best
worstleast
most
most
farthest/furthest
sENTENCE WRITING
MOST
can be used
without the
to mean very.
E.g.
-The movie
was most
interesting.
-People
opposed
the bill most
strongly.
Note:
common; stupid; pleasant; handsome; polite; gentle
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To Learn English (1)
Lesson 1
Clear and correct English makes people easily understand you, and they wouldimmediately decide that you are well educated. As a result, they truly respect you:
this brings to your career every chance of success.
However, to achieve good English, people need some basic tools for the long,steep climb to the goal. These are determination, patience and effort.
To begin with, the meaning of a word varies according to what part of speech itis. Often, a different part of speech of a word carries a different meaning:
Examples:
SoEnglish is a language of denition (to read according to rules).
Remarks:
Was taken ill (idiomatic expression) = fell ill
Bush ducks shoe throw in Iraq is newspaper English, which usually omits the
articles (a,an,the). Traditional English is Bush ducks a shoe throw in Iraq.
(Throw is a countable noun, which requires an article.)
The dog was taken ill. (adjective - sick)Poverty is an ill. (noun - problem)
The children are running about. (adverb - in different directions)The report is about the weather.(preposition - concerning)The movie is about to start. (adjective - soon going)
To understand a clause, we frst fnd out its verb and next its subject/object.
Tokyo ofce costs cost a lot of money.(Cost is a transitive verb, meaning need)
(Costs is a plural noun, meaning expenses, subject of the transitive verb cost.)
Bush ducks shoe throw in Iraq.(Ducks is a transitive verb, meaning avoids.)
(Throw is a noun, object of ducks.)
(Shoe is a noun, used as an adjective to qualify throw.)
1)
2)
3)
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Lesson 2
Lesson 2
VerbsA VERBtells us something about a person or thing and is
the most important word in a sentence.
When we write, we rst have some nouns in our mind, such as key
and door. (Please refer back to page 1.) Then we look for a suitable
verb opens to match the nouns like this:
Subject(noun)
Verb Object(noun)
A key opens a door.
Here the noun key governs the verb opens. It is subject (the action doer) of the verb.
The second noun door (the action receiver) is the object governed by the verb opens.
Transitive verbThe verb opens is a transitive verb because it passes the action from the action doer key
(subject) to the action receiver door (object). A transitive verb must take an object.
Key anddoor are countable concrete nouns,which need an article a.*
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Lesson 2
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Intransitive verb Subject Verb
The world laughs.
MoreExampl
es:
Linking verbThe linking verb be (am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be) is used most frequently. It
links a noun or an adjective with the subject to make the meaning of a sentence complete.
Subject ComplementJohn is a doctor.
(noun) (linking v.) (noun)
Subject Complement
John is happy.
(noun) (linking v.) (adjective)
(Please see page 100.)
Why is it first and foremost to classify a verb?The answer is easily seen in the following examples:
1. He stopped to smoke. (= He walked no farther and stood there and smoked.)
2. He stopped smoking. (= He gave up smoking and smoked no more.)In 1, the intransitive 'stopped' ends with the subject 'he', and 'to smoke' tells us why he
stopped. (Please see page 98.)
In 2, the transitive 'stopped' means 'quitted' and takes the noun (gerund) 'smoking' as its
object. (Please see page 90 for more explanations of gerunds.)
She turned, and dropped the ball. (= She went round and dropped the ball.)
She turned and dropped the ball. (= She turned the ball and dropped it.)
intr. v.
tran. v.
intr. v.
tran. v.
The action verb laughs stops with the action doer world (subject).
There is no action receiver (object).
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Lesson 2
ComplementsBoth the noun doctor and the adjective happy are complements of is. There are
many other linking verbs, such as seem, appear, become, grow, turn, prove, look,
come, go, feel, get, etc. They take a noun or an adjective as theircomplements, NOT
as objects.
ForExamp
le:
We can understand the sentence in two ways:
The adjective ne is complement of the
linking verb looks. The adjective ne qualies the noun
weather.
Nounoradjective?If we put a noun instead of an adjective after a linking verb, we say the two nouns
refer to the same person or thing.
John becomes a teacher. (John = a teacher )
So the following sentence is incorrect.
John is happiness.
John is a man, and happiness is an abstract noun. They are different things. Here
we must use the adjective form happy instead.
John is happy. ( = happy John / a happy man)
The weather looks ne.
The weather looks fine.n. link. v. adj.
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Lesson 2
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Tips
A verb in different types suggests different meanings:
PlayThe children are playing. (intransitive are having fun)
The wifeplayedthe violin badly. (transitive performed)
The husbandplayeddeaf. (linking pretended)
The following are the most frequently used sentence patterns:
(1) SV
(subject + intransitive verb / transitive verb in the passive voice)
My dog barked.
A rat was caught.
(2) SVO
(subject + transitive verb + object)
The dog killed the rat. (concrete noun)
The rat stole some food. (mass noun)
(3) SVC(subject + linking verb + complement)
The food was cheese. (mass noun)
The cheese smelt good. (adjective)
(4) SVOC (Please see page 105.)
(subject + transitive verb + object + complement)
I called the dog a good boy. (concrete noun)
The dog made me happy. (adjective)
(5) SVOO(subject + transitive verb + object + object)
I gave the dog some cookies.
Tom handed Susan apresent.
n. (obj)
n. adj.
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Lesson 2
Please nd out the sentence pattern of each of the following sentences.
Example: The tree has been blown away. ( 1 ) SV
1. Someone is coming.
2. She is the champion.
3. Tiffany feels bad.
4. All of the witnesses are being investigated.
5. Tom found his wallet.
6. We showed the ofcial our passports.
7. I found Tom sleepy.
A.
B. The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs
In paragraph 1, please write Ifor intransitive verb,Tfor transitive verb and
Lfor linking verb. The rst one has been done for you.
PARAGRAPH 1 (I)
The nightfell. A farmer came to his gooses nest. He found a heavy, yellow egg
there. He felt strange, Someone has played a trick on me. Still, he took it home but
was very happy because the egg was a lump of gold.
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Lesson 2
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In paragraph 2, try to look for a noun/pronoun in the FOUR positions:
( 1 ) before a verb,
( 2 ) after a transitive verb,( 3 ) after a linking verb,
( 4 ) after a preposition.
The 1st sentence has been done for you.
PARAGRAPH 2
(1) (2) (4) (4)
The farmersold the egg for a handsomesumofmoney. Every evening the goose
laid an egg of gold, and very soon he became a rich man.
In paragraph 3, try to write subjectfor the noun/pronoun before a verb, objectafter a transitive verb OR a preposition, and complementafter a linking verb.
PARAGRAPH 3
subj. subj. compl. subj.
As the farmergrew rich, he turned greedy man. But hedidnt want to get only one
egg everyday. He said, Id better cut the goose open to take all the eggs out ofherat
one time. So he cut open the goose but found nothing. Now he became an unhappy
man. (N.B. There is no a before greedy man. Please see turn on page 104.)
For ONLY, please point out which is a noun and which is a verb in thefollowing sentence.
Shaw saw saws saw saws.
See page 95 for tips.
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24
Lesson 2
discipline
custom
world peace
living standard
a persons outlook
historic buildings (prevent decay)
food (prevent decay)
electricity, water, etc.
(not to waste)
land, forest or other natural resources
(prevent them from damage)
historic buildings (prevent decay)
food (prevent waste)
preserve
conserve
Note:
TRANSITIVE VERBS NOUNS
Bothhistoric buildings and food can be governed by eitherpreserveorconserve.
Here we can see how an object noun can be governed by several transitive verbs and
qualied by several adjectives. If the noun is uncountable, no article is needed.
VERBS
keep
maintain
impose
lack
ADJECTIVES
strict, lax
tough
proper
normal
NOUN
discipline (uncountable)
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Lesson 2
25
Likewise, a transitive verb can also govern a few different nouns, and each noun can be
qualied by a few adjectives, too. If the noun iscountable, an article is needed.
main, major, great
grave, deep
little
genuine
public
growing
express concern
(uncountable)
sincere
deepest
humble
public
profound
express a apology(countable)
Verbs, adjectives and nouns are 3 in 1. And we should not study an English word singly.
Verb + (a/ an/ the/ no article) + adjective + noun is a core pattern of sentence-writing.
To read more and to consult dictionaries often will help (to) pave the way to success.
Please say what part of speech each word in italics is in the following sentences.C.
Example: I springover the garden gate to pick some springowers.
1. Bath the little dog in this bath, and wrap it up with abath towel.
2. Iron this shirt with an electric iron on this iron table made ofiron from the USA.
3. Waterthis plant with waterfrom these waterbottles.
int. v. adj.
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26
Lesson 2
wolf subject of the transitive verb saw.
side object of the preposition by.
evening object of the preposition in.
shadow object of the transitive verb saw.
EXAMPLES:
1. A frog braver than the rest putting his head above the
water cried to the boys loudly.
2. Near an apple tree grew a rose bush. (Please refer to P.294.)
Summary (At this frst stage, it is good enough to understand the following.)
A wolf walking by the mountains side in the evening saw hisown shadow.
Subject
Object
Complement
Word(s)(before a verb)
(after a verb / prep.)
(after a linking verb)
=
=
=
(before a verb)
(after a verb / prep.)
(after a linking verb)
=
=
=
Word(s)
Word(s)
Noun
Noun
Noun / Adjective
Here is a little test for OUTSTANDING learners.
Please nd out the subjects and objects in the following sentences:
(See P.107.)
To think this way
To think the other way
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Lesson 2
27
Suffixes
-ain(-an,-en,-on) -ar(-er,-eer,-ier,-ary)
-ate(-ee,
-
ey,-
y)-er(
-ar,
-or,-yer)
(2) Denoting state, action, result of an action.
-age-ance(-ence)
-cy
-dom
-ness-ship
-th
captain, musician,
citizen, surgeon.
scholar, teacher, engineer,
financier, missionary .
advocate, employee, attorney, company .
painter, beggar,
sailor, employer.
marriage, leakage,
bondage.
bril liance, assistance,
excellence, in nocence .
fancy, accuracy,
bankruptcy
freedom, wisdom,
kingdom.
darkness, goodness, sweetness, boldness .
friendship, partnership,
hardship.
health, growth,
strength.
-ment
punishment,ju dgment, improvement .
-ion
action, union,
opinion .
-ice(-ise)
service, practice,
exercise .
-ure
p leasure, p icture,
treasure .
-ty
difficulty,
beauty, cruelty.
-y
victory, story,
misery.
-ling
duckling, darling,
nestling.
Of Nouns(1) Denoting mainly the agent or doer of a thing.
Different suffixes can help us easily understand whether a word is a noun,verb or adjective and hence their meanings. (Please try to memorize them.)
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28
Lesson 2
Suffixes
-al
-en(transitive)causative,forming;
-ary
-less
freefrom,without;
-fulfullof;
-en
made of;-ar
-ishsomewhatlike;
-ate
-ywiththequalityof;
-ive
national, usual,
final, gradual, legal.
weaken,sweeten, harden,
widen, strengthen .
necessary, ordinary,
contrary.
fearless, shameless,
hopeless, senseless.hopeful,joyful,
beautiful, fruitful .
wooden, golden,
woolen, earthen.
familiar, similar,
regular.
girlish, foolish,
womanish .
fortuna te, obstinate, temperate .
wea lthy, hea lthy,
greedy needy, d irty .
active, attentive,attractive .
-edhaving;
g ifted, learned,
ta lented .
-ble(-ible,-able)
able
, possible,
laughable, sensible.
-ous
dangerous,
copious, tedious .
-lent
excellent, violent,
turbulent.
-fy(transitive)
simplify, purify, terrify, verify .
-se(transitive)
to make;
cleanse, r inse,
realise .
Of Adjective
Of Verb
-ish(transitive)
publish, punish,
banish.
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To Learn English (2)
Lesson 2
An English word must be learned together with other words at the same time. This
word-matching, or word-combining is called collocation. Such a close connection among
words spreads through the whole language. It includes proverbs, idioms, phrasal verbs,
and many xed expressions.
Examples:No news is good news. (Proverb)
Dancing is not my cup of tea. (Idiom)
We ran out of money after our holidays. (Phrasal verb)The story is about love at rst sight. (Fixed expression)
There are many types of matching as the following sentence shows.
very
quiteutterly
fairly
reasonably
veryrather
quite
recently
cheaplyquickly
Adjective
50,000
large
wholly
partly
Adjective
a
leading
reasonably
(adverb)
large
(adjective)
buy
(verb)
shares through stockbroker
Tips to learn
collocations:1. Through all kinds of
reading materials.
2. With dictionaries.Adverb
A very reasonably large company have recently bought 50,000 shares wholly through a leading stockbroker.
:Adjective :Adverb
subject tran. v. object prep. object
Adverb Adverb
Adverb
A very reasonably large company has recently bought 50,000 shares wholly through a leading stockbroker.