English for Border and Coast Guarding. Student's Book · 2020. 12. 18. · English for Border and...
Transcript of English for Border and Coast Guarding. Student's Book · 2020. 12. 18. · English for Border and...
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English for Border and Coast GuardingStudent 's Book
ENGLISH FOR BORDER
AND COAST GUARDING
Student 's Book
Plac Europejski 6
00–844 Warsaw, Poland
T +48 22 205 95 00
F +48 22 205 95 01
www.frontex.europa.eu
Print version: PDF version:
TT-06-17-747-EN-C TT-06-17-747-EN-N
ISBN 978-92-9471-293-6 ISBN 978-92-9471-294-3
doi:10.2819/84347 doi:10.2819/847022
FPI18.0033
© Frontex, 2019. All rights reserved.
Photo © copyrights by pixabay.com (p. 109), Fotolia.com/akhenatonimages (p. 58), Fotolia.com/Clickmanis (p. 62),
Fotolia.com/Elnur (p. 63), Fotolia.com/CenturionStudio.it (p. 69), Fotolia.com/Dmitry Vereshchagin (p. 69).
Additional photos © copyright by Frontex.
Graphic design by Foxrabbit
ENGLISH FOR BORDER AND COAST GUARDING
3English for border and coast guarding
The job of a border and coast guard
UNIT 1
Unit Outcomes
> Identify the rewarding and challenging aspects of border guarding
> Describe your job
> List the basic items of border police equipment and their use
> Identify several border-guarding jobs
7 unit 1 The job of a border and coast guard Part 1 The job Part 2 Basic equipment and duties
17 unit 2 Border checks Part 1 Border checks Part 2 Border crossing points
29 unit 3 Border surveillance Part 1 Border surveillance Part 2 Border patrolling
41 unit 4 Document check Part 1 Documents Part 2 Document fraud
51 unit 5 Descriptions Part 1 Describing vehicles Part 2 Descriptions of persons
61 unit 6 Crimes at the borders Part 1 Criminal investigation Part 2 Crimes at the borders
71 unit 7 Migration and trafficking in human beings Part 1 Trafficking in human beings Part 2 Migration and migrants smuggling
81 unit 8 Fundamental rights (FR) Part 1 Fundamental rights and migration Part 2 Fundamental rights and data protection at the borders
91 unit 9 Border and coast guarding in Europe Part 1 National and European border and coast guarding Part 2 Frontex
103 unit 10 Communication skills for border and coast guards Part 1 Spoken interaction Part 2 Written interaction
115 Revision tests
127 Key to revision tests
131 Glossary
139 Listening scripts
To the learner
English for Border and Coast Guarding is a pre-intermediate level
language student’s book designed to meet the needs of border and
coast guards while performing their duties, in line with their mission.
Topics and texts have been carefully selected from real scenarios at
border checks or during border surveillance activities. It addresses
trafficking in human beings, migrant smuggling, fundamental rights,
the context of European and international border and coast guarding.
The content reflects authentic learning needs based on identified job
competences for which specialised English is a necessity.
The student’s book is intended as a classroom use and self-study
tool for border and coast guarding students and professionals alike.
The package consists of an interactive student’s book covering ten
large border and coast guarding topics and all related language
functions and skills, accompanied by a pen drive with the recordings
of the listening exercises. The student’s book also features a glossary
of essential specialised vocabulary organised by units and the scripts
of the listening exercises.
The package is complemented by a web page on Frontex Aula where
students can find answers to exercises and audio files and a teacher’s
book with explanations, answer keys for the course book and tests.
We hope you enjoy learning with English for Border and Coast Guarding.
The Authors
Ileana Chersan
Amalia Nitu
6 English for border and coast guarding
7English for border and coast guarding
The job of a border and coast guard
UNIT 1
Unit Outcomes
> Identify the rewarding and challenging aspects of border and coast guarding
> Describe your job
> List the basic items of border police equipment and their use
> Identify several border and coast guarding jobs
8 English for border and coast guarding
UNIT 1 ⁄ PART 1
The job
Task 1 Look at the posters and answer the questions.
1. What is the best title for each poster?
2. Which poster would make you decide to become
a border or coast guard? Why?
3. Which poster would be better for recruiting border
or coast guards in your country? Why?
Task 2 A. Why do people want to become border or coast
guards in your country? Rank the following
suggestions from 1 to 7.
Because it is constructive and exciting.
Because they are better paid than the rest of
society.
Because they have the chance to go abroad on
missions.
Because they want to serve their country.
Because it is a family tradition.
Because they enjoy wearing a uniform.
Because they find it an interesting option.
9Unit 1 ⁄ Part 1
B. Think of some of the obstacles that someone would need to overcome in
order to become a border guard. List them in the table by writing the most
difficult challenges on the top and the least difficult ones at the bottom.
Then write the solutions to overcome them. Present your ideas to the class.
Obstacles / Challenges Solutions
Task 3 Write a leaflet (200 words) to motivate people to become border or coast
guards and to succeed in their career.
Take into consideration the aspects discussed in the tasks above.
10 English for border and coast guarding
Task 4 Look at the pictures in tasks 5 and 6 and identify the border guarding
environments.
Task 5 Read the text about Katharina Haas.
A. Choose the correct variant.
Katharina Haas is 32 years old. She is a superin-
tendent and works for the Austrian Federal Police.
Currently she is working at the international airport
in Vienna as a passport (1) controller / supervisor.
Her daily work begins each morning with a
(2) briefing / description of the situation over the past
24 hours. She is presented with the detections, the
most relevant changes or events in the operational
situation and, if possible a (3) forecast / prediction.
She is currently (4) assigned / enlisted to first-line
control, which means that she is the first person
representing a law (5) enforcement / implementing
authority that gets in contact with the traveller.
Her (6) task / objective is quite complex: she has
seconds to decide if the person in front of her is
the (7) owner / issuer of the ID document presented
or if the document as such is counterfeit. If that
is the case, or even when in doubt, she sends the
traveller to second-line control for a more in-depth
(8) surveillance / control.
B. Now answer the following questions.
1. What is Katharina Haas’s job?
2. What happens during the briefing?
3. Why are her current tasks complex?
4. What happens to travellers whose documents are allegedly counterfeit?
11Unit 1 ⁄ Part 1
Task 6 Read the text about Mihai Alexe and write True or False next to
the sentences below.
Mihai Alexe is one of the shift leaders at the Borș BCP.
Working at the Romanian border with Hungary is proving
to be both interesting and challenging at the same time.
A particular characteristic of the border checks in the area is
the common Romanian-Hungarian one-stop-only control.
The border checks are carried out in the territory of the
Schengen state, and therefore the Romanian border guards
work side by side with their Hungarian colleagues in the
facility located at Artand, the Hungarian counterpart to the
Borș BCP.
As a shift leader, Mihai interacts directly with all the staff
working at the BCP from the very start of his shift. He needs
to be aware not only of the operational situation but also
of the volume of traffic, the challenges caused by the use of
equipment and the way the different authorities working
at the BCP, such as customs, phytosanitary inspection and
police, interact.
1. The Romanian border with Hungary is a blue border.
2. The Romanian border with Hungary is a Schengen external border.
3. The border checks in the area are one-stop-only control.
4. Romanian border guards working at the Borș BCP carry out border checks
together with their Hungarian colleagues.
5. Mihai Alexe is the head of the Borș Border Police Sector.
6. Mihai Alexe is in charge of asylum rescue operations.
7. Monitoring the traffic flow at this BCP is one of his daily tasks.
Task 7 Compare Katharina Haas and Mihai Alexe, considering their job and
workplace, their duties and particular aspects of their jobs.
Task 8 Write a short description of your job. Mention the following.
Your workplace.
Your occupation and position.
Your daily tasks and duties.
The best aspects of your job.
The challenges your job entails.
12 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 Read the text about Adam Kowalski. Complete the text using
the following words.
self-defence surveillance portable service
detects requested shifts smuggling
Adam Kowalski is a Polish border guard working
at the border with Ukraine. His daily task is border
(1) , and while on patrol he is accom-
panied by the (2) dog Borys. His work
can sometimes become challenging depending on
the type of crimes he (3) at the border.
During his (4) Kowalski has detected
cases of tobacco (5) , but has also faced
cases in which migrants detected at the green border
have (6) asylum. To effectively carry out
his tasks he uses (7) light equipment
such as binoculars and TETRA radio. During the night
shift he uses the most modern thermo-vision equip-
ment. For (8) purposes border guards
are also equipped with pepper spray, an extendable
truncheon, handcuffs and personal weapons.
Task 2 Answer the following questions.
1. What is Adam Kowalski’s daily task?
2. For what purposes do border guards use equipment?
3. What items of equipment do border guards use for self-defence?
UNIT 1 ⁄ PART 2
Basic equipment and duties
13Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2
Task 3 Underline the pieces of equipment in the text, then match them with their
definitions below.
Restraint devices designed to secure an individual’s wrists close
together.
A short, thick stick carried as a weapon by a police officer.
A professional mobile radio specifically designed for use by
government agencies, emergency services (law enforcement,
fire departments, ambulances), public safety networks and
the military.
Heat sensors that are capable of detecting differences in temper-
ature and that generate images of the observed scenery based on
information about the temperature differences.
An aerosol device containing oils derived from cayenne pepper,
irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages and used as a
disabling weapon. It is used in policing, riot control, crowd
control and self-defence.
Task 4 Listen to a border guard talking about intervention teams and joint operations
and answer the following questions.
1. Where did the first joint operation take place and what was it called?
2. What were the specialisations of the officers deployed?
3. What kind of specialised equipment was deployed in the area?
4. How can a dinghy be detected before reaching EU waters?
5. What is the greatest challenge of a TVV crew?
[01]
14 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. Look at the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) fact sheet and explain
why and how they use their resources in their daily tasks.
B. Now explain these words.
pedestrians
apprehension
to seize
pound
mile
Task 6 Read about Terespol border crossing point and circle the correct form
of the verbs.
Terespol is one of the busiest land-border crossing points on the EU’s
eastern border. The border guards here (1) are / are being on constant
lookout for smugglers of fuel and, particularly, cigarettes. The BCP also
(2) represents / is representing a major gateway for stolen vehicles. At this
moment the strategic importance of the BCP (3) grows / is growing, and
it is currently functioning as a focal point. In fact, these days, Frontex
(4) prepares / is preparing to deploy specialist guest officers to support the
local authorities. The BCP (5) has / is having excellent facilities to check
trucks, including super-sensitive heartbeat detectors, sniffer dogs and
a radiometric scanner to check for radioactive materials. The guards also
(6) patrol / are patrolling the bank on the Polish side, with quad bikes and
tracker dogs. Forty-two trains (7) stop / are stopping at Terespol every day. Today
the train from Brest (8) has / is having 360 people on board, 80 without visas.
Fifty of these (9) claim / are claiming asylum. Martin, one of the guest officers
on duty at the train station, describes the persistence of one woman whose
passport (10) contains / is containing 28 stamps of refusal of entry.
Sou
rce:
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15Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2
Guest officer
They are officers (1) to perform border checks and border-surveil-
lance tasks under the command and control of the authority of the country
hosting the operation. The opportunity to (2) information and
knowledge on document forgery, (3) vehicle identification, etc.
with colleagues from other countries is very useful.
Task 7 Complete the text using the following words.
undocumented exchange force crossings unit
fugitive deployed facilities searching arrival
returning routes responses well-trained stolen
Screening expert
Their job is to establish an assumption on the nationality of an (4)
person who irregularly crossed or attempted to cross an external border, with
a view to (5) them to their country of origin. They support the
host Member State experts in performing screening interviews at reception
and detention (6) in the operational area.
Debriefer
They are specialist officers deployed to operations to collect information by inter-
viewing migrants detected during illegal border (7) . Information
related to the departure and (8) points used by the smugglers, the
addresses of safe houses, the (9) , the size and type of boats used
to cross the sea, the prices paid to facilitators is further processed and turned
into intelligence for analysis and will then contribute to decisions concerning
operational (10) .
Dog handler
When disasters or critical situations occur there is one team that will be
at the borders, (11) for explosives, narcotics and weapons: the
man and the dog. As every border guard knows, there are instances where a
(12) dog can out-perform technology due to its mobility and lack
of dependency on circumstances and the environment. It is not acceptable to
use a dog to chase a (13) . unless he represents a danger. But it can
be technically possible to train a dog in multiple tasks: use of (14) ,
search and rescue, etc.
Shift leader
A shift leader supervises the duties allocated to the border check
(15) , coordinates staff by delegating duties and assigning
tasks and is responsible for the actions and measures taken.
16 English for border and coast guarding
Task 8 Who does the following: guest officer, screening expert, debriefer,
dog handler, shift leader? Several answers may apply.
Writes a report after an assignment or an incident
Conducts interviews and checks belongings
Works with interpreters
Searches for and detects forged documents, explosives,
narcotics and weapons
Detects trafficked or vulnerable persons
Task 9 Write a list of a minimum of three daily tasks a screening expert / debriefer /
shift leader needs to perform on a daily basis and the equipment needed
for these tasks.
17Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2
Border checks
Unit Outcomes
> Distinguish between border control, border checks and border surveillance
> Identify the actions performed during border checks
> Explain the functions of a border crossing point
unit 2
18 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What is the difference between border control, border checks and
border surveillance?
UNIT 2 ⁄ PART 1
Border checks
B. Describe the picture below.
Task 2 Read the text about border checks.
A. Choose the correct variant to fill in the gaps.
Throughout the ages, civilisations, empires and nations have marked the boundaries of their
territories to control the passage of people, to collect taxes and to defend their lands.
In the modern world, (1) are performed on all travellers crossing borders to
ensure they meet all the requirements for legal (2) . Border control also helps to
(3) cross-border crimes, such as trafficking in human beings and the
(4) of drugs and other goods, and to (5) the importing of illegal
arms, counterfeit medicines and (6) species, among other things.
There are three types of borders – land, sea and air (known in border control as green, blue and
white borders, respectively). Green and blue borders refer to the land or sea boundaries between
officially recognised border (7) on major roads and rail (8) or at sea
ports at which all (9) crossings should take place. The green or blue borders may
19Unit 2 ⁄ Part 1
be monitored by modern (10) technology or human patrols. The term air borders is
rather misleading, as the controls are not at the borders shown on maps; they are
(11) at the passport-control (12) at international airports.
Border guards make sure that people crossing the border have the necessary (13)
and the right to enter the country or territory. This can be a (14) process and
queues are not uncommon at BCPs during peak travel periods. The overwhelming majority of
people crossing borders do so legally and for legitimate reasons, such as holidays or business
trips. These travellers want to get (15) with a minimum of fuss and delay. Others,
however, try to (16) border controls, either at BCPs by using false documents or
hiding in vehicles or between BCPs by crossing blue or green borders on foot or by boat without
being checked. Modern border (17) is all about making the border tight enough to
(18) people abusing the system but fluid enough to let legitimate travellers through
as quickly as possible.
1. a. supervision b. checks c. jurisdiction d. controls
2. a. entry b. entrance c. passage d. movement
3. a. safeguard b. combat c. encounter d. shield
4. a. dealing b. traffic c. trade d. smuggling
5. a. hold off b. prohibit c. prevent d. obstruct
6. a. endangered b. exposed c. helpless d. hazardous
7. a. entry points b. crossing points c. passing points d. junction points
8. a. tracks b. bands c. lines d. stations
9. a. appropriate b. legitimate c. reasonable d. rightful
10. a. surveillance b. control c. patrol d. scrutiny
11. a. handled b. charged c. ruled d. conducted
12. a. compartments b. booths c. chambers d. desks
13. a. recognition b. papers c. identification d. description
14. a. time-consuming b. delayed c. backward d. hurried
15. a. over b. in c. around d. through
16. a. bypass b. sidestep c. abstain d. detour
17. a. administration b. board c. management d. directorate
18. a. distinguish b. detect c. observe d. reveal
B. Now answer the questions:
1. What is the purpose of border checks?
2. What types of borders are there?
3. What are the difficult aspects of border crossing management?
20 English for border and coast guarding
Task 3 Read the text ‘Border checks on persons’ extracted from the Schengen
Borders Code.
A. Complete Part I of the text with the following words.
means of transport thorough checks invalidated holder
minimum check misappropriated consist of databases
third-country nationals counterfeiting
Part I
Border guards carry out checks at external borders. The checks may also cover the (1)
and objects in the possession of the persons crossing the border. All persons shall undergo a
(2) in order to establish their identities on the basis of the production or presen-
tation of their travel documents. Such a minimum check shall (3) a rapid and
straightforward verification, where appropriate by using technical devices and by consulting,
in the relevant (4) , information exclusively on stolen, (5) , lost and
(6) documents, of the validity of the document authorising the legitimate
(7) to cross the border and of the presence of signs of falsification or
(8) . On entry and exit, (9) shall be subject to (10) .
B. Five sentences have been removed from Part II of the text.
Choose from the sentences 1–6 the one which fits each gap a–e.
1. has not already exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay in
the territory of the Member States
2. the third-country national concerned has sufficient means of subsistence
3. which is valid for crossing the border and which has not expired
4. the purpose of the intended stay
5. the members of the family
6. for signs of falsification or counterfeiting
Part II
Thorough checks on entry shall comprise verification of the conditions governing entry and,
where applicable, of documents authorising residence and the pursuit of a professional activity.
This shall include a detailed examination covering the following aspects:
a) verification that the third-country national is in possession of a document , and that
the document is accompanied, where applicable, by the requisite visa or residence permit;
b) thorough scrutiny of the travel document ;
c) examination of the entry and exit stamps on the travel document of the third-country
national concerned, in order to verify, by comparing the dates of entry and exit, that the
person ;
d) verification regarding the point of departure and the destination of the third-country nation-
al concerned and , checking if necessary, the corresponding supporting documents;
e) verification that for the duration and purpose of the intended stay, for his or her
return to the country of origin or transit to a third country into which he or she is certain to
be admitted, or that he or she is in a position to acquire such means lawfully.
21Unit 2 ⁄ Part 1
Task 6 Read the text and answer the questions:
1. Which are the EU non-Schengen states?
2. Which are the non-EU Schengen states?
3. What are the effects on travellers and border-guarding authorities
after the reinstallation of border control?
Travel in the Schengen area is normally free of border and
passport controls.
Under current rules Schengen states can reinstate ID checks
at their borders with other zone members for 6 months when
there is a terror threat, extending that for up to 2 years in
exceptional cases.
Five countries, Austria, Denmark, Germany, France and
Norway, restarted border controls after the 2015 attacks in
Paris and in an attempt to control the movement of refugees
and migrants arriving in the bloc in unprecedented numbers
during that year.
Schengen rules allow for the reintroduction of such border
controls for up to 2 years, and those now in place expire in
November. But the reintroduction of so many checks raised
concerns about the collapse of the Schengen zone, seen by
many in Europe as a symbol of unity and freedom.
Task 4 Under what circumstances can border control be reintroduced at internal
borders?
Task 5 Listen to the recording about the challenges in border control caused by
the organisation of the 2012 European Cup and how they were dealt with.
Answer the following questions.
1. What types of borders were affected by his event?
2. What was Frontex’s role in relation to this event?
3. What measures were taken to ensure the security of the external border
and at the same time the speedy passage of bona fide travellers?
[02]
22 English for border and coast guarding
Task 7 Read a case study and tick the correct actions from the list below and
argument your decision.
Markus Schneider is a German citizen travelling from Kiev to Warsaw. At the
land-border crossing point the officer in the booth is performing the following
actions. Tick the correct actions from the list below and explain your decision.
☐ passport check
☐ looks at the German citizen and compares his image with the passport photo
☐ puts the passport under the UV light to check the security features
☐ puts the passport in the MRZ to check the person in the international
databases
☐ asks questions related to destination, travel ticket, purpose
and duration of stay in Poland
☐ applies entry stamp on the passport
☐ checks for visa to enter Polish territory
23Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2
Task 1 A. What is a border crossing point (BCP)?
B. What happens at a BCP?
UNIT 2 ⁄ PART 2
Border crossing points
C. Read about an operation carried out at
border crossing points in the Western Balkans
and list all the actions taken
Known as Joint Action Day (JAD) Dual, the
operation targeted cross-border crime in the
Western Balkans region and at selected border
crossing points at EU’s Eastern border. It
focused on the detection of facilitated illegal
immigration and smuggling in excise goods.
Its specific aim was to enhance the cooperation
between EU member states and authorities in
non-EU countries involved in the fight against
crossw-border crime, especially related to
illegal immigration, stolen property and goods
smuggling.
In addition to the arrests of suspected people smugglers, 761 irregular
migrants were detected and 119 people were refused entry. The authorities also
recovered 19 stolen vehicles.
During the operation also smuggled cigarettes, alcohol and drugs were
detected, along with weapons and ammunition. The intelligence collected
during JAD Dual will be used in investigations into criminal networks involved
in migrant smuggling.
Frontex-coordinated European Border Guard Members deployed at selected
border crossing points at EU’s external land borders participated in the action
along with customs authorities from several member states, Europol and
Interpol experts.
Source: frontex.europa.eu
24 English for border and coast guarding
Task 2 A. Read the following duties of border guards performing checks at different
BCPs. Put them in the table below, under the headings.
a. Persons may remain inside the vehicle during the check or alight from their
vehicles.
b. Checks shall be carried out on passengers and staff crossing the external borders.
c. The operator takes the requisite measures to physically separate the flows of
passengers.
d. Install or operate separate lanes.
e. Passengers who board an internal flight shall be subjected to an entry check at
the place of arrival of the flight from a third country.
f. The checks shall be done either on the platform, in the first station of arrival
or departure on the territory of a Member State or on board, during transit.
g. Transfer passengers shall be subject to an exit check at the place of departure
of the onward flight.
h. The border guard may order the cavities of carriages to be inspected.
i. To ensure safety and smooth flow, movements at the border crossing points
shall be regulated accordingly.
CHECKS ON ROAD TRAFFIC
CHECKS ON RAIL TRAFFIC
CHECKS AT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
B. How are these types of checks different from each other?
25Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2
Task 3 Read about the main two purposes served by a BCP and answer the questions.
To prevent entry by individuals who are eitwher undesirable (e.g. criminals
or others who pose threats) or simply not authorised to enter.
To prevent the entry of goods that are illegal or subject to restriction,
or to collect tariffs.
1. Why are wanted criminals not allowed to enter another country?
2. What types of persons may be a threat to a country?
3. Name some illegal goods and goods subjected to restriction.
Task 4 Match the jobs at the border crossing points with their definitions.
Shift leader First-line officer Second-line officer Specialised personnel
In addition to carrying out border checks, he/she has the tasks
of profiling passengers and picking out suspicious persons for
thorough checks
Document experts, outdoor controllers, vehicle experts, dog
handlers, transportation identification specialists, video surveil-
lance operators
Ensures adequate revealing of risk passengers, for example
those with false documents, and apprehends human smugglers
and other persons who could endanger Member States’ internal
security
In charge of supervising the duties allocated to the border-check
unit. He/she is responsible for the actions taken and missions
carried out, and must be aware of the events at the BCP and of the
actions taken by the border guards.
Task 5 What records should be kept at the BCP in order to improve situation
awareness and to facilitate analysis? Choose from the following list.
☐ records of alerts
☐ passengers’ nationalities
☐ average waiting times
☐ records of entry/exit
of Romanian citizens
☐ detected false documents
☐ records of travel documents
☐ apprehended facilitators
☐ basic information from the other
authorities working at the BCP
26 English for border and coast guarding
Task 6 Put the security classifications in order.
EU CONFIDENTIAL
RESTRICTED
SECRET
TOP SECRET
Task 7 Read the information in the table and find out the following.
1. The security classification
2. The date the message was sent
3. What organisation the message was sent to
4. Where the message is sent from
5. The subject of the message
6. The point of departure
7. The time of the landing at the base
8. The uniform
9. The use of weapons
10. The executive powers
EUBAM MISSION IN RAFAH
CLASSIFICATION: EU CONFIDENTIAL DATE: 1 March 2011
TO: Austrian Ministry of the Interior FROM: EUBAM Raf.
ATTN: National point of contact
FAX NO: +43 785001300 FAX NO: +
SUBJECT: Commencement of deployment for Austrian SNE
Total number of transmitted pages including this page: 1
MESSAGE
1. The aim of the present message is to announce the beginning of the deployment of Austrian SNEs (seconded national experts) within the mission.
2. The officers are to depart from Vienna airport on 17 March, 14.55 ET hrs and land at the base on 17 March, 18.35 ET hrs.
3. During the accomplishment of their duties they will wear a EUBAM armband attached to their national uniform and will carry an accreditation card.
4. The use of lethal weapons is exclusively limited to self-defence, while the use of non-lethal ones such as mice or telescopic baton is not prohibited but not considered a good practice.
5. The executive powers of the SNEs consist of advising the local staff with regard to the most appropriate decision to take. Basically, they do not have executive powers and are therefore advised to develop a close professional relationship with the local staff.
6. The officers who will be using service cars are to follow the offensive/defensive driving training organised at our venue.
7. Any amendment to the above can be enforced only based on the prior agreement of the head of the mission.
8. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us using the details provided above.
27Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2
Task 8 Find synonyms in the text for these words:
beginning
leave
assignment
completion
headquarters
provision
Task 9 You are a shift leader at an air border crossing point.
Plan your shift considering the following factors.
First line Second line Personnel Risk analysis
Access (entry/exit)
Booths (control booths)
Customs (cooperation)
Transit area
Technology (e-gates)
Forensics
Cross-border crime office
Surveillance room (cooperation with airport security)
Areas of responsibility and competence
Dog handler
Annual/sick leave
Passenger flow
Sensitive flights
28 English for border and coast guarding
29Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2
unit 3
Border surveillance
Unit Outcomes
> Identify the purpose of border surveillance.
> Distinguish between land, maritime and air surveillance.
> Explain how surveillance systems work.
> List border patrol duties and activities.
30 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 What is border surveillance?
UNIT 3 ⁄ PART 1
Border surveillance
Task 2 A. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words.
abnormal available irregular main
operational relevant unauthorised
The main purpose of border surveillance is to prevent (1) border crossings, to
counter cross-border criminality and to take measures against persons who have crossed the
border illegally. The (2) tasks of the border surveillance teams are the following:
> detect, identify, report, track and, when needed, intercept all vehicles suspected of carrying
persons crossing, circumventing or intending to cross the border in an (3)
manner or to circumvent checks at border crossing points, or of being engaged in the
smuggling of migrants in the (4) areas;
> prevent irregular migration and cross-border crime;
> provide situational awareness in the area of operation by identifying normal and
(5) traffic;
> document (by taking photos and / or videos) all actions (detection, tracking and interception)
and submit all (6) materials to (7) authorities.
Source: Handbook to the operational plan of joint maritime operations.
B. Explain detection, tracking, identification and interception at the border.
31Unit 3 ⁄ Part 1
Task 3 Look at the picture and compare land (terrestrial), maritime (marine)
and airborne (aerial) surveillance.
Ad
apte
d f
rom
: G
eo T
rad
e B
log.
Air support Unmanned aerial surveillance
Radar / camera tower
Marine support
Mobile surveillance system
Port of entryU.S. border
Unattended ground sensors
Air and marine station
Command center
Border patrol sector headquarters
Border patrol station
Mobile data terminal
Agent vehicles
32 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 Read about the BATS integrated border surveillance system.
A. Fill in the gaps with new words made from those listed on the right.
External borders are a critical priority since through their (1)
public welfare is threatened by activities such as illegal (2) ,
smuggling, terrorism, etc. In this context, BATS offers an integrated
border-surveillance system ensuring the (3) , location and
targeting of these activities swiftly and accurately, 24 hours a day, even in bad
weather and low (4) conditions. A command and control centre
gathers information from a variety of (5) creating a tactical
situation awareness picture to inform law (6) forces, in real time,
about any threat so they are able to take immediate action.
BATS works in close contact with Frontex, the EU agency coordinating
the (7) cooperation between Member States in the field
of border (8) .
Task 4 A. Look at the diagram and fill in the gaps with the following titles.
early warning classification as a threat coordination of the operation
data fusion evaluation of the interception
B. Explain how a surveillance system works.
Intelligence data1.
2.
3.
4.
Operator Experience
Sensor Data
Reference Data
Direction & Size
Radar plots
System tracks
Obtained Information:Nature, Volume,Movement
Possible points of arrival
personalisation of the threat
Visual confirmation
Units selection
End of Opearation
Communicationwith units
Continuous display of the units
Follow up of the Operation
IR plots
resources management
early interception
5.
Ad
apte
d f
rom
: m
istr
also
luti
ons.
com
violate
migrate
detect
visible
sense
enforce
operate
secure
33Unit 3 ⁄ Part 1
B. Place the sensors integrated by BATS in the appropriate boxes.
electro optical sensors / video surveillance / ground surveillance radar /
communications interception / radio equipment tracking / tower mast /
onboard vehicles (commercial and military) / manpack / aircraft helicopter /
unmanned ground vehicles (robots) / transportable in vehicle / aerostat /
unmanned aerial vehicle / active fence/electric security fence /
surveillance radar with automatic and continuous tracking capability
Detection /localisation
Recognition /identification Tracking
Surveillance platforms
Fixed siteMobile ground platforms
Deployable ground platforms
Airborne platforms
Task 6 Listen to someone talking about the European Border Surveillance System
and fill in the summary with the missing words:
Member States cooperate and share responsibility for Europe’s (1) .
The European border surveillance system (Eurosur) communicates with
(2) centres. In the Italian centre the police and border guards
work together to tackle (3) migration and cross-border crime.
They also save (4) travelling in overloaded boats. Frontex is the
agency that manages the (5) network for Eurosur. Eurosur has
three objectives: to increase situational (6) , to improve the
reaction (7) and to save more lives. The European Union Satellite
Centre uses radars, weather forecasts and (8) data to detect
unknown objects. Once identified, (9) -risk border areas can
benefit from European support.
[03]
34 English for border and coast guarding
Task 7 Consider the risks at the national borders in your country and write a memo
describing the problem and asking for support.
35Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2
Task 1 A. What irregular situations
can be found while patrolling
the borders?
B. How can these situations
be identified by border and
cost guards?
Task 2 Read about regular border patrol duties and activities and arrange them
in columns. List other activities in the table.
a. Detect, prevent and apprehend undocumented aliens, smugglers of aliens and
illegal narcotics at or near the land borders by maintaining surveillance from
covert positions.
b. Patrol international land borders and coastal waters.
c. Respond to electronic sensor alarms in remote areas.
d. Detect and prevent the illegal entry and smuggling of aliens into the country.
e. Communicate and/or give verbal commands to aliens and smugglers, using
translators if necessary.
f. Perform line-watch duties, traffic checkpoint operations, city patrols, trans-
portation checks and other law enforcement duties as assigned.
g. Detect and prevent the entry into the country of terrorists and terrorist
weapons.
h. Prevent the illegal trafficking of people, narcotics and contraband into
the country.
i. Interpret and follow tracks, marks and other physical evidence of illegal aliens
and smugglers.
j. Use cutting-edge technology, such as infrared scopes during night-time
operations.
UNIT 3 ⁄ PART 2
Border patrolling
Border patrol duties Border patrol activities
36 English for border and coast guarding
Task 3 Describe the pictures using phrases from task 2.
37Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2
Task 4 Read about the additional duties and responsibilities of a border guard
patrolling the border and match the titles with the description.
Mobile response team Peer support programme
Horse patrol K-9 unit
Bike patrol Off-road vehicle unit
This programme comprises a group of skilled riders that conduct targeted enforce-
ment operations in terrain-challenged, environmentally protected and privately
owned sensitive geographic locations.
These special operations facilitate the apprehension of all cross-border threats
by utilising the unique tactical law enforcement advantages of stealth, mobility,
agility and accessibility.
The programme uses dogs to detect concealed humans and narcotics, search and
rescue, patrol/special response, human-remains detection and tracking/trailing.
This comprises specially trained agents who utilise all-terrain vehicles to secure
areas of the border that are inaccessible to regular vehicles and intercept drug
runners and illegal aliens.
This programme is a national group of organised, trained and equipped border
patrol agents who provide a rapid-response capability to fluctuating levels of risk
along the border.
The mission of this programme is to offer confidential assistance and support to
all border patrol employees and their family members in times of personal need or
due to traumatic incidents.
38 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. Scan through the article to find out
what these headings refer to:
‘The thin blue line’
‘Blue borders, green issues’
‘The long arm of the law’
The thin blue line
A routine day’s work by Frontex at the blue borders
goes beyond the detection of migrants. When on
patrol, patrol crews do not only encounter scenes
involving illegal immigration but also other forms
of cross-border crime and a wide range of illegal
and dangerous acts. These parallel activities often
oblige officers to either intervene or take another
appropriate action in the interest of freedom,
security and justice.
The most obvious duty performed by guest officers
at the blue border is surveillance. The main task
is to prevent unauthorized border crossings, to
counter cross-border criminality and to take meas-
ures against those who have crossed the border
illegally. This is done by carrying out enhanced
border surveillance and checks on persons crossing
the external borders.
But the story does not end there. Often the crews
end up rescuing overcrowded boats that are sailing
in treacherous weather conditions. This is a com-
mon scene that the maritime crews have to endure
on an almost daily basis. If not rescued, these
migrants would have faced near-certain death.
And so patrol crews load sometimes dozens or even
hundreds of migrants onto their vessels as part
of Europe’s largest search-and-rescue operation.
But sometimes the sea border authorities cannot
arrive in time and have to do something far worse –
the job of collecting dead bodies from the sea. To
people-smugglers, migrants are a commodity – the
third most lucrative after drugs and guns – and
the criminal networks that make large amounts of
money from them have no scruples. They routinely
overload boats to maximize their profits and often
do not even supply migrants with life jackets or
other floatation devices.
The open sea has always been the most problematic
environment to control, and hence it has always
been exploited by many forms of smugglers and
pirates. It is an unfortunate fact that trafficked
drugs cross the blue borders of the EU regularly.
So what does a patrol crew do when faced with
such a situation? All appropriate actions are taken
to counter any illegal activity. The ‘ship rider’
has been an effective solution giving powers to
the vessels to execute arrests in territorial seas.
The term ‘ship rider’ refers to a liaison officer from
the Member State hosting the operation, who is
on board of the Frontex deployed vessel. Powers of
arrest are vested in this officer and thus Frontex-
coordinated vessel has the necessary powers of
arrest courtesy of the ‘ship rider’ on board.
Blue borders, green issues
The sea is not only a communication channel and
an economic asset however. It is also a crucial
natural environment, and pollution related inci-
dents also form part of the job. Technical means on
Frontex’s patrols have on many occasions reported
incidents to the competent authorities, which
have subsequently issued fines to ships that have
polluted the sea.
39Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2
The long arm of the law
Blue border activities are not limited to surveillance
and patrolling. Any criminal activity or breach of
the law must be relentlessly followed up until the
perpetrator is brought to justice. This is the only
way to guarantee EU freedom and security. For
any wrongdoer to be Post, May prosecuted, every
case has to be collected, collated, corroborated and
forwarded to the relevant authority for further
action. And all of this has to be done in a timely
manner, so speed is essential.
Due to increased mobility and globalization,
cross-border crime has progressed much faster
than the collective ability to regulate it. And it is
in these unregulated areas that organized crime
can flourish. The list is everlasting and contains
trafficking in human beings – including women,
children and human organs – trafficking of drugs,
weapons and counterfeit money and false docu-
ments, to name but a few.
The Border Post, May 2011.
B. Now carefully read the article. Defend or reject the following statements.
1. A routine day’s work at the blue border goes beyond the detection of migrants.
2. The sea-border authorities rescue all the migrants that are sailing towards
Europe.
3. Search and rescue operations represent a common practice at the blue border.
4. The ship rider has limited powers and can only patrol the area.
5. Increased mobility and globalisation have made cross-border crime progress
faster than our ability to regulate it.
Task 6 Write a short story (150 words) for a magazine about a rescue of migrants.
Describe the scene. Give information about where, who and when.
Describe the rescue mission. What happened?
Conclusion. How did it end? What happened to the victims?
40 English for border and coast guarding
41Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2
unit 4
Document check
Unit Outcomes
> Identify the types of documents checked at the border
> Identify passport security features
> List methods to uncover passport fraud
42 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. Give some examples of travel documents.
B. What aspects of travel documents are checked at the borders?
UNIT 4 ⁄ PART 1
Documents
Document category Document type
Task 2 Put the words below in two columns under the headings.
emergency/provisional visa identity card service/official
vehicle licence/log book exit stamp ordinary stamp
diplomatic passport seaman’s book national passport
travel document issued to non-nationals driving licence
residence permit entry paper entry stamp
43Unit 4 ⁄ Part 1
Source of the specimen: http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/EN/5284/viewImage_146881.html
Task 3 Write the questions you need to ask to get the following information:
forename and surname of the holder
citizenship
date of birth
place of birth
when the passport was issued
date of expiry
Task 4 Match the types of documents with their definitions.
1. Type of document
2. Travel document
3. Genuine document
4. Counterfeit document
5. Fantasy document
6. Forged document
7. Stolen blank
8. Fraudulently obtained
9. Improperly issued document
10. MRZ line
11. Breeder document
12. Complete counterfeit document
A document entirely produced by an unauthorised source
A copy of an authentic document that was later altered
An ID document or a document issued by (the representation of) a government
(embassy, consulate) to facilitate the movement of individuals across borders
An authentic document that was stolen and has been filled in by a unauthor-
ised entity
A document issued by a recognised authority
A national document such as a driving licence, birth certificate or student
enrolment document used to generate successive instances of fraudulent
documentation
A document issued by the relevant authority but on the basis of an incom-
plete application
Machine-readable zone – an area containing encoded information about
the holder, located on the bottom of the biodata page of the passport
A genuine document that has been altered
A document issued by non-existent states, organisations or institutions or
entities not recognised under the international laws as such
A document issued by an authorised entity but on the basis of a forged /
counterfeit document or false statements
44 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 Check the details of a passport stamp confirming border crossing.
Match the explanations below with the symbols (1–7).
Abbreviation of the Member State or
Schengen-associated country.
Entry stamps have square corners and
show a square with an arrow going in.
The name of the border crossing point.
The number on the stamp identifies
the officer responsible for the decision.
Exit stamps have rounded corners and
show a square with an arrow coming out.
A symbol that shows which type of border
was crossed: land, sea, air, railway.
The date appears in red followed by a security
code that changes at least once a month.
Each country has its own security code,
issued by the EU.
Source: Frontex at a glance, 2015.
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
45Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2
Task 2 Read the text about types of fraud related to travel documents
and answer the following question.
A. What is the difference between traditional and new types of
fraud?
Traditionally travel-document fraud was mainly restricted
to two distinct types of fraud: forgery and counterfeiting.
However, there are widespread reports that the landscape of
travel-document fraud is shifting. The reason for this shift is
that contemporary documents have improved security features
such as polymer biodata pages, watermarks, optically variable
inks, micro-laser perforations and RFID (radio frequency
identification).
These features make it more difficult for forgeries and
counterfeit documents to go undetected. In addition they also
increase the skills and the equipment needed to produce these documents and
therefore the costs are bigger. In order to circumvent these costs a new type
of document fraud has recently emerged – the use of unadulterated authentic
documents in a fraudulent manner. As such, the job of first line staff has
become more challenging and complex.
Given that authentic documents are now increasingly being used fraudulently,
first-line officers are also expected to establish whether a document is
presented by the legitimate holder or by an impostor. An example of authentic
document abuse relates to cases where the issuing authority is complicit to
the fraud. In late 1990s during Operation Desert Shield the Iraqi government
issued a large number of passports in false identities so that their intelligence
agents could travel internationally to plan and conduct attacks in Manila
and Jakarta.
However it was soon discovered that this cohort of passports were issued with
sequential numbers, which facilitated the issuance of a worldwide alert that
resulted in several arrests. Such cases, although very rare, represent a very
serious threat to international security.
Source: The nature and extent of travel-document fraud to enter the European Union 2009–2010.
Task 1 Why do people produce and use fraudulent travel documents?
UNIT 4 ⁄ PART 2
Document fraud
46 English for border and coast guarding
B. Find words in the text that mean the following.
1. Chips that contain photos and in some cases fingerprints of
the original applicant.
2. The main file of the passport.
3. Printing ink containing variable pigments that show large
colour shifts depending on the angle of observation or lighting.
4. Not perceived or discerned.
5. To find a way of avoiding a difficulty or a rule.
6. To appear or become known.
7. Genuine document issued by an acknowledged authority that
has not been altered in any way.
8. Officers deciding to send the person to second-line control.
9. A person who presents the travel documents.
10. A person who pretends to be somebody else in order to deceive
people.
11. The authority that has provided the person with the document.
Task 3 Check the chart and explain the difference between authentic documents
used illegally or irregularly and false documents.
identity fraud and document fraud
Authentic (genuine) document False document
Illegal use Irregular use
Impersonation Fraudulently obtained document
Expired document
Misused document
Forgery Counterfeit Pseudo document
Stolen blank (unlawfully personalised)
47Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2
Task 4 Match the instructions about passport examination with their titles.
UV reaction Microtext Check the number of pages Page colour
MRZ line Watermark Check how the passport is bound Guilloches
1. Usually the passports contain a printed statement at the
beginning or end with how many pages the passport contains.
Check if they are all there.
2. If pages have been replaced it may be the case that the new
page will react to bright light or vary in the shade. Check
whether the fibres are genuine or have been painted on.
3. Fold the passport open and look at the seam. If the holes are
raised or large it may indicate that the passport has been
rebound. A passport can also be bound with staples. Check the
hole to see whether they are double.
4. Use a magnifying glass to check the lines and rows in the
passport. Microtext is usually found on the identification page
or by the line on which the traveller writes their signature.
5. Fine designs consisting of interlaced continuous lines arranged
in geometric patterns. They are often combined with rainbow
colouring with the aim of raising a barrier for re-origination
and reproduction.
6. Area containing encoded information about the holder, located
on the bottom of the biodata page of the passport.
7. A picture, text or character motif which is incorporated into
the paper, leading to a varying thickness of the paper.
8. Open the passport like a fan and see if all the pages have the
same shade of colour. If different check the pages separately.
48 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. Read about the activity of border guards at the Lisbon airport and
list the following.
Steps taken to uncover the passport fraud
Indicators of fraud
It is 5.45 am, but the guest officers on the early
first-line shift at Lisbon airport have been up for
an hour already, preparing to receive passengers
from the first flight of the morning, due in
any minute from Guinea-Bissau. They are here
as a part of Joint Action Lusitania, a 2-week
operation closely focused on document fraud.
Some 95 % of all document fraud in Portugal is
detected at this airport – there were 631 cases
in 2012, out of a passenger total of 14 million –
and the vast majority of them involved west
Africans.
The first case is uncovered in less than 10 minutes: a young man with
a Senegalese passport that was issued in Gambia attempted to cross
the border, even though, he says, he was born in Guinea-Bissau. He produces
a Portuguese residency permit, cartão de residencia, but it quickly becomes
apparent that he doesn’t speak a word of Portuguese. His air ticket, moreover,
is one-way from Africa. If he lived in Portugal, as he claims to, his ticket
would most likely be the second part of the return.
A magnifying glass, produces from one of the officer’s pockets, seals the young
man’s fate: the residency permit is fake. It looks fine to the naked eye, but
under magnification the details of the background printing show signs that it
has been produced using an ink-jet printer. The suspect Senegalese/Gambian/
Guinean is courteously but firmly escorted to the nearby offices of SEF, the
Servico de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, for processing. He will be passed to the
immigration authorities and – if he does not claim asylum – refused entry.
49Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2
Task 6 Underline the nationality adjective in the text from Task 5.
Fill in the corresponding nationality adjectives in the table.
The Netherlands Spain
Great Britain Israel
Finland Afghanistan
Denmark Latvia
Task 7 Listen to a report on travel-document fraud and answer True or False.
1. Travel-document fraud allows irregular migrants to legally enter the
territory of a Member State and to move freely within the EU.
2. There was a clear and consistent increase of 12 % in the number of detec-
tions of travel-document fraud to enter the EU.
3. ID cards were mostly counterfeit and passports were mostly forged.
4. At the EU level more than a quarter of detections involved users who were
of seven nationalities.
5. From the 8 000 detections upon entry to the EU in 2010, 75 % were at the
green border.
6. At the air border there was a trend of using falsified visas instead of
passports.
7. From detections of fraudulent use of passports at the air border there was
an increase in the use of lookalikes and forged biopages.
8. At the air border the most common place of embarkation was Iran.
9. The traditional approaches need to be updated to face the new challenges.
[04]
B. Complete the word-building table.
Verb Noun Adjective
assumption
reside
aware
attempted
register
removal
forged
issued
claim
process
50 English for border and coast guarding
Task 9 Fill in a ‘document alert’ for other BCPs. Mention the following: date, time,
alleged citizenship, border crossing point, means of transport, supporting
documents (if any), altered security features observed in the document.
On , at , on the entry line,
a was detected. The holder was an alleged
national, female, aged (claimed) ,
travelling by . She could not present supporting
documents. It was also noticed that the person carried only
cash and no cards issued on the name in the
passport. When examining it was noted that
.
The inner cover also indicated of
the microtext when compared with the specimen. This is the
first detection of this kind at this BCP. The offset printing lacked
the passport number and the offset guilloche. It is advisable to
disseminate in case further detections of this modus operandi are
identified.
Task 8 A. Complete the text with the right prepositions.
The process (1) standardising EU passports, and improving the safeguards, is
an ongoing one. (2) instance, in the past a special transparent layer was widely
used to cover vital data (3) a paper substrate, but it transpired that this was
easily opened and therefore far (4) tamper-proof. The photograph remains the
key. These days the image is generally burned (5) the substrate by laser, so it
cannot be replaced or tampered (6) , although this means of identification can
still be circumvented. During the 2000s there was a market increase (7) lookalike
fraud, often involving stolen passports. This, according (8) Ladeiro, illustrates the
growing professionalism of the people smugglers because it takes an extensive and well-organ-
ised network to match (9) the image in a stolen passport with a would-be migrant.
New technology has proved a particularly critical tool in counter-fraud. In consultation
(10) Frontex, Interpol and national border services, passport technology is
constantly being developed. At major airports travellers are already familiar (11)
ABC (automated border control) gates and are growing used (12) presenting their
e-passports (passports containing a chip).
B. Argue for and against the use of technology in border checks.
51Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2
Descriptions
Unit Outcomes
> Identify the types and parts of a vehicle
> Distinguish between registration plates
> Describe persons using given criteria
> Make the profile of a selected group
unit 5
52 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. When is it required to describe a vehicle?
B. When is it required to identify a vehicle at the borders?
UNIT 5 ⁄ PART 1
Describing vehicles
Task 2 Match the general identification elements of a vehicle with
the given generic examples
1. Red 2. 3. 10606UT10027
4. Citroen C3 5. Hatchback 6. VF7FCKFVB27321002
a. Licence plate
b. Type of chassis/body
c. Colour
d. Make and model
e. VIN (vehicle identification number)
f. Other serial numbers mentioned on the stickers the manufacturer
applied on the vehicle (e.g. PKN)
Task 3 Write the types of chassis/body next to the pictures
limousine hatchback cabrio van
estate/kombi/break coupe off-road/jeep/SUV
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4.
53UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 1
5
6
7
8
Task 4 Label the parts of the car in the pictures using these words:
A
alloy rims (external) rear view mirror (front) fog lights windshield
headlights exhaust pipe(s) rear bumper tail lights
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
54 English for border and coast guarding
11
12
13
14
15
B
air filter (cartridge) side skirts engine (block) sun visor(s)
speedometer (gauge) bonnet battery (case) gear shifter
rear view mirror headrest (s) door panel(s) door handle(s)
dashboard panel steering wheel front grill/radiators rear seats
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3 5
4
11
12
13
15
14
10
6 87 9
55UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 1
Task 5 Look at the registration plates and answer the questions
1. Which of the four pictures presented
on the left indicate that the vehicle is
registered in Romania?
2. Which of the pictures is taken from
the rear part of the vehicle?
3. In which countries are the vehicles from
the pictures on the left registered?
4. Is there any difference in the size,
thickness and layout of the characters
on the different EU plates in the picture
on the left?
5. Which of the four pictures depicts a Ford?
What country is it registered in?
Task 6 Practice the NATO/ICAO alphabet saying to your partner the registration
plates from the exercise above.
A = Alfa
B = Bravo
C = Charlie
D = Delta
E = Echo
F = Foxtrot
G = Golf
H = Hotel
I = India
J = Juliet
K = Kilo
L = Lima
M = Mike
N = November
O = Oscar
P = Papa
Q = Quebec
R = Romeo
S = Sierra
T = Tango
U = Uniform
V = Victor
W = Whisky
X = X-Ray
Y = Yankee
Z = Zulu
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
56 English for border and coast guarding
Task 7 Listen and write the vehicle registration plates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Task 8 A. Listen and complete the vehicle description.
VEHICLE 1 VEHICLE 2 VEHICLE 3
Make and model
Colour
Licence plate No
Registered in
Registered to
B. What are the end points for international car thieves and how do they get there?
[05]
[06]
57UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2
Task 1 A. Why do border guards use descriptions?
B. What should a physical description include?
UNIT 5 ⁄ PART 2
Descriptions of personsSo
urc
e: Il
ean
a C
her
san
, A
Soc
ial H
isto
ry o
f the
Eng
lish
Polic
e Voc
abul
ary,
20
12
Task 2 A. Check the features used in making a personal description.
Add examples of distinctive marks and types of dress.
description of persons
Nickname
Alias
Maiden name
Proportionate
Stout
Corpulent
Heavy
Thick set
Thin
Slim
Well built
Military bearing
Erect
Slouches
Stoops
Round
Shouldered
Fresh
Ruddy
Florid
Pale
Fair
Sallow
Lotchy
Pimply
Uses cosmetics
Colour
Turning grey
Going bald
Wavy
Straight
Curly
Frizzy
Parted
Unparted
Brushed back
Long
Short
Greased unkempt
Wears wig
Bleached
Dyed
Colour
Cast
Blind
Missing
Glass
Red
Rimmed
Long
Lashes
Wear spectacles
Wine
Beer
Spirits
Billiard halls
Night clubs
Dance halls
DressCharacteristicsand habits
VoiceDistinctive marksAppearanceGeneral information
Name Age Occupation Build Complexion Face Hair Head Eyes Ears PlacesDrinking
58 English for border and coast guarding
B. Describe the persons in the picture.
Task 3 Read the inter-office memorandum and complete the report.
To: Interpol National Central Bureau
From: Spanish Guardia Civil
Date: 20 May 2011
Subject: Detection of Hashish in Almeria – wanted person
In the early morning of 20 May 2011, Spanish law enforcement authorities
detected a suspicious boat heading towards Almeria. The boat made contact
with another pleasure boat and soon the transfer of several boxes was
observed. A patrol boat and several land patrols were scrambled to intercept
the target. Once the pleasure boat reached the shore it was met by a person
in a van. The patrol boat seized the pleasure boat and two of the three persons
involved were arrested and 1 640 kg hashish were seized, but the third –
the driver of the van – managed to make a getaway. He is described as follows:
Caucasian, tall, well built, in his twenties, short fair-haired, green eyed,
smart haircut, fair complexion, firm chin, large forehead. He was last seen
wearing a black leather jacket. He is probably casually dressed. He has a mole
on his right cheek.
We ask all border police officers to be on the lookout for any person resembling
the description and report location and inform the headquarters. Fill in the
information in the memo in the following table.
Report on wanted person
Sex Chin
Age Complexion
Eyes Hair
Nose Clothes
Lips Distinctive marks
59UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2
Task 5 A. Read about profiling and fill in the gaps with the missing words.
investigation intelligence system passports
females collation airport identification
Generally speaking profiling is the analysis of information or (1)
in order to develop indicators and a profile which facilitates (2) of smuggled
migrants, migrant smugglers, routes, communication methods, false (3) , etc.
Profiling is a covert investigative technique which can assist to identify potential criminal
activities and can assist during an (4)
by facilitation planning of operations.
The key to profiling is the (5) of relevant information. The information required
to profile a criminal group, passports, individuals and methods of collection need to be strong
enough. The best way of profiling in through a two-way (6) whereby frontline
officers can both seek information and feedback further information.
Example
A number of young women arrived by plane at airport X. They all had forged visas.
Analysis of these women resulted in the following profile:
– females aged between 18-28;
– wearing black trousers and blue jeans jackets;
– hair tied in a ponytail;
– wearing shoulder bags.
As a result of this profiling many other (7) were detected, who would not have
been otherwise because of the quality of the forgery. The style of dress was to enable them to be
identified by those who were meeting them at the (8) .
Source: UNODC, Basic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting Migrant Smuggling
B. Now answer the questions based on the text.
1. What is profiling?
2. When is profiling used?
3. What is the best profiling technique?
Task 4 Rate the descriptive features according to their reliability and accuracy.
Which details are more relevant? Explain why?
60 English for border and coast guarding
Task 6 Think about your national borders. What are the types of irregular migrants
expected and what are their characteristics:
Nationality
Social and economic status
Reasons for migration
Documents used
61UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2
Unit Outcomes
> Describe the steps of a criminal investigation
> Identify border-related crimes
> Explain the process of detecting stolen vehicles
Crimes at the borders
unit 6
62 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What types of crimes do you know of?
B. Which are border-related?
C. Which authorities investigate crimes?
Task 2 Write the missing verbs in the text.
arrest charged commits drop goes
identify investigate question released remains
UNIT 6 ⁄ PART 1
Criminal investigation
When a person (1) a crime the police carry out certain actions. They (2)
the crime. If they catch the criminal, they will (3) and take them to the police
station. At the police station they (4) the suspect, who may contact a lawyer.
The witnesses may (5) the suspect from an identity parade. If the police have
enough evidence the person is (6) with the crime. If the police do not have enough
evidence they (7) the charges. For serious crimes the person (8) to
court for trial. Until the trial the suspect may be (9) on bail or, in serious cases,
(10) in custody.
Task 3 A. Arrange the steps of a crime scene investigation in chronological order.
Conduct a primary survey (walkthrough) – to identify potentially valuable
evidence, take notes and capture initial photographs of the scene and the
evidence.
Plan, communicate and coordinate – this may require gathering informa-
tion from witnesses.
Establish the scene dimensions and identify potential safety and health
hazards.
Document and process the scene – the crime scene team conducts a thorough,
coordinated investigation of the scene, collecting all probative evidence.
Record and preserve evidence – an inventory log is created.
Conduct a secondary survey (review), as a quality control step.
Establish security – to control access, the scene may be cordoned off with
yellow crime scene tape.
63UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 1
B. Why are these steps necessary?
C. Explain the highlighted words.
Task 4 A. Match each crime with its definition.
Murder Manslaughter Kidnapping Assault
Theft (Am. larceny) Battery Robbery Forgery
Human trafficking Smuggling Hijacking Bribery
Money laundering Fraud Blackmail Counterfeiting
Killing of another through reckless or negligent conduct
Intentional act that causes a fear of imminent harm or offensive
touching
Theft of property or money where the offender uses physical force
or fear against a victim
Taking somebody away illegally and keep them as a prisoner,
especially in order to get money or something else for returning
them
Taking of a person’s property without their permission
Concealing the source of illegally obtained money
Trading human beings for forced labour, sexual exploitation, etc.
Using violence to take control over a vehicle/plane, etc.
Taking someone/something illegally across the border
Deceiving someone in order to induce him/her to give up posses-
sion of property or surrender a right
Manufacturing or distribution of goods under someone else’s
name, and without their permission
Giving money or something valuable to persuade someone to help
you
Killing someone deliberately
Demanding money or something else of value from a person by
the threat of exposing a criminal act or discreditable information
Unlawful or unauthorised application of force to another person
Making a fake document, changing of an existing document,
or making a signature without authorisation
64 English for border and coast guarding
B. Which are crimes against the person and which are crimes against property?
What other crimes do you know of?
C. Find the names of the criminals connected to each crime in Task 4 A and their
verb form.
e.g. murder — murderer — to murder
Task 5 A. Pair the words and phrases to form collocations.
involuntary
armed
identity
grand
sexual
internet
tax
statutory
domestic
first degree
theft
robbery
fraud
assault
manslaughter
rape
murder
blackmail
evasion
violence
B. What crime has been committed in these situations?
1. A stranger sees you drop your credit card and decides to pick it up and use it
to buy something.
2. The criminal purchased a passport from an accomplice and changed
the picture and the biographical data.
3. The facilitator demanded a considerable amount of money to help the African
family reach Italy.
4. The driver was texting on his mobile when the car started to go off the road.
While trying to get back on the road he hit another car. The driver of the other
vehicle passed away.
5. The man approached an old lady and threatening her with a knife he
demanded her wallet.
65UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2
Task 1 A. Underline the cross border-related crimes in the text and image below.
B. Translate them into your language.
The EU is increasingly a lucrative target for organised crime, which comes in
an almost endless variety of forms: drugs smuggled via South America, Africa
and Spain; counterfeit electronics from China; cloned and sub-standard
medicines from Pakistan; petrol and tobacco smuggled from Belarus or
Ukraine. Organised criminal gangs play an important and increasing role in
the smuggling of migrants, too, a trade that often feeds prostitution, forced
labour, even slavery.
Task 2 Listen to the news and answer the questions.
1. What crime was committed?
2. What punishment may the suspects receive?
3. How many people are missing?
[07]
UNIT 6 ⁄ PART 2
Crimes at the bordersSo
urc
e: 12
Sec
onds
to D
ecid
e, F
ron
tex,
20
14
66 English for border and coast guarding
Task 3 Choose the correct words in blue to complete the report.
The number of stolen cars detected in January at the border crossing point was 10 and increased
(1) slight / slightly to 12 units in February. There was a (2) sharp / sharply rise (3) to / by 17 in March
(4) due / led to the use of state-of-the-art technology. This was followed by a (5) slight / slightly fall
in April when the number of stolen cars detected by the border guards dropped to eight. The
thieves changed their modus operandi and this resulted (6) in / from a dramatic / dramatically fall
in May. But the national authority took the necessary measures and the number of detections
increased (7) steady / steadily to / by 4 cars a month throughout June, July and August until they
stood (8) in / at 5 in September.
The (9) dramatic / dramatically rise to 10 in October resulted (10) in / from the training of border
guards with the new system called Adesvet.
Task 4 Find one mistake in each sentence and correct it.
1. Refusals of entry in the neighbouring Member States increased at 7 % last
month.
2. The number of border guards employed between 2003 and 2007 remained
steadily.
3. Our poor performance last year was resulted to the low number of border
guards on duty.
4. There was a sharp increase on illegal entries detections the year before.
5. In an attempt to further reduce the number, the authorities refused
158 nationals at air borders, which was 10 % much than in 2009.
6. The first asylum wave started in December 2009, most targeting Belgium.
7. In comparison to 2013, detections of illegal border-crossing between BCPs in
2014 dropped of 21 % from 4 708 to 3 721 at the common and regional borders.
8. Stolen vehicles were regularly reported at the EU’s eastern borders, where
such cases detected on exit decreased by 313 in 2013 to 260 in 2014.
Task 5 Use the language in the two exercises above to describe the graph.
2%
83%
15%
71%
11%18%
Detections of illegal border-crossing in 2014, by gender and age of detected migrans
gender age
femalemaleunknown / not specified
adultminorunknown / not specified
67UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2
Task 6 A. How and why are vehicles stolen? Which authorities cooperate to detect
stolen vehicles?
B. Summarise each paragraph in maximum eight key words.
Vehicle crime experts from 20 EU countries gathered at Europol headquarters
on 11 and 12 September to work on ‘Operation Cycar’. This successful operation
resulted in 160 stolen vehicles being seized and 75 people arrested.
Officers coordinating the case at Europol were working from state-of-the-art
operations rooms supporting thousands of EU police, customs and border
guards involved in ‘Operation Cycar’. European law enforcement officers were
working at borders, ports, car dealers, back-street workshops and scrap-yards,
following up advertisements on the internet, investigating burglaries and
robberies in which high-value cars were stolen, and searching for the special-
ist criminal gangs that roam across Europe stealing high value vehicles.
The challenge for police, customs and border guard experts dealing with
international vehicle crime is to get answers quickly and to speak to experts in
partner countries that understand the tactics and tricks that disguise a stolen
car and, if understood fully, can reveal its original identity.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201304/20130409ATT64261/20130409ATT64261EN.pdf
There are some 250 million cars on the roads of Europe, about a quarter of all
the cars in the world. Of the 60 million new cars manufactured every year,
furthermore, almost a third are built in the EU. Europe has one of the highest
densities of vehicles per capita in the world; western Europe has the highest
proportion of ‘premier marque’ cars. As one of the most conspicuous – and
mobile – symbols of prosperity, cars have always been targeted by thieves.
Some 1.2 million of them, worth an estimated EUR 6 billion on the black
market, are stolen every year; and some 30 to 40 per cent of these vehicles are
stolen at order, by international criminal gangs.
Twelve Seconds to Decide, In Search of Excellence: Frontex and the Principle of ‘Best Practice’
C. Read the texts again and find words which mean:
confiscated harbours
break-ins criminal group
camouflage made
visible priced
68 English for border and coast guarding
Task 7 A. Listen about detections of stolen vehicles
and answer the questions.
1. Which authorities report on stolen vehicles?
2. What types and makes of vehicles are mostly
reported stolen?
3. What are the modi operandi mentioned in
the text?
4. How is this crime addressed in the EU?
[08]
B. Describe the picture in relation to the audio.
C. Explain the following words and phrases from the audio:
sales invoice
power of attorney
ownership
VIN
sticker
‘white-collar’ crime
69UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2
Task 8 A. Read the text and find words to name the pictures below.
The eastward expansion of the EU from 2004 gave international car thieves
vastly more opportunities. Europol statistics show the main destinations for
stolen cars in 2012 were Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Belarus. The main
route was the border between Poland and Ukraine, followed by the southern
route into the western Balkans. Although a third, new route, principally for
luxury cars, has opened up into North Africa from Spain, the clandestine
export of stolen vehicles is a crime detected chiefly at the eastern EU borders.
As car defence systems have grown more sophisticated, thieves have become
ever more technically adept at circumventing them. The thieves have devel-
oped software, easily deliverable through a laptop that can overcome the car
manufacturers’ immobilisers and encryption codes. Sophisticated skeleton
keys are readily available on the internet. It’s not like the old days when you
could break into a car with a coat hanger and hot-wire ignition with your
fingers.
The main technique for identifying a stolen vehicle at the border is surpris-
ingly old fashioned: it depends on the border guard ability to locate its unique
vehicle identification number from its engine block or chassis and match it
against existing databases of stolen vehicles.
Twelve Seconds to Decide, In Search of Excellence: Frontex and the Principle of ‘Best Practice’
1.
3.
2.
4.
70 English for border and coast guarding
B. Argue why it is difficult to detect and combat trafficking in stolen vehicles
at the borders. Offer solutions.
Task 9 Write a report on the detection and combatting of trafficking in stolen
vehicles at the borders, including main routes and destinations, techniques
used by thieves, techniques used by border guards to identify stolen vehicles.
You may use information from the previous exercise and other sources.
71UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2
Unit Outcomes
> List the characteristics of THB and migrant smuggling
> Describe ways to identify victims of THB
Migration and trafficking in human beings
unit 7
72 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. How serious is THB in the EU?
B. Where does it happen in the EU?
C. What are the causes of THB?
D. Why is THB a serious violation of human rights?
Task 2 Read the diagram below and explain the relation between trafficking in
human beings and migrant smuggling.
UNIT 7 ⁄ PART 1
Trafficking in human beings
trafficking in human beings
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons
actions
procurement of illegal entry or illegal residence
actions
for financial or other material gain
reasons
threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability or giving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person
means
prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs
purpose
migrant smugglingand related conduct
Ad
apte
d f
rom
: U
NO
DC
A S
hort
Intr
oduc
tion
to M
igra
nt S
mug
glin
g, 2
010
73UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 1
Task 3 A. In the diagram, find words that match the following definitions:
a. to hide and protect somebody;
b. the action of making somebody do something that they do not
want, using force or threatening to use force;
c. the act of deliberately making somebody believe that some-
thing is not true;
d. taking away of a person by persuasion, by fraud, or by open
force or violence,
e. a person’s behaviour in a particular place or in a particular
situation;
f. the act of receiving something;
g. taking, sending or bringing goods secretly and illegally into or
out of a country.
B. What other crimes are associated with trafficking in human beings and
migrants smuggling?
Smuggling Trafficking
Task 5 A. How do border guards identify victims of trafficking?
B. Why is victim identification important at the borders?
Task 4 These factors help distinguish between smuggling and trafficking.
Place them under the correct heading.
illegal entry / takes place within and across national borders /
implies international movement / use of coercion and/or deception /
voluntary act / involves exploitation / violation of rights /
ends when people reach their destination
74 English for border and coast guarding
Task 6 A. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What indicators can tell if a person is a victim of THB?
2. Why is it sometimes difficult to identify a victim based on indicators?
3. What other information can help you identify a victim?
The profile of the person in front of you might give a hint. You could also find
some indicators or material evidence. Finally, the interview could be conclu-
sive for your diagnosis.
An indicator is a signal that should attract the attention of the border guard,
a clue, a symptom that points to the presence or absence of a condition, in our
case, the fact that one or more persons could be involved in THB.
Indicators are basically what a textbook victim would look like. In reality,
however, you rarely get a textbook victim. Due to the victim’s experience
or the way he/she has been coached or told to act by the trafficker, the
victims may act just the opposite. For example, instead of looking timid and
withdrawn they may display signs of aggression. That is why we say that
0 + 0 + 0 = 1. Small pieces of meaningless information, when put together could
show you a very meaningful picture. More indicators will give greater certain-
ty but, in many cases, it will only be the small sign or quality that will strike
the experienced border guard and that may lead to a further investigation.
The general indicators for the identification of a potential victim are: be-
havioural, appearance, other indicators such as: no travel documents, limited,
unusual or no checked-in luggage or routed to another destination (as a decoy),
inability to aim personal milestones (date of birth, age), evidence of ritual
control practices, witchcraft, internet romances, grooming.
Anti-trafficking training for border guards, Frontex, 2012
B. Explain each indicator listed in the last paragraph
75UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2
Task 2 A. You are going to hear about some attempts to get to western Europe.
Fill in the text with the missing information.
Morgan is (1) years old and
was born in a West African country. Life at
home is hard because of (2) and
corruption. He left his home on January 1998.
He worked wherever he could, selling goods
and working as a barber. He was caught by
(3) on various occasions. Upon
arriving in North Africa, a friend told him
to go to the western side of a country in
North Africa where they could meet someone
who would help them get to the islands of
a (4) country. He gave the man
(5) euro. He took them out in
the open (5) where there were
more than 70 others waiting to go. As the boat
moved off they began singing gospel music to
keep (6) .
12 Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2012
B. Listen again and answer the questions about Morgan’s experience.
1. When was the boat intercepted?
2. What were the follow-up procedures?
3. What are the stages of Morgan’s first attempt to immigrate?
4. What risks did the migrants face on the boat?
5. Which were the results of the second attempt to immigrate?
6. Is this a case of human trafficking or migrant smuggling?
[09]
Task 1 A. Why do people migrate to other countries?
B. What is an irregular migrant?
C. Why do people get smuggled across borders?
UNIT 7 ⁄ PART 2
Migration and migrants smuggling
Traditional wooden fishing boats, here seen moored in Senegal – have been used for countless dangerous sea crossings to the Canary Islands
76 English for border and coast guarding
Task 3 Read the case study and answer the questions:
Alena is a 22-year-old young woman from Albania travelling by plane from
Belgrade, capital of Serbia, to London.
On arrival at Heathrow International Airport, she presents her Albanian
passport to the border guard in the first-line checkpoint. She confirms she
is travelling alone.
Her passport, a genuine biometric passport, does not have a visa for the
UK. She presents a valid return ticket for her departure, which is expected
in 2 weeks. She carries only EUR 150 in cash with her and no credit card.
Alena speaks very little English, and just keeps repeating ‘Tourist, tourist.
London, the Queen.’ Her luggage consists of a small handbag and her trolley
(carry-on baggage).
When informed by the border guard that her money is insufficient for a 2-week
stay as a tourist, she reacts very nervously and gives an anxious and scared
impression. The border guard notes large scars on her wrists.
The border guard explains that he regrets he is unable to allow Alena entry
into the United Kingdom with nothing more than EUR 150 for 2 weeks. Tears
are rolling down her cheeks when Alena pleads in Albanian that, as the border
guard understands, she simply must go to London and that she cannot in any
case return to Serbia or Albania.
Anti-trafficking training for border guards, Frontex, 2012
1. Is this a case of trafficking in human beings or smuggling?
2. What indicators (behavioural, appearance, others) do you consider in order to
identify Alena as a potential victim?
3. Discuss and formulate questions that you, as a border guard, would ask
the victim in order to find out whether or not she is a potential victim.
Task 4 Explain the underlined compound words in the texts of Task 2 and 3:
textbook
milestone
passport
checkpoint
biometric
handbag
Find other compounds starting with mile-, pass-, check-, bio-, hand-.
77UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2
Task 5 You are going to hear two people expressing the European Commission
and the UK government points of view on irregular migration.
A. Listen and tick the correct box.
[10]
Measures to support countries and assist irregular migrants (give examples)
Measures against irregular migrants (give examples)
European Commission
UK government
B. What did they say about:
asylum seekers
migrants
Hungary and Latvia
C. Read the sentences. Some words are different from those in the audio
recording. These change the original meaning. What is different and how does
it change the meaning?
1. The IOM said that 1 840 migrants had lost at sea while crossing the
Mediterranean.
2. By moving back a proposal that is already unpopular in many countries, the
Commission has exacerbated tensions.
3. Asylum seekers are often welcome in countries where there is little experience
of accepting newcomers.
4. The UK government intends to amend its immigration legislation to make it
more difficult to live in the county illegally.
5. Britain would continue to welcome the brightest and best migrants who want
to contribute to our economy and society and play with the rules.
78 English for border and coast guarding
Task 6 A. Match these headings to paragraphs a–d
below.
1. German–Turkish Police Break Smuggling
Ring
2. Shots Across the Evros
3. Frontex Patrol Makes Major Hash Haul
4. Hunger in the Horn
B. Explain the underlined phrases.
a.
Uncommon as it may sound; people-smugglers
are now using weapons to control their facilitation
activities at the external borders of the European
Union. On May 20, 2011, at the Greek–Turkish land
border, facilitators opened fired on a Joint Greek–
German patrol team just as they were closing in
to arrest the facilitators.
The facilitators managed to escape to the Turkish
side of the border but the incident raises serious
issues about security for guest officers or border
guards as well as their Greek hosts.
The Border Post, June 2011
b.
The United Nations says that 3.7 million people
across Somalia, or nearly half the population, are
in crisis and in urgent need of assistance.
According to estimates by the US, almost 30 000
children died of hunger in Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan
and Kenya in the first 3 months of a drought that
has seen some of the biggest movements of people
in modern times. The Dadaab refugee camp across
the Somali border in Kenya is now the largest in
the world with over 400 000 people seeking food
and refuge from a killer drought exacerbated by an
ongoing civil war that has left the country with-
out any effective government for the last 20 years.
In late July, the UN declared three new regions in
Somalia as famine zones raising the previous scope
of the disaster from two regions to five. ‘Despite
increased attention in recent weeks, current hu-
manitarian response remains inadequate, due in
part to ongoing access restrictions and difficulties
in scaling up emergency assistance programmes,
as well as funding gaps’
The Border Post, July/August 2011
c.
While search-and-rescue activities and the fight
against people smuggling remain the ever-present
priority of Frontex-coordinated patrols, so-called
‘parallel activities’ are also a common feature of
the work, and among them the drug trade is one
of the most important.
The Border Post, June 2011
d.
The Stuttgart bureau of Germany’s federal police
reported that they had broken up a people-smug-
gling ring with the arrest of 11 suspects. The
suspects are accused of facilitating the illegal
entry into the EU of as many as 2 000 migrants
over the last 3 years. The gang allegedly smuggled
the migrants in the false bottoms of truck, that
could hold up to 113 at a time, to Athens and then
on to Italy by ferry.
79UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2
C. Choose one case and explain the difficulties posed to law enforcement.
Task 7 A. Read the text about any day in Europe at the sea border and find words
that describe the following actions:
interviewing irregular migrants to discover their nationality
collecting information by interviewing migrants detected for
illegal border-crossings
the use of aircraft, surface craft (land or water), submarines,
specialised teams, and equipment to look for personnel in distress
on land or at sea
initiate or conduct a criminal proceedings against a criminal
As the Aegean sun sets over the mountains of
Lesvos, Captain Nikolas of the Greek Coast Guard
noses his patrol boat out of Mytilini harbour at the
start of another 12-hour shift. The boat is powered
by 3 000-horse-power engines and is capable of
44 knots; this feels like the start of another pleas-
ure trip, but it could not be more different. Some of
the people recovered during the previous patrol are
still to be found on the dockside: 30 migrants from,
mostly, Afghanistan, Syria and Somalia. They will
be screened by the authorities, with assistance
from experts from other member states, before
being transferred to the Greek police for debrief-
ing, again with support from a debriefing team
of Member State experts. At some points on its
320 km coastline, the island of Lesvos is just 8 km
from the Turkish coast, making it an attractive
proposition for the international people-smug-
gling industry.
The captain peers at the screen of the coastal patrol
vessel’s infrared scanning equipment, saying that
the smugglers are clever and highly organised,
forever varying the times and locations of their
crossing points, probing the coast guard’s weak
points. Apprehending these people in the coast
guard’s highest priority. The smugglers sometimes
ferry the migrants by speedboat all the way to
the Lesvos coast, before hurriedly disembarking
them and rushing back to Turkey. More often
though, they launch a rubber dinghy, put one of
the migrants in charge of the outboard, and point
it in the direction of Lesvos. In these cases, the
migrants are often given a knife and instructed
to puncture their own boat as soon as they know
they have been spotted by the coast guard: a way
of ensuring that when they are rescued, they are
logged as the beneficiaries of a search-and-rescue
operation, seen as a further guarantee that they
will be taken to a port in Greece.
Captain Nikolas has nothing but scorn for these
‘sinkers’. To a seaman, deliberately scuppering a
craft that is typically crammed full of women and
children is ‘the worst crime; they are even worse
than the facilitators.’ Changes to Greek law mean
the sinkers, as well as people-smugglers, can now
be prosecuted; the practice fell into decline as a
consequence, although it still happens.
Twelve Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2014
80 English for border and coast guarding
B. Now answer the questions:
1. What is the procedure in place for the migrants that are recovered by the sea
patrols?
2. What is the modus operandi of the smugglers on the Lesvos coast?
3. What types of migrants does Captain Nikolas deal with?
4. What are the difficulties that the coast guards are facing?
Task 8 Draft a strategy to deal with irregular migration at the borders of your
country. Include specifications related to:
> types of past and expected migrants;
> reasons for migration;
> modus operandi;
> detection and interception;
> referral to relevant authorities;
> prevention.
81UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2
Fundamental rights (FR)
Unit Outcomes
> Describe fundamental rights
> Name breaches of fundamental rights
> Explain how migrants’ fundamental rights are kept at the borders
> Name data protection risks at the borders and measures to minimise them
unit 8
82 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What are human rights and fundamental rights?
B. Why is it important to follow them?
C. Why do some people violate them?
UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1
Fundamental rights and migration
Task 2 A. Read the text and find words which mean:
a. the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect
b. the practice of inflicting severe pain on someone
c. the action of forbidding something, especially by law
d. the protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country
as a political refugee
e. the action of forcing someone to leave a country
f. a means of legal reparation
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union sets out rights
that are of particular relevance during border checks, the most important of
which are human dignity (Article 1); the prohibition of torture and inhuman
or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 4); the prohibition of traffick-
ing in human beings (Article 5); the right to liberty and security (Article 6);
the right to asylum and protection in the event of removal, expulsion or
extradition (Articles 18 and 19); non-discrimination (Article 21); the rights of
the child (Article 24); the right to good administration (Article 41); and the
right to an effective remedy (Article 47).
B. Now explain Article 19: what is the difference between removal, expulsion
and extradition? When are these words used?
83UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1
Task 3 Which rights are breached in the following cases?
Match the cases with the rights.
a. effective remedy
b. asylum
c. life
d. protection and preservation of personal data
e. fair trial
f. free movement
g. privacy
h. equality
1. Migrant wrongly shot and killed by the police
2. A woman who spent 6 months in prison without being charged
3. Refugee not able to return for fear of persecution, arrested by the police
4. Personal use relevant databases for conducting border checks whilst
ensuring the protection and preservation of personal data
5. Gay person with all necessary documents refused entry at the border
crossing point
6. Male refused promotion due to his religious beliefs
7. Surveillance camera recorded a garden children’s party which took place
in one of the houses near the border
8. Third country national prevented from lodging a complaint about
the conduct of the border check
Task 4 Discuss the following questions:
1. Who crosses the external
borders of the EU?
2. Why do people cross
the borders?
3. What do they all have
in common?
4. Why/how does the
border guard uphold
the rights of the people
who cross the border?
5. Why is this a difficult job?
6. What does this picture tell?
84 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. Read the title of the article on the next page and predict what the article
is about.
B. Now read the article and answer the questions.
1. What is the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?
2. What are the difficulties refugees are facing?
3. How do Europeans feel about refugees and what are the factors that influence
their behaviour?
4. What is ‘A Refugee for a Day’?
Task 7 A. Why are children vulnerable persons
at the borders?
B. How can their interests be kept
according to FR?
Task 6 Work in groups. Prepare and conduct a debate on immigration.
Group A you are in favour of immigration. Points you could consider:
> Do countries benefit from migration?
> How do immigrants contribute to society and economy?
(birth rate, jobs, migrants perform, etc.)
Group B you are against immigration. You may consider:
> The abuses immigrants commit;
> How they integrate into the society;
> Immigrants take the jobs away from locals;
> Their educational level is low.
85UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1
Refugees Teach Us a Lesson of Courage
For 364 days of the year, we are confronted with
the stories of humanitarian disaster and indi-
vidual suffering of some 10 million refugees and
27 million displaced persons in the world. However,
20 June carries a different agenda. World Refugee
Day is celebrated to honour and praise the courage,
resilience and hope that keeps refugees going.
Asif left Afghanistan in search of protection when
he was a mere 14 years old. On the long clandestine
journey outwards, he nearly suffocated while
hiding in trucks, and barely survived. Sick and
traumatized, he ended up in Belgium where he
received refugee status, found foster parents and
finished school. Today, he works as a car mechanic.
“I recently met a Belgian girl and we are getting
married soon,” he beams happily.
Azni is a widow from Chechnya who fled to Austria
with her three children. A teacher by profession,
she now works as a cleaning lady. “I know I will
never be a teacher again, but it does not matter.
We are safe here and all my children go to school.
I am proud of what we achieved.”
Being a refugee is a difficult fate. Refugees are
forced to leave their home and loved ones behind.
They survive dangerous journeys and have to brave
an asylum procedure that is complicated and
difficult to understand. Once granted protection
status, they still need to learn the language, find
accommodation and a job and carve their place
in society. Still, they manage. Europe abounds
with remarkable stories of refugees who have
successfully rebuilt their lives.
The past few years have seen an increased reluc-
tance of Europeans to welcome refugees. Misled
by some media and politicians, many EU citizens
tend to think that Europe is taking in more
refugees than any other countries. Figures prove
otherwise – in fact only 277,000 asylum-seekers,
or 2.7% of the world’s ten million refugees, came
to Europe in 2011.
Refugee stories tell of resilience in the face of
seemingly insurmountable problems. Yet the
personal strength of the refugees in question is
not enough.
“The world is creating displacement faster than
it is producing solutions,” High Commissioner
Antonio Guterres recently said at a book presenta-
tion in New York. More people are trapped in exile
over many years, unable to return home, settle
locally or move elsewhere, he said, calling for in-
ternational political solutions to refugee problems.
This year, a new application allows everyone
to become “A Refugee for a Day.” People can
demonstrate their solidarity by fleeing virtually
on Facebook (www.refugeeforaday.be).
Since the General Assembly of the United
Nations proclaimed 20 June World Refugee Day,
celebrations have become standard fixtures in all
countries.
Not only politicians use the opportunity to increase
the public’s understanding of refugees on 20 June.
Each year, UNHCR’s special envoy Angelina Jolie
delivers a media message that is broadcast by a
host of TV stations around the world.
In the large African and Asian camps, refugees
organize parties with music, dance and food. In
industrailised countries, refugees, together with
UNHCR, organize celebrations, cook traditional
meals and invite the local population to join in.
NGOs and UNHCR run awareness-raising cam-
paigns and the media publish special features on
refugees.
Year after year, World Refugee Day activities prove
that there is one powerful antidote to anti-refugee
sentiments: the personal encounter with refugees
who can teach us all how to overcome formidable
problems and rebuild lives.
The Border Post, June 2012
86 English for border and coast guarding
Task 8 A. Read about keeping the best interests of a child at the borders and match
the paragraphs 1–4 with their headings a–d.
a. Right to confidentiality b. Respect for the views of the child
c. Right to non-discrimination d. Right to information
1.
Child victims have the right to protection, whether
they are non-nationals, nationals or residents of
the country in which they find themselves. They
must be considered as children first and foremost.
Every child shall have, without discrimination of
any kind as to race, sex, language, religion, ethnic
or social origin, birth, or other status, including
immigration status, the right to such measures
of protection as are required by his or her status
as a minor.
2.
Child victims shall be provided with accessible
information regarding their situation and their
rights, including protection mechanisms, other
available services, and the processes of family re-
unification and/or repatriation. Information shall
be provided in a language that the child victim is
able to understand. Suitable interpreters shall be
provided whenever a child victim is questioned
or interviewed, or whenever she or he requests it.
3.
All necessary measures shall be taken to protect
the privacy and identity of child victims to ensure
the safety and security of the victim and his or
her family. The name, address and all other infor-
mation that could lead to the identification of the
child victim or his or her family members shall not
be revealed to the public or media. Exceptions may
be made in circumstances such as to facilitate the
tracing of family members or otherwise secure the
well-being and protection of the child, with the
informed consent of the child.
4.
A child victim who is capable of forming his or her
views has the right to express those views freely
in all matters affecting him or her. Respect for the
views of the child will be maintained in relation to
the legal process, interim care and protection, and
the identification and implementation of a dura-
ble solution, particularly in decisions concerning
the child’s possible return to the family, country
or region of origin.
http://www.unicef.org/protection/Unicef_Victims_Guidelines_en.pdf
B. Answer these questions in connection with the paragraphs above:
1. How are people discriminated against and why?
2. Name some protection mechanisms for child victims.
3. Why is the media not told information about child victims?
4. Name some culture-specific views children might have.
87UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1
Task 9 Investigate a child protection service in your country and their programme
for foreign (migrant, refugee) children. Write a note on how this programme
helps in keeping children’s fundamental rights, then present it to your
colleagues.
88 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What types of data may be vulnerable at
the borders?
B. Why and how should such data be protected?
C. Describe the picture considering how
personal data is made available to border guards.
UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2
Fundamental rights and data protection at the borders
Task 2 A. Read about interoperability at the borders and explain how the phrases in
bold refer to fundamental rights.
A report on migration, biometrics and smart borders published by the EU
Agency for Fundamental Rights is based on surveys among staff working at
consulates and visa applicants conducted in four countries: Algeria, Nigeria,
Thailand and Ukraine.
The report on interoperability shows the fundamental rights implications
of managing biometric data in large EU IT systems in areas of borders, visa
and asylum. Interoperability should not lead to the processing of more
data – biometric or alphanumeric – than necessary for the existing purposes
under the individual legal instruments and needs to respect the sensitivity of
biometric data, which require additional safeguards to be considered when
such data are processed. Technical solutions chosen must limit access
only for authorised purposes and to authorised staff and must provide for
automated deletion of data to comply with legally set retention times.
Interoperability involves both risks and opportunities for fundamental
rights. Receiving the full picture about a person contributes to better deci-
sion-making but, according to some experts, curtailing privacy by processing
large amounts of personal data, including biometric data, may affect
democracy and society since privacy is a value inherent to a liberal democratic
and pluralist society, and a cornerstone for the enjoyment of human and
civil rights.
http://www.eticasconsulting.com
89UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2
B. What is:
data processing
biometric and alphanumeric data
automated deletion of data
Task 3 A. Listen to some information about cross-border data transfers and
write True/False next to the following sentences.
1. Cross-border data transfers are prohibited in all cases.
2. Exemptions and derogations may allow data transfers.
3. A third country recipient may send data if the country ensures data
protection.
4. The purpose and duration of processing may allow the transfer or not.
5. A third country is never to become adequate jurisdiction.
B. Listen again and name the circumstances that may allow cross-border
data transfers.
[11]
Task 4 A. Check the new rights for individuals under the General Data Protection
Regulation and rank them in the order of importance. Explain your choice.
☐ The right to be informed ☐ The right of access
☐ The right to rectification ☐ The right to erasure
☐ The right to restrict processing ☐ The right to data portability
☐ The right to object ☐ Rights in relation to automated
decision-making and profiling
B. How do these rights impact on border guarding?
What happens if these rights are breached?
90 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. Check the diagram and
identify the various stages
where breaches of data
protection might occur.Live scanner
Passport verify
Verify
Sync
Collect Visa
Application
central server
Local server
Local server
Verify at border
check point
Airport
Exit / Entry
Emba
ssy
B. Now make a list of measures to address the breach of data protection at
the borders. Include:
> The type of data at risk
> The type of persons at risk
> Control and supervision
> Legal grounds for data protection
> Sanctions and remedies
Adapted from: http://www.m2sys.com/automated-fingerprint-identification-system-
afis-border-control-and-border-protection
91UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2
unit 9
Unit Outcomes
> Describe your national border and coast guard organisation
> Compare European border and coast guard agencies
> Explain Frontex’s mission
Border and coast guarding in Europe
92 English for border and coast guarding
UNIT 9 ⁄ PART 1
National and European border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What is the main challenge
for border guards?
B. Why are national border
police agencies different?
Task 2 Read the three texts about border police agencies.
A. Which agency or agencies:
1. is/are military?
2. is/are civilian?
3. is/are law enforcement authorities?
4. has/have Frontier Districts?
5. is/are organised on three levels?
6. has/have mounted police?
7. carries/carry out border surveillance
and border check missions?
8. has/have nationwide competency?
Lithuania – state border guard service
The Lithuanian State Border Guard Service (SBGS) is run by the Ministry of the
Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The Lithuanian border guards’ mission is to protect the
state’s land and sea borders and ensure their inviolability. In order to carry out this mission,
the SBGS is charged with border control (border surveillance and border checks) in Lithuania.
The protection of the state border of the Republic of Lithuania and the monitoring and control
of persons and vehicles crossing the state border is performed by seven SBGS Frontier Districts,
which are under the oversight of the SBGS Headquarters. The Lithuanian border guards
sometimes have challenging missions to face, as their border crosses not only land, but also
rivers, lakes and areas that pose surveillance difficulties. During the winter season, some
of sections of Lithuania’s border that are demarcated by river freeze over, in effect becoming
bridges, increasing the vulnerability of the respective border section. The cooperation between
Lithuanian law enforcement authorities is enhanced by state law provisions, and reinforced by
the EU’s aquis. (https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)
93UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1
Slovakia – bureau of border and alien police of the presidium of the police force
The Bureau of Border and Alien Police is a direct governing institution, under the
authority of the Presidium of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic. In order to provide an
effective and systematic protection of the state border in accordance with Schengen require-
ments and in order to improve the management of the Border and Alien Police Service, the
Bureau of the Border and Alien Police, with nationwide jurisdiction, was established on 1 April
2000. The Border and Alien Police is armed and serves to ensure the security of the state border
and to prevent illegal migration. The Bureau, which directly governs the organisational units
that are responsible for tasks related to the protection of the state border, border control, the
fight against illegal migration, ‘leave to remain’ permits for aliens, the inspection of aliens’
‘leave to remain’ permits, the expulsion of aliens, visa issuance and renewal, and, within given
boundaries, asylum proceedings and implementation of the Dublin Convention.
(https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)
Slovenia – police
Slovenia does not have an independent border police. According to Slovenian law,
the Slovenian police force are responsible for protecting the state border, carrying out border
checks and for the tasks specified in the Slovenian regulations for aliens. At state level, the
Border Police Division operates within the Uniformed Police Directorate. The Border Police
Division consists of three sections: the State Border Section performs tasks related to state
border crossings, and the protection of land and maritime state borders and airports; the
Illegal Migration and Aliens Section ensures the efficiency and effectiveness of police work in
relation to illegal migration and aliens; and the Compensatory Measures Section is involved in
international border police cooperation. At each Police Directorate, within the framework of
the Uniformed Police Sections, the tasks in the fields of state border control and regulations for
aliens are performed, respectively, by ‘Groups for State Border Control’ and ‘Inspectors for State
Border Control’. At local level, border checks at border crossing points are, as a rule, carried out
by specialised border police stations, while state border surveillance outside border crossing
points is conducted by general police stations, where groups for state border surveillance have
been established. Also significant for border affairs and immigration are the police stations
with police dog handlers and mounted police in Ljubljana and Maribor, the airport police
station at Brnik, and the maritime police station in Koper.
(https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)
94 English for border and coast guarding
B. Complete the following sentences with verbs taken from the texts in A.
1. During the Joint Operation ‘Poseidon Sea 2010’, many criminals were
brought to justice and successfully prosecuted; one such facilitator was
organising illegal migration and was sentenced to 32 years
in prison.
2. Lithuanian border guards and one-tenth of the
entire land border of the States to the Schengen Agreement, which runs for
1070 km.
3. Blue Border activities are not limited to surveillance and patrolling; any
criminal activity or breach of the law must be followed up until the perpetra-
tor is brought to justice, as this is the only way to an effective
protection of EU freedom and security.
4. In September 2010, the Frontex Situation Centre (FSC) inaugurated its
Operation Room, which contains some of the most advanced technological
tools and is meant to the capabilities related to data processing,
information exchange, situation monitoring and crisis management.
5. The main duty performed by guest officers at the Blue Border is surveillance;
the main task is to unauthorised border crossings, counter
cross-border criminality, and take measures against those who have illegally
crossed a border.
6. Currently the e-Borders system checks 90 per cent of flights from outside the
EU and up to 60 per cent of those from within the EU to terrorist
threats, spot organised criminals, stop immigration abuse and catch fugitives
from justice.
7. The European Patrol Network (EPN) as a platform for exchange
of expertise between operational practitioners in the maritime law enforce-
ment area.
8. When Greece requested the deployment of Rapid Border Intervention
Teams (RABITs) in October 2010, Frontex’s emergency response mechanism
deployment of various profiles and functions and border
guards assigned as screening experts, debriefing experts, supporting officers,
minibus drivers, thermo-vision van crews, team leaders, duty officers and
contingent leaders.
9. The Specialised Unit for State Border Control, which tightened
and pre-designed target controls for the prevention, detection and investi-
gation of cross-border crime, illegal migration, drug smuggling, weapons,
ammunition, stolen vehicles, as well as the use of forged and
stolen documents.
95UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1
Task 3 Describe your national border police agency and its functions.
Write notes, then make a short presentation for your class.
Task 4 A. Which European agencies in the field of law enforcement do you know?
B. What do you know about the ones below?
96 English for border and coast guarding
Task 5 A. What is national and international cooperation?
B. How do national authorities cooperate with border guards?
C. How do international organisations cooperate with border guards?
Task 6 A. Read about international cooperation between Member States and
relevant organisations and find words that collocate with:
matters services investigation
officers agreements deliveries
Cooperation is the only way to ensure a holistic response to cross-border crime. Cooperation
and partnership with different stakeholders support prevention, prosecution and protection.
For border guards, this means, at least, cooperation with other national and international law
enforcement services, as well as with NGOs. International cooperation in criminal matters is an
essential prerequisite to combating cross-border crime. It can be very challenging and requires
knowledge, planning and awareness of the practical issues at stake in both the requested and
requesting state. Different forms of international cooperation include:
– cooperation for the purposes of confiscation to deprive offenders of criminal assets;
– the exchange of information and cooperation in conducting inquiries;
– joint investigations;
– the posting of liaison officers to facilitate cooperation with a host government’s law enforce-
ment officers during the course of criminal investigations;
– bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements;
– cooperation with Interpol, Europol and/or Eurojust;
– intelligence development;
– activities, such as controlled deliveries, surveillance and communications interceptions.
Adapted from Anti-Trafficking Training for Border Guards, Frontex, 2012
B. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
1. With whom do border guards cooperate?
2. Knowledge and planning are required for whom?
3. Who helps cooperation between border guards and law enforcement?
4. With which European and international bodies do border guards cooperate?
97UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1
Task 7 Study the diagram and explain the process of cross-border cooperation
between law enforcement agencies.
Organisation AEU Member State
(e.g. France)
Organisation BEUROPOL
Organisation CEU Member State
(e.g. Italy)
Requests
documents
relevant as part
of a crime
investigation
Review request
and request
document
approval from
originating state
Receive
requested
documents
Review feedback
from Organisation C
and inform requestor
Review request
and approve / reject
dissemination of
document
process start
process end
98 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. What is Frontex? Why is it important?
B. With which agencies does Frontex cooperate and why?
Task 2 A. Read the text which describes the main tasks carried out by Frontex
and match headings 1–10 with paragraphs a–j.
UNIT 9 ⁄ PART 2
Frontex
a. Coast Guard Functions
b. Combatting cross-border crime
c. Cooperation with non-EU countries and international organisations
d. Operations
e. Research and Innovation
f. Respect for fundamental rights
g. Returns
h. Risk analysis and vulnerability assessment
i. Situation Monitoring
j. Training
1. The agency collects data on the situation at and beyond Europe's external borders. The data is used to identify trends in irregular migration and patterns in cross-border crime. The agency conducts annual stress tests to assess the ability of each EU member state to face challenges at their external borders.
2. The agency deploys border and coast guard officers along with vessels, aircraft, helicopters and other equipment to assist countries requiring support at their borders. In emergency situations it can quickly deploy border and coast guard officers from the rapid reaction pool of at least 1 500 officers.
3. The agency assists the member states in the return of migrants who are ineligible to stay in the EU. The decision as to who should be returned remains the exclusive responsibility of the national authorities of the EU member states. A pool of monitors, escorts and return special-ists will be created. The agency may also play a role in the organisation of voluntary departures.
4. The agency enables swift data exchange between border authorities of EU member states, the European Commission and other agencies. It provides situation and crisis monitoring, delivering early alerts and updates about the events at the external borders. To assist in this task, the agency deploys liaison officers to the individual member states.
5. The agency supports the cooperation of law enforcement authorities, EU agencies and customs at maritime borders. Vessels and aircraft deployed in its operations also collect and share information relevant to fisheries control, detection of pollution and compliance with maritime regulations.
6. The agency develops cooperation and signs working ar-rangements with non-EU countries and international organisations to exchange information about trends in migration and cross-border crime and provides assistance in capacity building. The agency can carry out operations on the territory of non-EU countries neighbouring at least one participating member state, if it requires assistance due tohigh migratory pressure.
7. The agency focuses on preventing smuggling, human trafficking and terrorism as well as other forms of cross-border crimes. The agency shares intelligence gathered at the borders on persons suspected of involvement in criminal activities with national authorities and European agencies.
8. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency facilitates cooperation between border control authorities, research and industry. The agency assists the member states and the European Commission in identifying key border security technologies and draws up and implements the EU framework programmes for research and innovation activities in the border security area.
9. The agency develops harmonised curricula and training standards for border guards in all EU countries. It conducts various courses to share knowledge and best practices, including capacity building programmes in non-EU countries. The agency delivers training on integrated border management and the coast guard functions to border and coast guards across the EU. It also trains experts who will carry out vulnerability assessments.
10. Respect for fundamental rights is at the heart of all activities undertaken by the agency. Complaint mechanism – Any person who has been directly affected by the actions of staff involved in an activity of the agency can submit a written complaint regarding possible violations of his/her fundamental rights.
99UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 2
B. Find in the text words that mean:
Able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt,
influenced or attacked.
A general development or change in a situation.
Analysis of the ability of a Member State to manage challenges
at the external borders.
To move people or equipment to a place.
Not allowed to do or have something, according to particular rules.
Happening or moving quickly, or within a short time.
Development and strengthening of human and institutional
resources.
Speaking to people in other organisations in order to work with
them and exchange information.
Task 3 A. Listen to a description of Frontex ‘Operation Triton’ and fill in the gaps
in the summary below with the missing words.
1. EU member states with to the sea rescue ships and migrants.
2. Italy is helped by ‘Operation Triton’ and its and vessels.
3. MRCC (maritime rescue coordination centre) coordinated
operations by sending vessels to the rescue.
4. Migrants in distress were given food, water and medical .
5. The Italian police identified the migrants, who may apply for .
6. Frontex collected about people smuggling networks.
B. Describe these ‘Operation Triton’ snapshots.
[12]
100 English for border and coast guarding
Task 4 Access https://frontex.europa.eu/ and read the latest news release.
Write a summary of the news, including the most relevant information.
Present the news to the class.
Task 5 Read the text below and answer the questions. By choosing the answer a, b or c.
Frontex leads international operation against organised crime
at EU’s land borders
In 2017, Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency led an interna-
tional operation focused on fighting cross-border crime and disrupting people
smuggling networks in the Western Balkans and at selected border crossing
points at the EU’s eastern land border.
The two-week-long operation was co-led by Hungary and carried out in the
second half of June 2017 in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia and Slovenia. Several countries deployed liaison officers to a coor-
dination centre set up by Frontex at the police headquarters in Szeged, a city
in southern Hungary near the Serbian border, to coordinate their activities.
Europol and Interpol granted direct access to their databases, shared expertise
on stolen vehicles and analysis of gathered intelligence.
As a result, national police apprehended seven people smugglers, detected
546 irregular migrants and 667 people without valid travel documents. They
also identified 24 stolen vehicles. In the course of this operation, smuggled
cigarettes, alcohol and drugs were detected, along with illegal weapons and
ammunition. The intelligence collected will help to launch investigations of
people suspected of involvement in migrant smuggling.
Known as Joint Action Day (JAD) Danube II, the operation was coordinated
by Frontex under the umbrella of the European Multidisciplinary Platform
against Criminal Threats (EMPACT). Danube II is one of many joint action days
taking place this year, which collectively are called ‘Operation Dragon 2017’.
They bring together Member State police forces, European agencies (Frontex
and Europol), as well as Interpol, in the fight against organised crime.
In Danube II, participating organisations worked together to gather intel-
ligence on people smuggling networks and enhance cooperation between
authorities involved in the fight against cross-border crime, especially people
smuggling and stolen property.
101UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 2
1. What was the focus of the international operation?
a. Fighting international crime and trafficking networks.
b. Fighting cross-border crime and people smuggling networks.
c. Fighting crime and smuggling.
2. What did several countries deploy to coordinate the activities?
a. Seconded national experts.
b. Guest officers.
c. Liaison officers.
3. What was detected during this operation?
a. Alcohol, illegal weapons, smuggled cigarettes, drugs.
b. Smuggled cigarettes, trafficked children, drugs.
c. Illegal weapons, drugs, ammunition.
4. What will the authorities do with the collected intelligence?
a. Prosecute criminals.
b. Launch investigations.
c. Make arrests.
5. What was the aim of the participating organisations in Danube II?
a. To dismantle people smuggling networks.
b. To gather intelligence and enhance cooperation.
c. To test the response capability.
102 English for border and coast guarding
103UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 2
Unit Outcomes
> Make formal and informal work-related telephone calls
> Acknowledge the roles of interviews, briefings and debriefings.
> Write formal emails and letters of motivation
UNIT 10
Communication skills for border and coast guards
104 English for border and coast guarding
Task 1 A. How long do you spend on the phone at work every day?
B. Who do you speak to and what you speak about?
C. Do you make telephone calls in English?
UNIT 10 ⁄ PART 1
Spoken interaction
Task 2 Listen to a telephone conversation. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1. Maria Smith is calling with regard to the detection of a biometric
passport with the photograph altered.
2. The person that arrived at the BPC was a Ukrainian national with Dutch
citizenship.
3. He was travelling towards Italy.
4. He arrived at dawn and he was driving a black 5 series BMW.
5. A copy of the registration documents was sent by email.
Task 3 Read the telephone conversation and find the phrases that mean:
can I help you?
not here
now
when will she come back?
why do you want to talk to her?
private thing
how can he contact you?
when she comes back
[13]
105UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 1
Receptionist: Good Afternoon, Helmut Schneider, how may I help you?
Caller: Yes, I would like to speak to Clara Meyer, please.
Receptionist: I’m sorry, Clara is out of the office at the moment.
Caller: Do you know when to expect her?
Receptionist: She should be back about 3:00. Would you like to leave a message?
Caller: Yes. My name is Lisa Schulze.
Receptionist: Is that S-C-H-U-L-Z-E?
Caller: Yes, thank you.
Receptionist: Okay, and may I tell her what this is in regard to?
Caller: Well, it’s a rather personal matter…
Receptionist: That’s okay. How can she reach you, Ms Meyer?
Caller: At 435-777.
Receptionist: 435-777. Fine. I will give her the message as soon as she returns.
Caller: Thank you very much.
Receptionist: You are welcome. Goodbye.
Task 4 Complete the conversation.
Ana: Good morning, General’s office. This is Ana Ionescu speaking.
Toma: Good morning Ana. This is Colonel Toma from the Coast Guard Division.
Can you (1) the Commander, please?
Ana: (2) sir, but the Commander is in a meeting right now with the heads
of units.
Toma: I’ve got some important news. Do you think I (3) interrupt them?
Ana: I’ll see if he can (4) , sir.
Ana: (5) , sir and I’ll call him on the private line.
Commander: General Popa speaking.
Ana: Sir, colonel Toma from the Coast Guard Division is on line two, he has
something urgent to discuss with you. Can you take this call or do you want
me to ask him to (6) ?
Commander: (7) , we have finished our meeting. Did he say
what his news was?
Ana: Yes sir. He said he would like to inform you that we have a request to deploy
the ship Stefan Cel Mare to Italy within joint maritime operation Aeneas.
(8) to you now, sir?
General: Yes, go ahead.
Task 5 Listen to a voice mail message about the planning of a future operational
activity and complete the notes.
Subject
Resources
Preparations
Timing
Expected developments
[14]
106 English for border and coast guarding
Task 6 Briefings, debriefings and interviews
1. What is an interview?
2. When is it used in border and coast guarding?
Task 7 A. Arrange the stages of an interview in chronological order:
clarify and challenge (open- and closed-ended questions)
free recall (active listening, no interruptions)
summary (closure).
Justify your answer.
B. Match the key elements of a successful interview with their descriptions.
contact content conduct credibility control
How the interviewer is perceived
Directing the flow of the interview (keeping the interviewee on
track)
The way the content is dealt with
Establishing rapport (relation) and setting out aims and objectives
for the interview
Finding out facts using appropriate questioning strategies
107UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 1
Task 8 A. Read the descriptions and decide which paragraph refers to briefings or
debriefings in the context of Frontex operations.
Collecting information by interviewing migrants detected for
illegal border crossings must be conducted with the consent of the
migrant being interviewed on a voluntary basis, built on trust and
confidentiality. The information collected is processed and turned
into intelligence for further analysis and will then contribute to
decisions concerning operational responses.
Participants to a joint operation will receive it during the first days
of the deployment in accordance with the respective chapter of the
Operational Plan. This integrates core elements of an induction
training in order to guarantee best preparation in the right time
to all deployed staff. It is composed of two parts: a general and a
national one.
B. What information is expected to get from migrants?
C. What would general and national briefings contain?
108 English for border and coast guarding
Task 9 A. Read the case study and write a list of questions you might need to use to
collect operational information from Gheorghe during a briefing.
Gheorghe is 35-years old and lives in the capital of an eastern European
country. He has been without a job for several years. He has already gone
to western Europe looking for a job three times. Twice he was apprehended
when crossing a border and sent back. Another time he managed to enter the
envisaged destination country in western Europe irregularly and worked there
for one and a half years. Then he returned to his country. In 2000, since his
savings from his time in the western European country were running out, he
decided to leave his country again. He obtained a visa for the neighbouring
country and travelled to its capital by bus. From there, he travelled by bus to
the border with a central European country, which he crossed on foot without
any assistance. Gheorghe could not find any work in that country and decided
to go to another country in western Europe. Fearing that it was too dangerous
to attempt to enter the neighbouring country illegally on his own, Gheorghe
decided to enlist the services of a smuggler. After a few days of searching, he
met a fellow citizen who assured him that he knew the border area very well.
He paid a fee of approximately USD 150 to the smuggler. The smuggler drove
him close to the border and guided him over the border on foot. Immediately
after crossing the border, he was apprehended by a border police patrol while
the smuggler managed to escape.
UNODC A short introduction to migrant smuggling, 2010
B. Use your list of questions in a role play with a partner standing in for
Gheorghe.
109UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 2
Task 1 A. When do you write and receive emails in your
line of work/study?
B. How are these emails different from your
personal emails?
UNIT 10 ⁄ PART 2
Written interaction
Task 2 A. Read the emails and write the appropriate subject line for each of them.
Subject:
Dear Chief Superintendent Brenner,
We regret to inform you that we cannot meet the deadline of 15 September.
Due to the difficulties presented by leave periods we are unable to finish the
report on risk analysis at the eastern borders. We would be grateful if you
could extend the deadline to 25 September. Thank you in advance for your
understanding.
Yours sincerely,
Inspector H. Schneider
Subject:
Dear colleagues,
During our last meeting in Warsaw it was decided that the next meeting of
the working group on Code of Conduct for Joint Return Operations would
take place in Rome. I would like to propose the dates 20 through 25 November
(inclusive) for this meeting.
I would be grateful if experts from Member States could please let me know
ASAP whether these dates are acceptable.
Attached you will find the draft for the final chapter. I would be grateful if you
could send me your comments one week before the meeting.
Best regards,
Alexander S.
Project manager
110 English for border and coast guarding
Subject:
Dear colleagues,
I am now in the position to confirm the final dates of the European Workshop
‘How to write EU official documents in English’ which will be held in Berlin on
8 and 9 December.
Attached you will find the agenda of the workshop and the registration form.
It would be appreciated if you could register by 25 November.
Best regards,
Louise Clark
B. Find words or phrases in the emails that mean:
the last date by which the task must be completed;
a group of people who analyse a problem and make
recommendations;
a first or preliminary form of any document that can be changed
before it is finished.
C. Read the emails again. Underline the expressions the writers use to:
1. suggest a time and place for the meeting;
2. give bad news;
3. request an extension to a deadline;
4. refer to attachments;
5. suggest that something is urgent.
Task 3 What do the following acronyms and abbreviations stand for?
When are they used?
FYI ASAP
AKA BFN
BTW RE
Task 4 Study the structure of emails below. Choose one line from each box,
writing to:
a. a new younger colleague;
b. the head of unit who used to be your colleague;
c. a guest officer who you have not met personally;
d. a colleague from another department who is also your friend.
111UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 2
Subject line Be short and give specific details about the content
Salutation Dear Sir/Madam (when you don’t know the name)
Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms (when you know the name)
Dear Inspector Reymonds
Dear Tom (less formal when you have had contact before)
Hi/Hello Tom (informal, between colleagues)
Tom (informal used in short messages)
Opening sentence I am writing to
I am writing in response to
Just a quick note to (informal)
Conclusion I am looking forward to your reply
I am looking forward to hearing from you
Hope to hear from you soon (informal)
Close Yours sincerely (if you began with Dear + name)
Yours faithfully (if you began the mail with Dear Madam/Sir)
Best regards / wishes / Kind regards
All the best / Best (informal)
Tom / Rebecca / T. (name or only initials when used between colleagues)
Task 5 You would like to apply for a Master’s programme and you have seen an
advertisement about a Master’s in Strategic Border Management.
A. Read the advertisement overleaf and complete the indirect questions.
Start as prompted:
How can I access the programme?
Could you tell me
Do I need a level test in English?
Please let me know
What requirements do prospective students have to fulfil?
Could you tell me
When will the admission take place?
I would like to know
Who covers the costs related to enrolment fees, travel expenses, accommodation
and meals?
Would you mind telling me
What award will be given to students upon graduation?
I would be grateful if you could tell me
112 English for border and coast guarding
B. Write an email to [email protected] asking for further
information. Use the answers in A.
Border guard leaders will now have the chance to study together, to learn from each other and to share best practices through quality education leading to an internationally recognised Master’s degree.
> Integrated strategic and intelligence-driven approach to border management;
> Our teachers are academics and experienced operational officers from all across the EU;
> Flexible learning paradigm that uses a blended learning approach including e-learning solutions;
> Duration: 18 months while students study in different institutions with their peers in the classroom 1 week per module;
> Students come from national border guard organisations;
> The programme consists of three stages: stage 1 and 2 contain the taught component of the programme; stage 3 is the keystone experience, the dissertation;
> 10 modules with individual learning, contact week and experiential learning.
113UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 2
Task 6 A. What branch of border guarding are you currently employed in/would you
like to work in?
B. What personal qualities and professional background (education and
experience) make you fit for this job?
C. What new skills will you need to advance in this line of work?
Task 7 Select one of the courses below you would like to attend and write a letter of
motivation (200–250 words)
Behaviour analysis
One-year training course in general
behaviour analysis with a special focus
on profiling at the border. The training
uses a combined empirical and theoretical
method that is often quite challenging
for the trainee. The course is held at ILEA
(International Law Enforcement Academy)
in Budapest by instructors coming from
several agencies all over Europe.
Falsified Document Detection
Frontex provides a specialist course of
2 weeks’ intensive training aimed at expe-
rienced second line officers and ‘third-line’
document experts, who are then expected
to act as knowledge multipliers at their
place of work.
Language training:
focusing on operational needs and
related terminology
Training for practitioners at airports:
basic and advanced level are designed in
order to reach a large number of border
guards working at airports and to enhance
their English knowledge as required for
performing daily tasks as well as during
Frontex-coordinated joint operations at
airports. The 2-week course is organised by
Frontex and will be held in Warsaw.
114 English for border and coast guarding
115UNIT 10 ⁄ Part 2
Revision tests
116 English for border and coast guarding
REVISION TEST I
I Circle the correct answer a, b, c or d.
1. The activity carried out at the border crossing points, to ensure that all per-
sons, including their means of transport and the objects in their possession,
may be authorised to enter the territory of the Member States or authorised to
leave it refers to .
a. border control b. border surveillance
c. border check d. border regulation
2. Blue border activities are not limited to surveillance and ; any criminal
activity or of the law must be followed up until the perpetrator is brought
to justice.
a. searching/violation b. seizing/non-compliance
` c. checks/break d. patrolling/breach
3. During joint operations many criminals are brought to justice and prosecuted;
one such facilitator was organising illegal migration.
a. sentenced with b. charged with
c. performing d. carried out
4. The daily work begins each morning with a of the situation in the past
24 hours.
a. description b. report
c. briefing d. information
5. Means of shall be assessed in accordance with the duration and the of
the stay and by average prices in the MSs concerned for board and lodging in
budget accomodation, multiplied by the number of days stayed.
a. subsistence/purpose b. living/objective
c. existence/aim d. financing/intention
6. All persons shall be subjected to a in order to establish their identities on
the basis of the production or presentation of their travel document.
a. minimum check b. short control
c. line control d. minimal search
7. Border guard officers work at border points and the line of green border.
a. entry b. surveillance
c. crossing d. checking
8. Member States facing increasing immigration pressure could ask Frontex to
either a joint operation or to a RABIT in those places under the most
severe pressure.
a. start/administer b. commence/develop
c. initiate/appoint d. launch/deploy
117REVISION TEST I
9. All persons shall a minimum check in order to establish their identities
on the basis of the production or presentation of their travel documents.
a. undergo b. carry out
c. perform d. undertake
10. Border is in the interest not only of the Schengen Member State at whose
external borders is carried out, but of all MS that have it at their internal
borders.
a. control/abolished b. surveillance/excluded
c. check/abolished d. patrolling/eradicated
II Choose the correct variant:
BGs work at the border (1) and the line of the green border.
Connected with those two areas are also the two basic tasks BG is required
to fulfil: protection of the state borders and border traffic control.
The (2) of travellers is not just a simple procedure of checking
documents. The officer also checks whether the traveller has a (3)
for the country of final destination and (4) ones (if they are required).
The BG has to establish whether the foreigner entering Romania has sufficient
funds to cover the costs of his/her stay; whether or not he/she is on the list of
(5) people or if the law enforcement agencies or the justice depart-
ment do not (6) .
For motorised travellers the BG checks whether he/she has a (7)
driving licence, insurance and legal documents; whether the vehicle has not
been stolen or whether it is in good condition for safe travel. The officer also
has to check the (8) section in case of a hiding place for concealing
smuggled goods.
The BG has the duty to combat illegal trasportation of narcotics, weapons,
(9) , explosive materials, toxic waste, chemicals and radioactive
materials. Detailed baggage (10) , using X-ray equipment is standard
practice within airports.
1. a. crossing points b. exit points c. passing points d. crossed points
2. a. clearing b. endorsement c. clearance d. approval
3. a. stamp b. visa c. permit d. means of subsistence
4. a. transit b. tresspassing c. crossing d. transportation
5. a. unwanted b. stateless c. undesirable d. admissable
6. a. check b. apprehend c. caution d. pursue
7. a. secure b. valid c. issued d. confirmed
8. a. trunk b. shipping c. luggage d. cargo
9. a. amunition b. ammunition c. munition d. extinction
10. a. inspection b. investigation c. control d. surveillance
118 English for border and coast guarding
III Read about asylum procedures. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.
There is one letter which you do not need to use.
A. Checks within territory
B. Conduct of border checks
C. Joint control
D. Border control
E. Border surveillance
F. Border guard
1.
This activity comprises not only checks on persons at border crossing points and
surveillance between these border crossing points, but also an analysis of the
risks for internal security and analysis of the threats that may affect the security
of external borders. It is therefore necessary to lay down the conditions, criteria
and detailed rules governing checks at border crossing points and surveillance.
2.
Any public official assigned, in accordance with national law, to a border crossing
point or along the border or the immediate vicinity of that border who carries out,
in accordance with this regulation and national law border control tasks.
3.
Border guards shall, in the performance of their duties, fully respect human
dignity. Any measures taken in the performance of their duties shall be propor-
tionate to the objectives pursued by such measures. While carrying out border
checks, border guards shall not discriminate against persons on grounds of sex,
racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.
4.
The main purpose shall be to prevent unauthorised border crossings, to counter
cross-border criminality and to take measures against persons who have crossed
the border illegally. The border guards shall use stationary or mobile units. It shall
be carried out in such a way as to prevent and discourage persons from circum-
venting the checks at border crossing points by border guards whose numbers and
methods shall be adapted to existing or foreseen risks and threats.
5.
Member States which do not apply Article 20 to their common land borders
may, up to the date of application of that article, perform common control at
their common borders, in which case a person may be stopped only once for the
purpose of carrying out entry and exit checks, without prejudice to the individual
responsibility of Member States arising from Articles 6 to 13. To that end, Member
States may conclude bilateral arrangements between themselves.
119REVISION TEST I
IV Read the text and answer the questions. Use no more than eight words.
The Challenges of the Rapid Pool
When Greece requested the deployment of rapid border intervention teams
(RABITs) in October 2010, Frontex’s emergency response mechanism was acti-
vated for the first time. Frontex sent to Member States a call to activate experts
at border surveillance at external land borders, due to the operational area and
objectives. Two hundred border guards from 26 Member States were deployed
on short notice to the Greek–Turkish land border. The next 5 months required
the solidarity of Member States to ensure that a daily average of 170 border
guards were successfully integrated into Greek border management structures.
The RABIT Operation 2010 required the deployment of various profiles and
functions. Apart from the core competencies identified in the applicable
Management Board Decision, border guards were also assigned as screening
experts, debriefing experts, Frontex supporting officers, minibus drivers,
thermo-vision van crews, team leaders, duty officers and contingent leaders.
The tremendous logistical efforts necessary to organise accommodation and
transportation in the operational area required the additional inclusion of
‘deployment support officers’, who assisted Frontex staff in an office especially
established to coordinate and organise the deployed operational resources.
1. What kind of experts were deployed when Frontex activated for the first time
its emergency response mechanism?
2. How many Member States participated in operation RABIT?
3. How much time was needed to integrate the deployed border guards into
Greek border structures?
4. Name three profiles that were deployed in RABIT Operation 2010.
5. Who was assigned to aid Frontex staff in the office that coordinated and
organised the operational resources?
120 English for border and coast guarding
REVISION TEST I I
I Choose the correct variant:
1. The variety of forms of exploitation makes it difficult to use for victims of
trafficking at borders.
a. profiling b. e-fits
c. first line control d. detection devices
2. In cases where victims of human trafficking are foreign or ,
law enforcement officers may often assume that they are migrants,
not victims of a crime.
a. undocumented/irregular b. smugglers/illegal
c. domestic/irregular d. stateless/illegal
3. Frontex Situation Centre contains one of the most advanced technological
tools and is meant to improve the related to data , information
exchange, situation monitoring and crisis management.
a. capabilities/processing b. facilities/dealing
c. endowment/manipulation d. skill/flow
4. Under EU law, common rules exist for EU Member States regarding the of
short-term visas and the implementation of border control and border
activities.
a. issuance/surveillance b. enforcing/check
c. implementation/supervision d. issue/patrol
5. Under EU law, entry are entered into a database called the Schengen
Information System.
a. interdictions b. detections
c. bans d. breaches
6. The permits are issued by a MS according to the uniform format laid down
by the Council Regulation 1030/2002.
a. stay b. visa
c. entry d. residence
7. Persons for whom an alert has been issued for the purposes of refusing
means any for whom an alert has been issued in the SIS in accordance
with and for the purposes laid down in Article 96 of the Schengen Convention.
a. entrance/stateless person b. entry/third country national
c. stay/alien d. residence/offender
121REVISION TEST II
8. Without prejudice to the exceptions provided for in paragraph 2 or to their
international protection obligations, Member States shall introduce ,
in accordance with their national law, for the unauthorised of external
borders at places other than border crossing points or at times other than the
fixed opening hours.
a. punishments/passage b. provisions/trespassing
c. penalties/crossing d. breaches/entry
9. Means of shall be assessed in accordance with the duration and the of
the stay and by average prices in the MSs concerned for board and lodging in
budget accommodation, multiplied by the number of days stayed.
a. subsistence/purpose b. living/objective
c. existence/aim d. financing/intention
10. The clearance of travellers is not just a simple procedure of checking docu-
ments to see if they permit the to cross the border.
a. issuer b. holder
c. owned d. defendant
II Choose the correct variant:
A UK biometric residence permit is a (1) .which holds: your biographic details
(your name, and your date and place of (2) ); and your ‘biometric information’
(fingerprints and (3) image). It also shows your immigration status and your
(4) while you are in the UK. If you apply to (5) your leave to remain or apply
for (6) leave to remain, you will be required to enrol your biometrics as part
of the (7) process. You cannot apply for a biometric residence permit unless
you are applying to extend your (8) in one of the qualifying categories. When
you apply to extend your stay in the UK in one of these categories, you will use
your application (9) to apply to extend your stay and to apply for a biometric
residence permit. You will also need to enrol your biometric information with
us. For more information about your responsibilities as a (10) of a biometric
residence permit (including what to do if anything happens to your permit),
see the Permit holders’ responsibilities page.
1. a. paper b. card c. device d. ID
2. a. birth b. residence c. stay d. work
3. a. profile b. side c. facial d. front
4. a. rights b. entitlements c. benefits d. gains
5. a. limit b. restrain c. double d. extend
6. a. define b. definition c. definite d. indefinite
7. a. application b. enrolment c. subscription d. seeking
8. a. stand b. stay c. sit d. stop
9. a. register b. record c. form d. letter
10. a. keeper b. possessor c. repository d. holder
122 English for border and coast guarding
III Read about legal institutions. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.
There is one letter which you do not need to use.
A. Earnings and benefits
B. Working requirements
C. Training requirements
D. Drug testing
E. Border police duties
F. Employment outlook
1.
Border patrol agents often work outdoors along international borders. They may
be sent on temporary assignments on short notice and be permanently reassigned
to any duty location. They are required to be proficient in the use of and carry
firearms. Agents work 40 hours a week, usually in rotating shifts, plus overtime.
Agents are subject to random drug testing.
2.
New agents may be promoted after a probationary period lasting about 6 months.
They may be promoted again at the end of their third year of service. Some agents
advance to supervisory positions or transfer to other jobs in immigration and
naturalisation. Because the number of people entering the country illegally is
increasing, opportunities for border patrol agents many increase as well.
3.
Border patrol agents make sure that laws are observed when goods or people enter
the United States. One of their chief tasks is covert surveillance along the border.
They also conduct traffic and transportation checks at ports of entry; arrest aliens
who live in this country illegally.
4.
In 2004 the average wage for experienced agents was USD 55 000 per year. All
agents received Administratively Uncontrollable Overtime based on the number of
unscheduled hours of overtime worked each week. Agents receive paid vacations;
health, long-term care, and life insurance; pensions; and other benefits given to
federal employees.
5.
Applicants, younger than 37-years old, need a college degree in order to be allowed
to pass written examinations that assess their logical reasoning and ability to
speak a foreign language. After passing the examinations, applicants undergo in-
depth interviews that evaluate their interpersonal skills. Prospective agents must
undergo drug tests, medical screenings, and comprehensive background checks.
123REVISION TEST II
IV Read the text and answer the questions using no more than eight words
US border agents in Washington arrested a Canadian fugitive suspected of
shooting to death three fellow security guards and wounding a fourth in a
bloody armoured-car robbery at the University of Alberta in Edmonton on
Friday. Travis Brandon Baumgartner, 21, an employee of G4S Cash Solutions
Ltd, was taken into custody while trying to cross into the United States in his
pickup truck at the port of entry in Lynden, Washington, Edmonton police
said. The arrest of Baumgartner, wanted on Canada-wide warrants charging
him with three counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted
murder, capped a 36-hour manhunt, police said. Although Baumgartner had
been considered armed and dangerous while on the run, no firearm was found
in the suspect’s possession when he was arrested.
But authorities did find an undisclosed sum of money in his truck at
the border, the Border Police spokesman said, adding that he expected
Baumgartner to be returned to Edmonton to face charges on Saturday night
or Sunday morning. He said no extradition proceedings were necessary since
Baumgartner was caught at the border.
1. What crime was the runaway arrested for?
2. Where did the suspect enter US?
3. What was Baumgartner charged with?
and
4. What did authorities find in the suspect’s possession?
5. Why wasn’t Baumgartner submitted to extradition proceedings?
124 English for border and coast guarding
REVISION TEST I I I
I Fill in the text with words from the box.
record flows indications toll unprecedented
occurrence displaced triggered hub comprehensive
border surpassed response assist
The Mediterranean Migration Crisis
Faced with a migration crisis in the Mediterranean, Europe is struggling to assist
people in need while securing its borders.
Increased international attention has recently been paid to the ongoing and esca-
lating irregular migration crisis in the Mediterranean Sea. The combined death
(1) of more than 1 200 migrants in a series of shipwreck disasters
occurring in mid-April 2015 largely (2) this current upsurge in
attention to the situation. Among these incidents was the worst single shipwreck
tragedy on (3) , involving the death of an estimated 800 migrants.
While by no means a new phenomenon, the number of sub-Saharan African and
Middle Eastern migrants travelling across the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe
– along with the associated death toll – is (4) in scale. The complexity
of these migration (5) is challenging current frameworks, and
Europe is struggling to develop a (6) architecture that balances
efforts to (7) persons in need with efforts to secure its borders.
The number of irregular migrant arrivals to Europe in 2014 (8) the
previous record seen in 2011, when a wave of immigration followed the revolu-
tionary struggles of the media-named ‘Arab Spring’. There are many
(9) that 2015 will see the highest number of migrants in the
Mediterranean yet.
Given its geographic position as the (10) between Europe, Africa, and
Asia, the Mediterranean is particularly sensitive to the world’s highest numbers
of refugees and internally (11) persons since World War II. A joint
policy brief presented by the European University Institute’s Migration Policy
Centre highlighted the fact that the Mediterranean Sea is the most dangerous
(12) between countries that are not at war with each other. The
existence of this level of mass migration without the (13) of conven-
tionally understood state versus state warfare presents significant challenges for
state-led (14) mechanisms.
125REVISION TEST III
II Read the text and answer the questions using no more than five words.
Europe’s asylum seekers
Syria’s brutal civil war is pushing a new wave of migrants towards Europe.
Their numbers have surged, but many asylum seekers in Europe have also
fled the conflicts and turmoil in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Horn of Africa.
European governments are struggling to co-ordinate their response to the
influx. Large movements of migrants from country to country quickly fuel
suspicions that some politicians are trying to shift the burden onto their
neighbours.
Greece and Italy – major entry points for migrants – say there must be more
burden-sharing in the EU, especially as they have been hit hard by the euro
area crisis. Migrants continue to board overcrowded, rickety boats, risking
their lives. The recent deaths of hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean
highlighted their plight. Asylum is granted to those who say they are fleeing
persecution and who can convince the authorities that they would face harm
or even death if they were to be sent back.
Nearly a quarter of asylum applications in the EU are handled by Germany.
France is the second biggest destination for asylum seekers. But often English-
speaking migrants head for the UK, which is home to large communities from
Pakistan, Somalia and Middle Eastern countries. Among the asylum seekers
from Russia there are many Chechens, whose homeland was devastated by
war between separatist rebels and Russian troops.
The asylum seekers from Serbia include many Roma and ethnic Albanians,
who complain of discrimination in Serbia.
In the developed world the US is the top destination for asylum seekers, but
Germany and France are second and third. Sweden, with a much smaller
population, is fourth, ahead of the UK.
1. What is the cause that generated the flow of migrants?
2. What are the countries from where migrants enter Europe?
3. On what ground may asylum be granted?
4. Where do the communities from Pakistan, Somalia and the Middle East settle?
5. What are the first three destination countries for asylum seekers?
126 English for border and coast guarding
III Read about the guiding principles a BG has to apply when dealing with
potential victims of trafficking. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.
There is one letter which you do not need to use.
A. Consider any preconceptions and prejudices
B. Stay objective, do not judge
C. Place victim and her/his rights at the centre
D. Listen actively and responsively
E. Do not harm
F. Ensure safety, protection and assistance
1.
Due attention must be given to ensure that measures taken by border guards
do not affect the rights granted under international and regional legislation, in
particular when it comes to refugees and asylum seekers, unaccompanied and
separate children and other vulnerable groups.
2.
Given the extreme risk associated with trafficking, the fragile state of many of
its victims and the potential for increased trauma, each individual and situation
should be treated as if the potential for harm is significant until there is evidence
to the contrary.
3.
Before and while speaking with a potential victim of trafficking it is essential to
make sure that the person feels safe and secure. No substantive dialogue can take
place if the person feels ill at ease. As soon as possible, the person should be asked
whether they are in need of medical attention.
4.
Try to have a good contact with the potential victim – this may lead to success in
further investigation bringing the trafficker/facilitator to justice and granting the
rights of victims. Active listening means fully concentrating on the person who is
speaking and what they are saying, and acknowledging that what is being said is
heard and understood.
5.
Potentially trafficked persons must feel that what they say is not being scru-
tinised for its veracity. Similarly, it is important to keep in mind that trafficked
persons have real reasons not to trust others, to mislead and dissemble and alter
their version of the past.
127REVISION TEST III
Key to revision tests
128 English for border and coast guarding
Test I I
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A
II
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A
III
1. Border control
2. Border Guard
3. Conduct of Border Checks
4. Border Surveillance
5. Joint Control
IV
1. Experts in border surveillance at external borders
2. 26
3. 5 months
4. Screening experts, debriefing experts, supporting officers, team leaders,
duty-officers, contingent leaders, thermo-vision van crews
5. Support officers
Test II I
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. B
II
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D
6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D
III
1. B 2. F 3. E 4. A 5. C
IV
1. (a bloody armoured car) robbery,
2. (at the port of entry) in Lynden, (Washington)
3. (three counts of) first degree murder and (one count of) attempted murder
4. (an undisclosed sum of) money
5. he was caught at the border
129Key to revision tests
Test III I
1. Toll
2. Triggered
3. Record
4. Unprecedented
5. Flows
6. Comprehensive
7. Assist
8. Surpass
9. Indications
10. Hub
11. Displaced
12. Border
13. Occurrence
14. Response
II
1. Civil war
2. Greece and Italy
3. Persecution
4. UK
5. US; Germany and France
III
1. C 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. B
130 English for border and coast guarding
131Key to revision tests
Glossary
132 English for border and coast guarding
Advanced passenger information (API)
A system that requires all airlines to provide
passenger passport information prior to
departure of any inbound or outbound
flights to ensure safety and security
Agency A business or organization
providing a particular service on behalf
of another business, person, or group
Agenda A plan of things to be done
or problems to be addressed
Alert Warn (someone) of a danger or problem
Alert Quick to notice any unusual
and potentially dangerous or difficult
circumstances; vigilant
Alien From a foreign country
Alleged Said, without proof, to
have taken place or to have a specified
illegal or undesirable quality
Alter Change
Applicant A person who makes
a formal application for something
Application A formal request to be
considered for a position or to be allowed
to do or have something, submitted to
an authority, institution, or organisation
Apprehend Arrest (someone) for a crime
Apprehension Seizure by legal actions
Appropriate Suitable or proper
in the circumstances
Assets A useful or valuable thing
Assignment A task or piece of work
that someone is given to do
Assist Help
Assistance Help provided to someone
Asylum The protection granted by
a state to someone who has left their
home country as a political refugee
Attempt An effort to achieve
or complete something
Average Calculated by adding several
amounts together, finding a total and dividing
the total by the number of amounts
Awareness Knowledge or perception
of a situation or fact
Backup One that serves as
a substitute or support
Bail The temporary release of a prisoner in
exchange for security given for the prisoner's
appearance at a later hearing
Ban Officially or legally
prohibit (e.g. entry ban)
Biodata page Page in a passport with
biographical data (name, date of birth,
passport number, expiration date)
Blended (learning) An education
program (formal or non-formal) that
combines online digital media with
traditional classroom methods
Board Get on or into (a ship,
aircraft or other vehicle)
Bona fide Genuine, real or legal
(e.g. bona fide traveller)
Breach Breaking or failing to observe
a law, agreement or code of conduct
Breach An act of breaking or failing to
observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct
Breeder document National documents
like driving licence, birth certificate
and student enrolment documents
used to generate successive instances
of fraudulent documentation
Briefing Short information session
on the operational situation
Bring to justice Arrest someone for a crime
and ensure that they are tried in court
Bypass Circumvent or avoid something
(e.g. bypass the border control)
133Glossary
Cancel Annul or revoke (e.g. cancel a visa)
Capability Power or ability to do something
Cargo Goods carried in a ship or plane
Carrier A natural or legal person who
provides transport of persons
Carry out Do and complete a task
Carve Cut (a hard material) in order to
produce an object, design, or inscription
Charge Formally accuse (someone) of
something, especially an offence under law
Check Examine someone or
something to see if it is correct, safe or
acceptable (e.g. document check)
Circumvent Avoid something, illegally
Clandestine Kept secret or done
secretively, especially because illicit
Coach An expert who trains someone
in learning or improving a skill
Coercion The action or practice of
persuading someone to do something
by using force or threats
Cohort A group of people/objects
with a shared characteristic
Collate Collect and combine
(texts, information or data)
Commence Begin something
Commodity Product that can
be traded, bought or sold
Commuter A person who travels some
distance to work on a regular basis
Compensatory Intended to recompense
someone who has experienced
loss, suffering, or injury
Complement Add something
in a way that improves
Conceal Prevent (something) from
being known; keep secret, hidden
Conclusive Having or likely to have
the effect of proving a case; decisive
Conspicuous Attracting notice or attention
Contingent Dependent on
Counterfeit Made in imitation so as to be
passed off fraudulently or deceptively as genuine
Cover A thick protective outer part or page
Covert Not openly acknowledged or
displayed (e.g. covert border surveillance)
Covert Not openly shown
Criminalise Turn (an activity) into
a criminal offence by making it illegal
Cross-border Movement or activity
across borders (e.g. cross-border crime)
Custody Imprisonment, detention
Customary law Established by or based on
custom rather than common law or statute
Debriefing Collecting information
by interviewing migrants detected
for illegal border-crossings
Deception Causing (someone) to
believe something that is not true,
especially for personal gain.
Depart Leave a place
Deploy Move units or equipment
for a law enforcement action
Deployment The movement of troops or
equipment to a place or position for action
Deprive Prevent a person from
having or using something
Descend on Arrive and begin to
affect somebody/something
Detection The process of discovering, finding
Detention Being kept in custody
Dinghy Small inflatable rubber boat
Dinghy A small boat for recreation or racing
Disembark Leave a ship, aircraft, or train
Disguise Altering one's appearance
to conceal one's identity.
134 English for border and coast guarding
Displaced Force (someone) to leave
their home, typically because of war,
persecution, or natural disaster.
(in) Distress The state of a ship or aircraft
when in danger or difficulty and needing help
Division A major section of
an organization, with responsibility
for a particular area of activity
Draft A preliminary version of
a piece of writing; a plan
Encode Convert into a coded form
Endangered At risk of no longer
existing (e.g. endangered species)
Enroll Officially register as a member of
an institution or a student on a course
Evidence Information drawn from personal
testimony, a document, or a material object,
used to establish facts in a legal investigation
or admissible as testimony in a law court.
Exceed Greater than a particular
number or amount
Exempt from Free from an obligation
or liability (e.g. exempt from taxes)
Expulsion The action of forcing someone
to leave an organisation / a place
Extradition The action of handing over
(a person accused or convicted of a crime)
to the jurisdiction of the foreign state
in which the crime was committed
Facilitator A person helping migrants
to illegally cross the border
Fake Not genuine; imitation or counterfeit
Famine Extreme scarcity of food
Fingerprint An impression or mark made on
a surface by a person’s fingertip, able to be used
for identifying individuals from the unique
pattern of whorls and lines on the fingertips
Flee Run away from a place
or situation of danger
Forecast Say that something
will happen in the future
Forgery Imitation of a document,
signature, banknote, or work of art
Forgery The crime of falsely and fraudulently
making or altering a document
Fraudulent Obtained, done by or involving
deception, especially criminal deception
Fugitive A person who has escaped
from captivity or is in hiding.
Genuine Authentic
Getaway Escape
Grand theft The crime of unlawful
taking of another's property or money
over a statutorily defined value, as
distinguished from petty (or petit) theft
Grant Give (a right, power, property, etc.)
formally or legally to
Harbouring Shelter or hide
Hazard A danger or risk
Headquarter Have the main offices of
an organisation in a particular place
Holder Owner of something (e.g. of a passport)
Hotspot A place of significant
activity, danger or violence
Hub Central and most important
part of a particular place
Inflict Cause (something unpleasant or
painful) to be suffered by someone or something
Insurmountable Too great to be overcome
Intercept Obstruct (someone or
something) so as to prevent them
from continuing to a destination.
Interoperability The ability of
information systems to operate in
conjunction with each other
135Glossary
Invalidate Make something no longer
legally or officially valid or acceptable
Inviolability Security from destruction,
violence or infringement
Irregular Contrary to the rules or to that which
is normal or established (e.g. irregular migrants)
Issue Supply or distribute
(something) for use or sale
Joint (operation) Shared, held, or
made by two or more people together
Jurisdiction The authority that
an official organisation has to make legal
decisions about somebody/something
Lane Section of a wide road, marked
by painted white lines or tape to
keep lines of traffic separate
Layer A sheet, quantity or
thickness of material, typically one
of several, covering a surface
Legitimate Allowed and acceptable
according to the law
Liaison officer Person who is employed to
form a working relationship between two
organisations to their mutual benefit
Lodge Present (a complaint, appeal, claim,
etc.) formally to the proper authorities
Log book A book containing the official
record of trips made by a ship or aircraft;
a document listing the registration,
manufacture, ownership and previous
owners, etc. of a motor vehicle
Lookout A careful looking or watching
Lucrative Producing a great deal of profit
Magnifying glass A lens that produces
an enlarged image, typically set in
a frame with a handle and used to
examine small or finely detailed things
such as fingerprints and fine print
Manned Equipment that has human crew
Memorandum A usually brief communication
written for inter-office circulation
Milestone A significant stage or event
in the development of something
Misappropriate Take somebody else’s
money or property for yourself, especially
when they have trusted you to take care of it
Mislead Cause (someone) to have
a wrong idea or impression
Modus operandi A particular way
or method of doing something.
Mounted Riding an animal, typically
a horse, especially for military or other duty
National Citizen of a country
Neighbouring Next to or very near another
place; adjacent (e.g. neighbouring countries)
Network Group of people who
exchange information and contacts
for professional or social purposes
Outwards Away from the centre or
a particular point; towards the outside
Overcrowded Fill (accommodation or
a space) beyond what is usual or comfortable
Pattern A particular way in which
something is done, organised or happens
Permit An official document giving
someone authorisation to do something
Perpetrator Person who carries out
a harmful, illegal or immoral act.
Persecution Hostility and ill-treatment,
especially because of race or political
or religious beliefs; oppression
Premises The building or buildings and
surrounding land that a business owns or uses
Prerequisite Required as a prior condition
136 English for border and coast guarding
Proceedings Action taken in
a court to settle a dispute
Profiling The act of suspecting or
targeting a person on the basis of
observed characteristics or behaviour
Prohibit Stop something from being
done or used, especially by law
Prohibition The action of forbidding
something, especially by law
Prosecute Institute or conduct legal
proceedings against (a person or organisation)
Prosecute Initiate or conduct a criminal
proceedings against a criminal
Prospective Expected or expecting to
be the specified thing in the future
Provision A condition or requirement
in a legal document.
Provisional Put into circulation
temporarily, usually owing to
the unavailability of the definitive issue
Puncture A small hole in a tyre
resulting in an escape of air
Quota Fixed share of something
that a person or group is entitled to
receive or is bound to contribute
Reasonable Acceptable and appropriate
in a particular situation
Receipt The action of receiving something
or the fact of its being received
Reception The process of receiving
something (e.g. a group of migrants)
Referral An act of referring someone
or something for consultation,
review, or further action
Register Enter one's name and other
details on an official list or directory
Regulate Control (something,
especially a business activity) by
means of rules and regulations
Reluctance Unwillingness or
disinclination to do something
Remedy A means of legal reparation
Remote A place situated far from
the main centres of population; distant
Removal The forcing of individuals or
communities to leave their place of residence
Resemble To be like or similar to
Resilience The capacity to recover
quickly from difficulties; toughness
Restraint Keeping someone or
something under control
Safeguard Protect something/
somebody from loss, harm or damage
Sanitation Conditions relating to public
health, especially the provision of clean
drinking water and adequate sewage disposal
Scrap A small piece or amount of
something, especially one that is left over
after the greater part has been used
Scrap-yard A place where scrap is collected
before being recycled or discarded.
Screening Interviewing irregular
migrants to discover their nationality
Scrutiny Careful and thorough examination
Scupper A hole in a ship's side to carry
water overboard from the deck
Seaman Person who works as a sailor,
especially one below the rank of officer
Seaman A person who works as a sailor,
especially one below the rank of officer
Second-line check A further check that
may be carried out away from the location at
which all persons are checked (first line)
Seize Take possession of (something)
by warrant or legal right
Seize Take forcible possession of something
137Glossary
Shift Each of two or more recurring
periods in which different groups of
workers do the same jobs in relay
Skill Ability to do something well; expertise
Smuggler A person who moves goods
illegally into or out of a country
Spot See, notice or recognise someone
or something that is difficult to detect
or that one is searching for
Spot A particular place or point
Stakeholders A person with an interest or
concern in something, especially a business
Stamp An instrument for stamping
a pattern or mark, in particular
an engraved or inked block or die
Stealth (Chiefly of aircraft) designed in
accordance with technology that makes
detection by radar or sonar difficult
Strip A long, narrow area of land
Subsistence The state of having just
enough money or food to stay alive
(e.g. means of subsistence)
Superintendent A police officer
ranking above a chief inspector
Supply Provide with something
needed or wanted
Survey Investigate the opinions or experience
of (a group of people) by asking them questions
Swift Happening quickly or
promptly (e.g. swift reply)
Tackle Make determined efforts to deal
with (a problem or difficult task)
Tamper Interfere with (something) in order to
cause damage or make unauthorised alterations
Target Person, object or place
selected as the aim of an attack
Tenant A person in possession of
real property by any right or title
Third-country Not a member of the EU
(e.g. third-country national)
Thorough Doing something with great
attention to detail (e.g. through checking)
Tighten Make more secure
Tournament A sports competition
involving a number of teams or players
who take part in different games
Track Follow the trail or movements
of someone or something, typically in
order to find them or note their course
Trail Follow (a person or animal) by
using marks or scent left behind
Trainee A person undergoing training
for a particular job or profession
Treacherous Presenting hidden
or unpredictable dangers
Trend A general direction in which
something is developing or changing
Trial A formal examination of evidence by
a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide
guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings
Unadulterated Something that is
genuine (e.g. a document)
Undergo Experience a process
(e.g. undergo border control)
Undocumented Not recorded in
or proved by documents
138 English for border and coast guarding
139Glossary
Listening scripts
140 English for border and coast guarding
Listening [01] More and faster: The RABITs
1. Intervention teams
Border crises tend to develop quickly. The ability
to respond to them is very important, therefore
the rapid border intervention teams, known as
RABITs, were established. They were first put to
the test on the Greek-Turkish land border in 2010
at a time when the Greek authorities were being
overwhelmed by the large number of illegal bor-
der crossings. The Greeks needed assistance and
turned to the EU for help. In response to the Greek
request, Frontex was requested to deploy RABITs
from 26 European countries in what became Joint
Operation Poseidon Land. The specialisations of
the officers deployed were varied and included
expertise in detecting false documents, experience
of the first- and second-line border control and
stolen-vehicle detection. They brought with them
items of specialist equipment such as thermo-vi-
sion vans (TVVs), helicopters and patrol vehicles,
as well as general logistical and administrative
support including buses, vans and mobile offices.
Operation RABIT worked: control at the border was
restored and all arriving migrants were processed
and recorded in line with procedures.
2. Joint Operation Poseidon
While performing their daily tasks the coastguard
patrols off Lesvos were assisted by a thermo-vi-
sion van deployed via Frontex, but belonging
to and manned by the Slovenian border service.
Stationed for 8 hours each night on the cliffs above
Lepetimnos, overlooking an 8 km stretch of sea
between Greece and Turkey, the van’s roof-mount-
ed infrared cameras were capable of picking out a
dinghy long before it had reached EU waters; the
heat signature-spotting ability of this technology
has the added advantage that it is unaffected by
fog. The crew of the Slovene TVV, one of 12 for-
merly used to patrol the land border with Croatia,
recalled how they drove the vehicle all the way to
Lesvos from Ljubljana. The TVVs look like ordinary
transit vans when their cameras are packed away,
yet they cost as much as 500 000 euros each. The
greatest challenge that their work presented was
staying alert throughout the long nights.
Listening [02] Fair play at the borders
Passion and pride. Close to a million people are
descending on Poland and Ukraine for the Euro
2012 football championship. The air, rail and road
borders are busier than ever. Arriving fans might
be surprised to see their fellow countrymen and
women policing the crossing points alongside
the Polish authorities. These officers are being
deployed by Frontex, the EU agency tasked with
coordinating border controls, as part of the Euro
Cup 2012 operation, and this is helping the Polish
and Ukrainian authorities.
‘We are prepared for the risk and we are supporting
and complementing the security at the borders
managed by these authorities’ said a spokesman.
Frontex operations are based on risk analysis. First
of all the unit identifies and assesses the security
risks at the EU border. A joint operation is then
designed to address these risks. EU Member States
offer expert staff and technical equipment and
Frontex manages their deployment in the field.
The challenge is to maintain the security of the ex-
ternal border while ensuring the speedy passage of
bona fide travellers and fans. ‘The main focus would
be on those Border Crossing Points where there is
a risk of abuse by people trying to enter illegally,
without creating delays at the controls. At these lo-
cations the concept is to have a common ‘one-stop
control’. The Polish authorities remain in charge
and they have reintroduced passport checks at the
country's Schengen borders for the duration of the
tournament. The co-hosted competition challeng-
es the EU’s passport-free Schengen border. Over
one hundred Frontex officers are deployed in nine
locations: at Poland’s land borders with Ukraine,
Belarus and Russia. There are Frontex officers at
141Listening
five Ukrainian airports, at Warsaw airport and
there are Ukrainian observers stationed at six hub
European airports. Those controls are helping to
speed up the flow of traffic at major border crossing
points like Medica. Polish and Frontex officers are
making simultaneous passport checks alongside
their Ukrainian counterparts, thereby speeding up
the process. Special ‘green lanes’ have been set up
for football fans to enable them to bypass the usual
traffic. ‘People are reminded to choose the correct
lane, approximately 2 or 3 km before the border so
that any delay for them will be as short as possible
because, of course, the border check is mandatory
because they are leaving the EU’.
Listening [03] Eurosur
European border control has changed. In the past,
border guards were only responsible for their
own national frontiers. With the creation of the
Schengen area all Member States have joint re-
sponsibility for Europe’s borders. That is why they
need to cooperate and share information to tackle
cross-border crimes such as people smuggling.
The new tool to help achieve this is the European
border surveillance system, known as Eurosur.
Eurosur lets border authorities know what is hap-
pening at all the external borders. Each Member
State has its own national coordination centre
that integrates the work of the various national
border authorities, like this one in Rome. ‘We have
already identified the principal benefits and there
will be others in the future. In Italy, the civilian
and military activities have been integrated. In
this centre, the state police, Carabinieri, Guardia
di Finanza, along with the navy and coast guard,
work together on a daily basis. They respect each
other’s powers but they all strive to manage irreg-
ular migration and cross-border crime, as well as
to contribute to saving human life at sea. These
are the objectives of Eurosur.’
Here they monitor border activity and collect
information about what is happening on Italy’s
external borders. If they spot an unidentified
vessel that might be carrying migrants they can
take action and, most importantly, migrants
travelling on overloaded or unseaworthy vessels
can be saved. Information about the vessel can
also be shared with centres in other countries,
helping to decide on the proper response. In the
past, national centres did not have an infrastruc-
ture for sharing information. Eurosur connects
these centres to each other and to Frontex, the EU
border agency. Frontex builds and manages the
communication network in addition to sharing
information about what is happening at the ex-
ternal borders. Frontex provides different services
free of charge to the Member States. ‘Frontex
fusion services’ is all about innovative and smart
technology. We are applying this in order to
contribute to the three objectives of Eurosur, the
first of which is to increase situational awareness,
so we need to know what is taking place; secondly,
by doing this we can contribute to improving
reaction capability; thirdly we want to save more
lives. This is possible through agreements that
Frontex already has with organisations like the
Maritime Safety Agency or the European Union
Satellite Centre. Using radar equipment mounted
on satellites, the vessel detection service can help
officers to spot large vessels at sea that may be
overloaded with migrants. Precise weather fore-
casts help to model the boats likely location by the
time the coast guards will be able to reach it. The
service also collates historical data to have a better
idea of which areas of the sea to scan. It’s called
the ‘Situational Awareness Centre’ and it helps
border guards to detect unidentified contacts that
would previously have gone unnoticed. Frontex
also uses information from national centres to
prepare a situational picture for the whole of
Europe’s external border. Analysts look for pat-
terns in the data to indicate potential risks. If a
specific border area is declared a high-risk area,
Member States can ask for assistance once they
have exhausted their own resources. In today’s
Europe all countries share responsibility for
tackling cross-border crime and preventing loss
of life at the external borders. Eurosur provides
them with a common tool with which to do that
more efficiently and effectively.
142 English for border and coast guarding
Listening [04]
Travel-document fraud allows migrants in an
irregular or undocumented situation to enter
the territory of a Member State and to move
freely within the EU. Between 2009 and 2010
there was a 12 % increase in the fraudulent use of
travel documents to enter the EU. A third of all
fraudulent travel documents were forged pass-
ports. At the EU level there was a trend towards
the abuse of authentic passports and ID cards
and forged residence permits and visas. A quarter
of detections come from nationals from only
5 countries – Turkey, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Ukraine
and Morocco. Most nationalities travelled with
forged passports issued by their own countries.
Around three quarters of all detections on entry
were at the external air border, where the majority
of detections were of passports. However, there is
a trend towards using fraudulent visas and those
that still used passports increasingly forged the
biopage or used them as impostors. Most travelers
embarked from their own countries but the most
common point for embarkation was Turkey, with
14 % of detections on entry at the air border, mostly
nationals from Turkey but also from Iran and Iraq.
Recommendations generated by these analyses
include the standardization of EU definitions
and data collection to facilitate regular updates
to the European Document-Fraud Database. Such
updates will allow systematic analyses and alerts
at the EU level and more targeted support for first-
line officers. Given the trend towards visa abuse,
there is also a clear need to develop and support
issuance processes, data collection, information
sharing and analyses.
Listening [05]
1. CJ 136 ABT 3. ABX 330 5. TTO 941
2. IS 16 TTX 4. NA 104 V 6. VGMKS 66
Listening [06]
1
C1: C1 to Radio
Radio: Go ahead C1
Radio: broadcast a stop and detain alert on a black BMW 530, Lithuanian
registration number GBO 398. The vehicle entered the Kybartai Border Crossing
Point arriving from the Russian Federation. The driver stopped at border control
but as soon as the police officer approached the vehicle, the driver accelerated
and, breaking the barrier, headed twards Kaunas.
C1: have you checked the details of the owner of the vehicle?
Radio: the vehicle is registered to Alessandro Proverbio but we have no idea who
was driving the car
C1: be on standby. All units will be alerted.
143Listening
2
• Good Morning. Is this the Cenad Contact Centre?
• Yes, it is sir, how can I help you?
• This is Colonel Oleksandr Azarov from the Ukrainian State Border Guard
Service. I am calling from the Porubne border crossing point in order to check
a vehicle registered in Hungary.
• What is the registration number of the vehicle sir?
• It is KHD 116. The vehicle is a silver Mercedes-Benz Actros equipped with an
OM 501 LA-541 engine.
• Please wait for a moment…
• The Hungarian vehicle registration database indicates that this plate is
actually assigned to a blue Mercedes-Benz Actros registered to BKV Logistics.
That vehicle should actually be travelling from Budapest to Vienna as we speak.
It seems that the one you have there might be stolen.
• We will need to take a closer look I think. I will fax you copies of the registra-
tion documents so that I can attach your written reply to the official paperwork.
• We will wait for your fax Colonel …
3
• This is Surveillance 1 to Command and Control
• Command and Control, receiving. Go ahead S1
• We have spotted a white Sprinter van that has just stopped very close to
the river bank. Would you please run a check on its registration number?
• Go ahead
• Its B 23 CAN — a 3.5 tonnes Mercedes Sprinter.
• S1, according to the national database this registration number should be
on a Suzuki Vitara. I have double-checked this. Shall I alert the intervention
detachment while you attempt to check the vehicle in more detail?
• Please do that. Backup is needed as soon as possible. Unless necessary,
I will not engage until they have arrived ….
144 English for border and coast guarding
Listening [07]
Australian authorities have charged three
Indonesian men with smuggling migrants fol-
lowing the death of nearly 50 people when a ship
carrying irregular migrants was dashed against
rocks off Christmas Island in December. All three
men — aged 22, 60 and 32 — were among the sur-
vivors of the tragedy and have been charged with
‘facilitating the bringing to Australia of a group of
five or more persons’, the BBC quoted Australian
police as saying. If convicted, the defendants face
up to 20 years in prison and a fine of up to AUD
220 000 (EUR 160 000). At least 18 of the boat’s
passengers remained unaccounted for at press
time.
The Border Post, February 2011
Listening [08]
The most recent figures for the detection of stolen
vehicles reported by the national authorities with
responsibility for the border control in the Member
States have indicated a significant increase in the
volume of vehicles that have been reported stolen.
Divided by commercial and utilitarian vehicles are
most likely to be reported stolen at the EU eastern
external land borders, while stolen private cars
are mainly, but not exclusively exported across
south-eastern borders.
From a statistical point of view, it has been noted
that the brands with the largest market share are,
as a consequence, those most often stolen. German
brands such as Volkswagen, Mercedes and BMW
were the most frequently targeted.
During the second quarter of 2011, new modi
operandi were detected. The import of brand new
vehicles with counterfeit sales invoices or forged
power of attorney documentation were encoun-
tered. It appears that the organised crime groups
have been exploiting the lack of security features
in the ownership documentation of such vehicles.
The latest security features developed by the au-
tomotive industry can be hacked by the criminal
networks in less than a few months after being
on the market and this trend can be seen in the
detection of stolen vehicle reports coming from
the border.
Listening [09]
Morgan is 30 years old and was born in a West
African country. Life at home is hard because
of poverty and corruption. He left his home in
January 1998. He worked wherever he could, sell-
ing goods and working as a barber. He was caught
by police on various occasions. On arriving in
North Africa, a friend told him to go to the western
side of a country in North Africa where they could
meet someone who would help them get to the
islands of a Western European country. He gave
the man EUR 300. The man took them out into the
open desert where there were more than 70 others
waiting to travel. As the boat moved off they began
singing gospel music to keep their spirits up.
12 Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2012
145Listening
Listening [10]
1. BRUSSELS — The European Union authorities
formally appealed to the bloc’s Member States on
Wednesday to accept quotas of migrants to relieve
the burden on southern states like Italy and Greece
which are the main landing points for irregular
migrants.
The proposal by the European Commission, is a re-
sponse to concerns that the bloc’s southern coastal
states could become overwhelmed by the influx of
migrants making the dangerous crossing of the
Mediterranean often in rickety and unseaworthy
vessels.
The International Organization for Migration said
on Wednesday that so far this year 1 840 migrants
had been lost at sea or were known to have died
while crossing the Mediterranean.
The recent deaths of thousands of migrants trying
to cross the Mediterranean prompted the bloc to
draft the emergency response to prevent a wors-
ening of the humanitarian crisis.
But by moving forward a proposal that is already
unpopular in many countries, the commission has
increased tensions over the broader issue of immi-
gration in the European Union. A large number
of Member States, including Britain, the Czech
Republic, Hungary and Latvia, have already railed
against the idea of mandatory quotas. And a man-
datory quota would require a vote by a two thirds
majority of Member States under the European
Union’s weighted voting system to take effect.
Asylum seekers are often unwelcome in countries
where there is little experience of accepting new-
comers from Africa and the Middle East, as in
the Baltic states, or where the population already
believes that the country is overcrowded, as in
Britain. Some countries have also criticised Italy
and Greece for what they see as a failure to identify
migrants who do not qualify for asylum.
www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/world/europe/
european-union -asks-member-countries-to-accept-quotas-
of-migrants.html?ref=topics
2. The UK government intends to amend its
immigration legislation with a view to making it
more difficult for migrants to live in the country
illegally. Among the most important measures
are the following: requiring landlords to verify
the immigration status of prospective tenants;
checking the immigration status of driving
licence applicants; ... making it easier for the
Home Office to recover unpaid civil penalties and
cracking down on ‘sham’ marriages as a means of
circumventing immigration rules.
The BBC quoted British Immigration Minister
Mark Harper as saying that the overall purpose
of the bill was to ‘stop migrants using public ser-
vices to which they are not entitled, reduce the
pull factors which encourage people to come to
the UK and make it easier to remove people who
should not be here’, at the same time adding that
Britain would ‘continue to welcome the brightest
and best migrants who want to contribute to our
economy and society and play by the rules’. The
bill has already drawn criticism from the UK’s
opposition Labour Party and a recent Home Office
text message campaign also came in for criticism
from opposition politicians who described it as an
offensive ‘gimmick’.
The Border Post, November 2013
146 English for border and coast guarding
Listening [11]
Cross-Border Data Transfers are, without preju-
dice to compliance with national law, prohibited,
unless the transfer is made to an Adequate
Jurisdiction or the data exporter has implemented
a lawful data transfer mechanism – or an exemp-
tion or derogation applies.
Cross-Border Data Transfers to a recipient in a third
country may take place if the third country ensures
an adequate level of data protection. Adequacy
shall be assessed in the light of all circumstances
surrounding the transfer, in particular:
• the nature of personal data;
• the purpose and duration of processing;
• country of origin and country of final
destination;
• the rule of law; and
• professional rules and security measures.
The Commission may determine third countries
to be Adequate Jurisdictions.
Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC
Listening [12]
Each year, thousands of migrants arrive in Europe
by sea. Within the EU, each member state is
responsible for controlling its own borders and
each country with access to the sea is responsible
for helping to rescue ships within its national
search and rescue zones. In November 2014,
Frontex launched ‘Operation Triton’, stepping in
to help Italy manage the large number of arrivals
at its maritime borders. All vessels, aircrafts and
aircrews involved in Triton operated under the
command of the Italian Ministry of the Interior
by way of International Coordination Centre, or
the ICC. All of the equipment deployed during
Triton was provided by European countries.
Frontex-coordinated aircraft and vessels helped
to spot those in distress, but sometimes it was the
migrants themselves or other vessels who alerted
the authorities. Italy’s coastguard coordinated all
emergency operations at its Maritime Search and
Rescue Coordination Centre. The MRCC dispatched
the closest or most capable vessels to go to the
assistance of vessels in distress. These are often
those deployed by Frontex. Once rescue vessel had
reached the migrants, they gave them food and wa-
ter first and offered immediate medical assistance.
The migrants were taken on broad and transported
to an Italian port. There, they were handed over
to the national authorities, who worked closely
with international organisations. Once the first
humanitarian aid had been provided, Italian po-
lice identified the new arrivals. Frontex debriefing
teams interviewed willing migrants which helped
to gather intelligence about the people smuggling
networks in an attempt to dismantle them. At
any time, the migrants had the right to apply for
asylum.
Frontex, 2015 – video at youtube.com/watch?v=YOF_rh7ZIhI
147Listening
[Listening 13]
A: Good morning! I’m officer Maria Smith reporting from the Hungarian Border
regarding the detection of a Ukrainian biometric passport containing an altered
bio data page.
B: Good morning to you, Maria! Can you give me some more information about
the case?
A: Certainly. Yesterday, quite late at night a Ukrainian national arrived at the
Zaheny BCP with the intention to travel towards Italy.
B: Can you tell me precisely what time it was?
A: It was 23.45. hrs.
B: Please go on.
A: As, as I was saying, he arrived late at night, driving a black BMW 5 series but
he had no luggage at all.
B: Could you please forward me copies of the vehicle registration documents,
if you have them?
A: I’ve already sent copies to you by email.
B: That’s great!
A: You will also find a copy of the completed document alert form and copies of
some other documents. The purpose of this call is just to make you aware of
the case. Should you need further details please don’t hesitate to call me.
[Listening 14]
Good morning Chief, this is Michael calling to
leave a voice mail informing you about the state
of the preparations for Operation Sierra. The
logistical preparations were completed yesterday
around 14.00 hours. The financial resources
have been available from the 24th of August.
The officers have already undertaken the final
preparations to ensure that the aircraft is ready
for flight. Final aerial support is meant to arrive
today, by 16:30 hours GMT. Further details will
follow in a detailed email that will be sent to your
official e-mail address.
148 English for border and coast guarding
Eng
lish fo
r B
or
der
an
d Co
ast G
ua
rd
ing
•
Stud
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oo
k
Plac Europejski 6 00–844 Warsaw, Poland T +48 22 205 95 00 F +48 22 205 95 01 [email protected] www.frontex.europa.eu
Print version: PDF version: TT-06-17-747-EN-C TT-06-17-747-EN-N ISBN 978-92-9471-293-6 ISBN 978-92-9471-294-3 doi:10.2819/84347 doi:10.2819/847022
FPI18.0033