English as English as anan Indo- Indo-EuropeanEuropean

languagelanguage

By D. Lara By D. Lara

►Language family Language family is a group of is a group of languages that are related to each languages that are related to each other genetically and share a other genetically and share a common ancestry.common ancestry.

thesame

• English belongs to the Indo-European English belongs to the Indo-European Language family (IE), which comes from Language family (IE), which comes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE)Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

What does “Indo-European” What does “Indo-European” means?means?

It refers to a family

of languages

which were spoken

over a large part of

Europe and parts of

southwestern and

southern Asia.

It is a linguistics

term, originally

geographic,

referring to the

location of India

and Europe.

It is

realti

vely

small,

conta

ining

about 140

languages

It has 11

subgroups

being Germanic

the one which

English belongs

to

Indo-European languagesIndo-European languagesAnatolianAnatolian ►Completely extinctCompletely extinct

►It is now called HittiteIt is now called Hittite

Indo-IranianIndo-Iranian ►It contains two subdivisions namely It contains two subdivisions namely IndicIndic and and IranianIranian

IndicIndic ►It has three periods called Old Indic (1500-600 It has three periods called Old Indic (1500-600 BCE), Middle Indic (600 BCE- 1000 CE) and BCE), Middle Indic (600 BCE- 1000 CE) and Modern Indic (since 1000 CE)Modern Indic (since 1000 CE)►The most ancient language of this group is The most ancient language of this group is VedicVedic

IranianIranian ►It has two representatives called Old Avestan It has two representatives called Old Avestan (Gathic Avestan) dating from about 600 BCE and (Gathic Avestan) dating from about 600 BCE and Old Persian dated to as early as 500 BCE.Old Persian dated to as early as 500 BCE.

Greek Greek (Helleni(Hellenic)c)

►It contains some of the oldest documents of It contains some of the oldest documents of Indo-European languageIndo-European language►Its main dialect is Attic, the literary language of Its main dialect is Attic, the literary language of Athens.Athens.

Indo-European languagesIndo-European languagesItalicItalic►There are two main Italic subdivisions, There are two main Italic subdivisions, Latin-Faliscan Latin-Faliscan andand Osco- Osco-Umbrian.Umbrian.

Latin-Latin-FaliscanFaliscan

►It survivor of the Modern Romance languages.It survivor of the Modern Romance languages.►It was developed from varieties of the Roman It was developed from varieties of the Roman Empire.Empire.

Osco-Osco-UmbrianUmbrian

►It does not have mmodern descendants.It does not have mmodern descendants.►It comprises Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene and It comprises Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene and some fragmentary languages.some fragmentary languages.

GermaniGermanicc

►Here is English languageHere is English language►It is divided into three geographic subdivisions, It is divided into three geographic subdivisions, East Germanic, North Germanic and West East Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic the most expansive and internally Germanic the most expansive and internally diverse.diverse.

CelticCeltic ►It is geographically divided into two groups, the It is geographically divided into two groups, the Continental (now extinct) and the Insular.Continental (now extinct) and the Insular.►Some classificatons put Italic with Celtic Some classificatons put Italic with Celtic language which is known as “Italo-Celtic”.language which is known as “Italo-Celtic”.

Indo-European languagesIndo-European languages

TocharianTocharian ►It was discovered in archeological It was discovered in archeological excavationsaround the twentieth century in excavationsaround the twentieth century in Chinese Turkestan.Chinese Turkestan.►The documents of the languages are The documents of the languages are relatively late, from the period of about 500-relatively late, from the period of about 500-700 CE.700 CE.

BalticBaltic ►It survives into two modern languages It survives into two modern languages Lithuanian and Latvian (Lettish), and together Lithuanian and Latvian (Lettish), and together they create the East Baltic subdivision.they create the East Baltic subdivision.►Many of its languages have become extinct.Many of its languages have become extinct.

SlavicSlavic ►It has three geographicall subdivisions:It has three geographicall subdivisions:

South slavicSouth slavic (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Old church slavic)Croatian, Slovenian and Old church slavic)

West SlavicWest Slavic (Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian) (Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian)

East SlavicEast Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian and (Russian, Ukrainian and Belarussian)Belarussian)

Indo-European languagesIndo-European languages

ArmenianArmenian ►It was the first attested in religious It was the first attested in religious documents and translations from the fifth documents and translations from the fifth centurycentury►It was influenced by some languages like It was influenced by some languages like Greek, Arabic, Syriac and Persian.Greek, Arabic, Syriac and Persian.

AlbanianAlbanian ►It was influenced by Greek, Slavic, Turkish It was influenced by Greek, Slavic, Turkish and Latin.and Latin.►It has two principal dialects which are Gheg It has two principal dialects which are Gheg and Tosk. and Tosk.

There is another type of languages There is another type of languages which are:which are:

Fragmentary Languages

defined as

Those languages which are just fragments or inscriptions

of the language

Fragmentary IE languages

Ligurian

Messapic

Sicel and

SicanianVenetic

Thracian

Phrygian

Illyrian