English as a Second English as a Second LanguageLanguage

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms

ESL

ESOL

CLD

The field of English as a Second Language

The learners who participate ESL

Culturally and /or Linguistically Diverse

Vocabulary (cont’d)Vocabulary (cont’d)

TESOL

FES

LES

NES

The organization for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages

Fluent English Speaker

Limited English Speaker

Non English Speaker

Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Preproduction Students

communicate with gestures and actions.

Lessons focus on listening comprehension

Lessons build receptive vocab.

Stages of language Stages of language AcquisitionAcquisition Early Production Students speak using

one or two words or short phrases

Lessons expand receptive vocabulary.

Activities are designed to motivate students to produce vocabulary which they already understand.

Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Speech Emergence Students speak in

longer phrases and complete sentences.

Lesson continue to expand receptive vocabulary.

Activities designed to promote higher levels of language use.

Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Intermediate

Fluency

Students engage in conversation and produce connected narrative.

Lessons continue to expand receptive vocabulary.

Activities are designed to develop higher levels of language use in content areas.

Reading and writing are incorporated into lessons.

Dimensions of Language Dimensions of Language ProficiencyProficiency BICS -- Basic Interpersonal

Communicative Skills Universal aspects of language proficiency that are normally acquired by

all native speakers of any language Usually by ages 5-6 all children have developed BICS in their first

language Those language skills needed for every day face-to-face

communication;personal, social situations Contexts are clear and generally concrete Not necessarily related to academic success May take up to 2 years to develop in a second language

Dimensions of Language Dimensions of Language ProficiencyProficiency CALP - Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Those language skills associated with literacy and cognitive

development. Language skills required to go beyond ordinary social

communication. Cognitive demanding, de-contextualized. Language skills needed for reasoning, problem solving, or other

cognitive processes required for academic achievement in subject matter

CALP developed in first language contributes to the development of CALP in a second language.

May take 5-7 years to develop in a second language (depending on first language CALP, age and other variables).

ESL vs. Learning DisabilityESL vs. Learning DisabilityVOCABULARYVOCABULARY

ESL LD

Vocabulary The ESOL student will haveweakness in his 2nd Language

The LD student will haveweaknesses in both languages

The ESL student will have weaknesses in his 2nd language.

The LD students will have vocabulary problems in both languages. These problems can be identified when a child has been instructed in both languages.

CONCEPTSCONCEPTS

We can expect the ESL student to have difficulty with special concepts (above-below) and directionality (center-left-bottom)

The LD student will have difficulty with concepts in general.

SOUNDS (Articulation)SOUNDS (Articulation)

You can expect that a person learning English will have problems with sound discrimination and pronunciation. Think of the sound system of his first language. Are there any similarities? Does s/he hear final sounds? How about the fine discrimination needed for vowel sounds?

The LD student will not have sounds (articulation) in either language. Someone speaking his first language with him of over a period of time could detect this. Student might exhibit garbling.

Perceptual Sequential Perceptual Sequential ProblemsProblems Reversals-- are

possible for 5-6 year olds

Rotations -- not expected

Inversions -- U-N are not expected

Transpositions -- bread-braed are not expected

Reversals - occurring in 3rd and 4th grade.

Rotations - Characteristics of a learning disability

Inversions of letters and numbers occur

Transpositions occur

The Magic SevenThe Magic SevenOptimal Conditions for 2nd Language

Acquisition Low Anxiety Environment Comprehensible Input Communication Focus Contextualized Language Error Acceptance Respect for Language Acquisition Stages Teacher as Facilitator

QUESTIONS?