English as a Second Language Cycle 1 Triolet Secondary School

English as a Second Language Cycle 1

Triolet Secondary School

Name: _________________ Gr: _________

2 ©Julie Harvey and Sylvie Higgins

TABLE OF CONTENTS Money, Fractions, Decimals, Phone Numbers and Calculations P. 3

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers P. 4

Days, Dates, Months and Years P. 5

Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those P. 6

Articles: A – An – The P. 7

Using THE P. 8

Pronouns P. 9

The Plural of Nouns and exceptions P.10

There Is/ There Are (il y a) P. 13

Prepositions (in, on, under…) P. 14

Expressions Requiring Specific Prepositions P. 15

Questions (who, what, when…) P. 16

Capitalization P. 17

Simple Sentence Structures P. 18

Compound Sentence Structure P. 19

Complex sentence Structure P. 20

Compound-Complex Sentence Structure P. 20

Problematic Sentences P. 21

Punctuation ( . ? ! , ) P. 23

Transitional Words or Connectors (then, also, but…) P. 24

Writing a text: Introduction, a Paragraph, a Conclusion P. 25

Adjectives P. 26

Comparison of adjectives P. 27

Gerunds and Full Infinitives P. 29

Verb Tenses: The Simples P. 31

Verb Tenses: The Progressives P. 32

Verb Tenses: The Perfects P. 33

List of Regular Verbs P. 34

List of Irregular Verbs P. 36

Conjugating Verbs in English: To Be P. 38

Conjugating Verbs in English: To Have P. 39

Conjugating Verbs in English: To Play P. 40

Conjugating Verbs in English: To Go P. 41

Conjugating Verbs in English: To Like P. 42

Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, would…) P. 43

“If…” Clauses P. 44

Competency 1: Speaking Strategies P. 45

Competency 2: Listening Strategies P. 46

Competency 2: Reading Strategies P. 47

Competency 3: Writing Strategies P. 48

Useful Tips to Become Better in English P. 49

Common Mistakes ESL Learners make P. 50

Code de revision P. 51

All verbs (French) P. 53


MONEY

Coins penny nickel dime quarter loonie toonie • In English you write the dollar sign ($) before the number. Ex: $4.00 • $5.24… you can say, 5 dollars and 24 cents or in spoken English,

you may hear five, twenty-four. • $0.53 … 53 cents.

FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

• We say simple fractions like this: − 1/8 …………. one eighth − 3/7…………. three sevenths − ¾…………… three quarters − ½…………… one half or a half − ¼…………… one quarter

• More complex fractions can be expressed by using the word over. − 304/510…… three hundred four OVER five hundred and

ten.

• We write and say decimals like this: − 0,375 zero point three seven five − 4,7 four point seven

PHONE NUMBERS

• We say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three or four. − 560 4922…… five, six, zero, four, nine, two, two − You may also hear: five, six, oh, four, nine double two

CALCULATIONS

2 + 2 = 4…… 2 and 2 is / are 4 OR 2 plus 2 equals 4 7 – 4 = 3…… 4 from 7 is / leaves 3 OR 7 minus 4 equals 3

3 x 4 = 12….. 3 times 4 is 12 OR 3 multiplied by 4 equals 12 9 ÷ 3 = 3…… 9 divided by 3 is 3 OR 9 divided by 3 is / equals 3


CARDINAL NUMBERS

ORDINAL NUMBERS

1st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first 31st thirty-first

2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second 40th fortieth

3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third 50th fiftieth

4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth 60th sixtieth

5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth 70th seventieth

6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth 80th eightieth

7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27th twenty-seventh 90th ninetieth

8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth 100th one hundredth

9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,000th one thousandth

10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth 1,000,000th one millionth

1 one 13 thirteen 25 twenty-five 90 ninety

2 two 14 fourteen 26 twenty-six 100 one hundred

3 three 15 fifteen 27 twenty-seven 1 000 one thousand

4 four 16 sixteen 28 twenty-eight 2 000 Two thousand

5 five 17 seventeen 29 twenty-nine 10 000 Ten thousand

6 six 18 eighteen 30 thirty 11 000 Eleven thousand

7 seven 19 nineteen 31 thirty-one 50 000 Fifty thousand

8 eight 20 twenty 40 forty 100 000 One hundred thousand

9 nine 21 twenty-one 50 fifty 215 000 Two hundred fifteen thousand

10 ten 22 twenty-two 60 sixty 1 000 000 one million

11 eleven 23 twenty-three 70 seventy 2 345 934 two million, three hundred forty-five thousand, nine hundred thirty-four 12 twelve 24 twenty-four 80 eighty

*For the numbers between 21 – 99 you must put a hyphen (-) between the two words. Ex: 21 = twenty-one


DAYS, DATES, MONTHS AND YEARS Months Days

1 January 7 July

2 February 8 August

3 March 9 September

4 April 10 October

5 May 11 November

6 June 12 December * Always takes a capital letter

How to write the date: Start with the

day *DON’T FORGET YOUR

CAPITAL LETTER

MONTH

*DON’T FORGET YOUR CAPITAL

LETTER

DATE

*DON’T FORGET THE st, nd, rd, OR th

COMMA

, YEAR

Monday September 15th , 2010 Saturday June 2nd , 1999

Speaking: My birthday is ON March thirteenth. It is IN March My soccer practice is ON Saturday It’s ON the twentieth

WEE

K

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

WEE

k-EN

D Saturday

Sunday * Always takes a capital letter

Years

• We normally say a year in two parts. 1978 (19/78) nineteen…..seventy-eight 1834 (18/34) eighteen….. thirty-four • In the case of years ending in "00", we say the second part in

"hundred": 1900 nineteen hundred • For the years 1000, 2000… we say them in “Thousands” 2000 two thousand • There are two ways of saying years ending in "01" to "09" 1901 nineteen oh one or nineteen hundred and one 2009 two thousand and nine • After 2010 dates are often said as normal


DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

Demonstratives When do we use it? EXAMPLES

THIS (singular) ce, ceci,

cet, cette,

celle-ci, celui-ci

THESE (plural)

ces, ceux-ci, celles-ci

Chose, personne près

de toi

Le temps présent

This book This is my boy.

This morning

This afternoon

Choses, personnes près de toi

Le temps présent

These boys are intelligent. These keys are mine.

In these times, she is popular.

These days, people are happy.

THAT (singular) ce, cet, cette,

celle-là, celui-là

THOSE (plural)

ces, ceux-là, celles-là

Chose, personne loin de

toi

Le temps passé

That girl is my cousin. That restaurant is popular.

At that time, I was a student. That day, I went to Montreal.

Choses, personnes loin

de toi

Le temps passé

Those books are yours. Those girls are beautiful.

In those days, I was a student. In those days, I lived in Toronto.


ARTICLES: A – AN - THE

When do we use "a" and "an"? Examples

A un / une

Before a word starting with a consonant sound.

Always singular

A book, a big apple, a teacher, a chicken …

Before the sound [yü] A university

An

un / une

Before a word starting by a vowel sound.

Always singular

An apple, an igloo, an eraser, an old book…

Before a silent “h” An hour, an heir…

Use A or An when speaking about something in GENERAL. For example: I live in a house.

There are many houses in Sherbroke, I live in one of them. THE

Le/la/les Can be singular or plural the car, the cars, the dog, the dogs

Use THE when speaking about something specific. For example: I live in the blue house.

There are many houses, but I live in the only one that is blue.

Using “A” or “An”

• A man

• An old man

• An elephant

• A big

• A white owl

• A chair

• A house

• A universe

• A boss

• An interesting

• A jewel

• A horse

• A good singer

• An excellent

• A witch

• An eight

• An owl

• An hour

• A half


Using "THE"

*Be careful. In English it is not always necessary to put an article before a noun.

In front of… Necessary

or not? Example…

Names of animals or things Yes The elephant is big.

The table is square.

Names of games or sports No I like scrabble. He plays baseball.

Names of countries that are plural Yes He visited the United-States.

Names of oceans, seas and rivers Yes I swam in the Atlantic.

Names of lakes (except for the Great Lakes)

No We went to Lake Memphremagog.

Names of singular countries and continents.

No Canada is a big country.

Names of cities, provinces and states No Mont-Joli is in Quebec.

Name of specific things or people. Yes The blond girl is intelligent.

The dictionaries are in the bookcase.

Names of things that are unique Yes The Earth, The Pacific Ocean etc…

Names of meals or foods in general No Breakfast is important.

Pizza is good.

Names of musical instruments Yes She practices the guitar.

Names of diseases or illnesses No She has pneumonia.

Names of seasons, day, and months No I prefer winter.

Names of languages and school subjects

No I study Geography.

English is important.


PRONOUNS

subject pronouns (before the verbs)

object pronouns (after the verbs)

reflexive pronouns

I (je) Me (moi) Myself (moi-même)

You (tu) You (toi) Yourself (toi-même)

He (il) Him (lui) Himself (lui-même)

She (elle) Her (elle) Herself (elle-même)

It (il mais pour un objet ou un animal) It (le/la) Itself (lui-même)

We (nous) Us (nous) Ourselves (nous-mêmes)

You (vous) You (vous) Yourselves (vous-mêmes)

They (ils/elles) Them (eux/elles) Themselves (eux-mêmes)

Possessive pronouns Possessive Adjectives

Mine (le mien/les miennes) My (mon/ma/mes)

Yours (le tien/la tienne)

(les tiens/les tiennes) Your (ton/ta/tes)

His (le sien/la sienne/à lui/les siennes/les siens) His (son/sa/ses)

Hers (le sien/la sienne/à lui/les siennes/les siens) Her (son/sa/ses)

Its (son/sa/ses)

Ours (le(s), la nôtres/à nous) Our (notre/nos)

Yours (le(s), la vôtres/à vous) Your (votre/vos)

Theirs (le leur / la leur/ les leurs) Their (leur/leurs)


THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

RULE PLURAL EXAMPLES

Common nouns Add an S Cars, dogs, houses, pens

Proper nouns Add an S The Smiths, The Carons

Nouns finishing in …

ch, sh, s, ss, x, zz Add ES

Churches, buses, wishes, boxes, buzzes, glasses


F or fe Change F or FE for VES

(Leaf) leaves, (wife) wives


Y preceded by a consonant Change Y for IES (Story) stories


Y preceded by a vowel Add an S Boys, toys


UM Change UM for A (Maximum) Maxima


O preceded by a consonant Add ES Tomatoes, potatoes


O preceded by a vowel Add S (Zoo) zoos

Musical instruments ending in O...

Add S Pianos, banjos...

EXCEPTIONS!!!!

Singular Plural Singular Plural

child children fish fish

man men woman women

mouse mice goose geese

foot feet tooth teeth

ox oxen salmon Salmon

stimulus stimuli Chef chefs


UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Words that you can’t count.

They are always SINGULAR: bread wine rice sugar…

SINGULAR UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

There’s milk on the table. She bought some sugar. I have a little petrol in the tank. There’s a lot of money in the wallet. Lucas doesn't have much sugar in the coffee. There isn’t any rice left.

COMMON NOUNS WHICH ARE USUALLY UNCOUNTABLE

accommodation, advice, behaviour, bread, cooper (and all the other metals), English (and all the other languages), furniture, health, information, knowledge, luggage, news, progress, research, rain, rice (and all other grains and cereals), salt (and all other condiments), scenery, spaghetti, traffic, travel, trouble, water (and all other liquids), weather, work.

NOUNS WHICH CAN BE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS WHICH ARE USED TO REFER TO PARTICULAR VARIETIES. Would you like wine with your meal? They produce a very good white wine on that island.

WORDS FOR DRINKS: COFFEE, TEA, BEER… THE COUNTABLE NOUN MEANS A GLASS OF, A

CUP OF, A BOTTLE OF… Coffee is very expensive at the moment Why don’t we stop for a coffee? People in Belgium drink beer more than wine There’s a beer in the fridge if you want one.

TIME, SPACE, ROOM, LIGHT, EXPERIENCE.

I’m sorry I don't have time to talk to you now We had a really good time at Joe’s party. All this old wardrobe does is take up space Fill in the spaces with a suitable word. There’s room for one more in this compartment Have you got a single room with a shower? Light travels at 300,000 km a second A light was on in the house. We need a secretary with experience I had a strange experience yesterday


NOUNS WE THINK OF AS SINGLE THINGS OR SUBSTANCES. • Egg

Would you like a hard boiled egg for breakfast? You spilled egg on your tie

• Chicken

I bought a chicken to have for Sunday lunch. There was a choice between chicken or fish on the plane.

• Iron

We’ll have to buy a new iron. This one just doesn’t get the creases out. People learned to make implements from iron.

• Glass

Pass me a glass and I’ll pour you a drink. What did people use for windows before they invented glass?

• Hair

Waiter! There’s a hair in my soup. She has blond hair.

NOUNS WHICH CAN BE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE


THERE IS, THERE ARE versus HE/SHE HAS…….

Examples: There were many people at the show last night. There will be a game tomorrow.

Examples of there….

He/ She has il a Example: He has a dog. (le chien est à lui.)

There is il y a

Example: There is a dog in the doghouse (il y a un chien dans la maison.)

There is il y a (singulier) Example: There is a bird in the tree.

There are il y a (pluriel)

Example: There are 7 days in a week.

There was il y avait (singulier)

Example: There was an accident on the boulevard yesterday.

There were il y avait (pluriel) Example: There were many students absent last week.

There will be il y aura Example: There will be an activity next week.


PREPOSITIONS

Types Function Examples

Of place Give information as to

the location. At, to, above, under…

Of time Give information as to

the moment. Before, after, at…

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

Preposition French translation

Preposition French

translation

Preposition French translation

• In Dans • Behind Derrière • Near Près de

• Inside À l’intérieur • In back

of Derrière • Along Le long de

• On Sur • Between Entre • From En provenance de

• At À • Below En-dessous • Of de

• To À • Under En-dessous • Outside À l’extérieur

• Next to À Côté • Above Au-dessus • Out of En dehors de

• Beside À Côté • Over Au-dessus • Among Parmi

• In front of

Devant • Across

from De l’autre côté

• Against Contre

Preposition French

translation Preposition

French

translation Preposition

French translation

• In Dans • During Pendant • Until Jusqu’à

• Before Avant • For Pour • Around Aux alentours de

• After Après • On time À l’heure ou à temps • On Sur

• At À • Late En retard • From De

• To À • By Par


EXPRESSIONS REQUIRING SPECIFIC PREPOSITIONS

AT IN ON PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and

LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve


QUESTIONS

QUESTION WORDS

Question Word Used for Question Word Used for

• Who Qui • How long Combien de temps (ou quelle longueur)

• What Quoi, quel, qu’est-ce que • Whose À qui

• When Quand • Which Lequel

• Where Où • What size Quelle taille

• Why Pourquoi • What time Quelle heure

• How Comment • What color Quelle couleur

• How many Combien (se compte) • What kind Quelle sorte

• How much Combien (se compte pas) • How old Quelle âge

• How far À quelle distance • How often À quelle fréquence

STRUCTURING QUESTIONS: ASVIR AND QASVIR

ASVIR = Auxiliary + subject + verb(infinitive) + rest = YES or NO answer

Example: Do you like pizza ? Yes

QASVIR= Question Word + Auxiliary + subject + verb(infinitive) + rest = Information

Example: Where do you go to school? = Du Triolet When will they have an exam? = tomorrow

How long should she study everyday? = 1 hour

EXCEPTIONS!!!!!

Who, what, whose and how many DO NOT ALWAYS RESPECT QASVIR

Examples: Who prefers eating pizza? Sally prefers pizza

Whose car was stolen? Steve’s car was stolen.

Because the answer to the question becomes the subject.


CAPITALIZATION

Capital letter is necessary example

At the beginning of a sentence

This is my favorite book.

The pronoun I

When I was a child, I played soccer.

Proper names

Julie is a good friend of Sylvie’s.

Languages

Lucas speaks French, English and Italian.

Streets

They live on St-Laurent Street.

Cities

We will go to Boston in May.

Days of the week

The last day of the week is Saturday.

Months of the year

My birthday is in September.

Holidays

We usually spend Christmas at my cottage.

Every word in a title except for prepositions

The book is “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets”.


SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE

A sentence MUST have: A subject,

A verb,

And a complete idea

Here is how you should place your information in order to have a strong sentence:

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

I have a car.

They play tennis

Lisa went to a party.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT PLACE

We walked together to school.

Harry is going to the park.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT PLACE TIME

We walked together to school yesterday.

Harry is going to the park at the moment.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT WITH AN ADJECTIVE

I have a blue car.

Lisa went to a boring party.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT WITH AN ADVERB

They play tennis terribly.

Lisa went to parties frequently.


COMPOUND SENTENCE STRUCTURE

What is a compound sentence?

2 simple sentences (subjects + verbs + rest) joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so)

SUBJECT 1

VERB 1 REST 1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

SUBJECT 2

VERB 2 REST 2

I play soccer AND I play Tennis.

We study everyday BUT we do not study

on weekends.

I can try this OR I can try that.

We work hard SO we might pass.


COMPLEX SENTENCE STUCTURE

What is a complex sentence?

A complex sentence has 1 complete sentence (1 subject+ 1 verb + 1 rest and the idea is complete) and another sentence that begins with a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. The second sentence is incomplete (that means either it has no subject, no verb, or the idea is

incomplete).

Subect 1 Verb 1 Rest 1 (idea is

complete Subordinating Conjunction

Subject 2 Verb 2 Rest 2

I play tennis because I want to become a pro.

We study every day however not on Saturdays. Suzie takes the bus to

school when It is raining.

Julian did not pass

his year although he worked very hard last year.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX STRUCTURE:

What is a compound-complex sentence?

A sentence that contains 3 ideas, in which 2 sentences are complete and joined together by a coordinating conjunction and 1 sentence that is incomplete or dependant. The

dependant sentence is joined to the other 2 using a subordinating conjunction.

Subject 1 Verb 1 Rest 1 Coordinating Conjunction

Subject 2 Verb 2 Rest 2 Subordinating conjunction

I play soccer and I play tennis but I hate it. We have homework but we have two days

to do it although I will do it all

tonight. Sam needs to relax and he needs to take a

vacation before he gets sick.


PROBLEMATIC SENTENCES

REMEMBER that a sentence MUST have 3 components:

A subject + a verb + the rest (and a complete thought)

If it does not have all 3 it is NOT A SENTENCE…….

Here are 3 problems that ESL students make when writing sentences in English.

1. THE RAMBLING SENTENCE:

This is a sentence that contains too many different details and is too long. If you have more than 3 ideas, it is usually a sign of a RAMBLING sentence. Another clue to help identify the RAMBLING is to read the text out loud. If it is not possible to read the sentence in one single breath than chances are, it is a RAMBLING.

Example: � Julie is younger than Sylvie and she has less white hair, actually though her hair

is shorter and lighter, but Julie’s hair is thicker and smoother and she is able to tie it up just the same even if her hair is shorter Julie can make a ponytail.

Chop it up into different sentences and use CONNECTORS.

� Julie is younger than Sylvie and she has less white hair. Actually, Julie’s hair is shorter and lighter, but it is thicker and smoother. However, Julie is able to tie it up and make a ponytail even if her hair is shorter.


2. THE RUN-ON SENTENCE:

This is a sentence that contains two complete sentences BUT does not have any

CONJUNCTION.

Example: � Marc is tall, he is strong.

Add a CONJUNCTION

� Marc is tall and he is strong.

3. THE FRAGMENT:

This is a part of a sentence. Either it does not have a subject OR it does not have a

verb OR the idea is incomplete.

Examples: � Arrived at the place we went to eat. (no subject) � Claude at the park. (no verb) � We went there. (idea is not complete or clear)

Add a subject or a verb or details to make it a

COMPLETE sentence.

� When we arrived at the place, we went to eat. � Claude went to the park. � We went there after the party.


PUNCTUATION

Because……. You can't hold your breath forever…

It makes your ideas clearer and easier to follow.

We naturally make pauses when we speak.

Punctuation Mark

What it looks like

Used for Example

Comma , � To separate two ideas

that logically go together. � To separate ítems in a list.

I went to the park, then I went home. I need a pencil, an eraser, a pen and paper.

Period . � To put an end to an idea. We went to work last night.

Colon : � To introduce a list. You will need: paper, tape and a pencil.

Semi-colon ; � To separate two different

ideas that complete one another.

I went to work; therefore, I was tired.

Question mark ? � To ask a question. Do you like English?

Exclamation mark ! � To show expression. Look! Santa Claus is here.

Hyphen - � To show examples. I went to the stores – Garage, Toys-R-Us and HM.

Parentheses () � To show examples. � To add information.

I went to the stores (Ardene, Toys-R-Us and H&M).

Elipsis … � Instead of writing etc. I like pizza, spaghetti, macaroni….


TRANSISTIONAL WORDS OR CONNECTORS

Showing cause / result:

• For that reason… • So… • Therefore… • Then… • Consequently… • As a result… • Because of this… • In that case…

Sequencing Ideas: • First of all… • To start with… • Then… • Second, third, fourth… • Finally…

To clarify: • In other words… • I mean… • To put it another

way… • For example… • For instance… • To be more

precise… • In fact… • To illustrate…

Adding information:

• Too… • In addition… • Apart from… • Furthermore… • On top of that… • And besides… • Along with… • As well as… • In the same way… • Also…

To conclude: • To summarise… • To sum up… • In conclusion… • To conclude… • Given the above

point… • In light of the

above… • Finally… • Lastly… • As a result… • Therefore…

Condition / concession:

• In that case… • Otherwise… • If not… • However… • Nevertheless… • Despite this… • In any case…

Contrasting: • Whereas… • Instead of… • But… • On the other hand… • Although… • Otherwise… • Even though… • On the contrary…

Illustrating: • For example… • Such as… • For instance… • In the case of…


WRITING...

Introduction EXAMPLE Have you ever been scared of dying? I

have. When I was 10 years old, I had an

accident. First, I will tell you when and

where I was. Then, I will continue by

telling you what happened.

1. It introduces the topic, but does not give details. It can begin with a question, an anecdote, an example,a fact, or a statistic… (sujet amené)

2. It mentions the subject of your text. (sujet posé)

3. It mentions the aspects you will write about. (sujet divisé)

Paragraph EXAMPLE First of all, it was a Friday afternoon. It

was hot and sunny. The sun was so

bright that it was difficult for me to see

where I was going. Therefore, I could

not see the oncoming car.

Then, I stopped and looked on both sides.

I thought I heard a car coming, but I

could not see one. So, I crossed the road.

All of a sudden, I felt a bump and

everything went black.

As a result, all I remember is waking up

in the hospital and being in pain. The

doctor told me that I was lucky because

the car was not going very fast. All I

had was a broken wrist and many

bruises. However, I was alive.

4. It begins with a CONNECTOR.

5. It contains 1 main idea.

6. The details, examples or information in the paragraph explain the main idea.

*IF THE INFORMATION DOES NOT LOGICALLY FIT WITH THE MAIN IDEA = DIFFERENT PARAGRAPH.

Conclusion Example Finally, this was a terrifying experience

because I could have died. I am lucky

because the driver of the car had slowed

down when he saw me crossing the

street.

7. It wraps up the text.

8. It summarizes the main points. (aspects principaux)

9. It uses SYNONYMS.

*IT DOES NOT COPY SENTENCES USED IN THE PARAGRAPHS OF THE TEXT.


ADJECTIVES

What they are used for Where they are placed How to write them

To describe, quantify or qualify a noun.

Before a noun, not after NO "S"

Example: I have two cars.

Dave eats Italian food.

Example: This is a new book.

She drives a green scooter.

Example: We have four big dogs.

CAN YOU PUT MORE THAN 1 ADJECTIVE IN YOUR SENTENCE?

(3) (5) (9) (7) (8) (11) Examples: She has many ,huge, beautiful Windows. Luke lives in an old, square, Italian style appartment.

POSITION CATEGORY EXAMPLES

1 DEMONSTRATIVES, DETERMINERS, POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

A, an, the, this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, their, ‘s (ex: Julie’s)

2 ORDINAL NUMBERS First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh….

3 CARDINAL NUMBERS AND QUANTITIES

One, two, three, some, many, a lot…

4 DESCRIPTIONS, VALUE, OPINIONS

Delicious, priceless, expensive, cheap, cool, nice…

5 SIZES Small, medium, average, big, large, huge…

6 TEMPERATURE Hot, cold, warm, mild…

7 AGE Old, new, young, antique, ancient, recent…

8 SHAPES Round, square, triangular, oval…

9 CONDITIONS Clean, dry, rich, hungry….

10 COLORS Blue, green, red, white, light, dark…

11 ORIGINS Asian, French, Italian, English….

12 MATERIALS Metal, gold, silver, wood, synthetic, natural, cotton …

13 MODIFIERS OR PURPOSE

Radio, television, shopping, running ex: radio station — the word radio modifies the type of station it is. ex: Running shoes --- the word running modifies shoes.

FOLLOW THE ORDER OF SUPERIORITY


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

TYPES OF COMPARISONS COMPARATIVES

To compare 2 people or objects

How to use it examples

EQUALITY …as + adjective + as…

Bill is as tall as Jenny.

*Bill est aussi grand que Jenny.

INEQUALITY …not as + adjective + as…

The carrot is not as good as the Apple.

*La carotte n'est pas aussi bonne que la pomme.

SUPERIORITY

Adjectives with 1 syllable (and those ending in –Y)

Sylvie is oldER than Julie.

*Sylvie est plus vieille que Julie

…adjective…. ER + than…

Adjectives with more than 2 syllables

Sara is more elegant than Bill.

*Sara est plus élégante que Bill.

…more + adjective + than…

INFERIORITY

…less + adjective + than…

Spiderman is less strong than Iron man.

*Spiderman est moins fort que Iron man.


TYPES OF COMPARISONS SUPERLATIVES How to use it examples

A COMPARISON BETWEEN MORE THAN

2 PEOPLE OR OBJECTS.

Adjectives with 1 syllable (and those ending in –Y)

Dany is the smallest person in the family.

Dany

*Dany est le plus petit de la famille.

… the + adjective…EST…

Adjectives with more than 2 syllables

Hawaii is the most beautiful place I've ever visited.

*Hawaii est le plus beau lieu que j'ai jamais visité.

…the most + adjective… (positive comparison)

…the least + adjective… (negative comparison)

Ted is the least careful driver in the world.

*Ted est le chauffeur le moins prudent au monde.


GERUNDS AND FULL INFINITIVES

GERUND EXAMPLES

WHAT IS IT?

Looks like a continuous or progressive tense verb because of its ING ending. BUT It is NOT a verb.

WALKING is a good way to stay in shape. Laurie goes DANCING every Friday night. These are my favourite RUNNING shoes.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

It can be the SUBJECT in a sentence.

SKIING was my favourite sport when I was younger.

It can be the OBJECT in a sentence

Julie goes SHOPPING every Monday night.

It can be an ADJECTIVE that modifies a noun.

She brought her SWIMMING goggles.

It is used after a PREPOSITION.

She was working on WRITING her resume.

If you notice NONE of the ING words above have the auxiliary verb To Be before them !

CLUE TO HELP YOU KNOW

WHEN TO USE A GERUND

If you can replace the GERUND with the word “SOMETHING” and it makes sense, THEN IT IS O.K..

RACING is a dangerous sport

= SOMETHING is a dangerous sport (O.K.) RACING, John had an accident

≠ Something, John had an

accident (NOT O.K..)


FULL INFINITIVE EXAMPLES

WHAT IS IT?

Looks like simple present tense verb.

BUT

It is NOT conjugated with the subject.

Starts with TO and NEVER FOR

Walking is a good way TO STAY in shape.

Laurie goes TO SEE her friends very Friday night.

These are my favourite shoes TO RACE with.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

It can begin a sentence.

TO WORK hard is a good quality to have.

It can be placed after a verb.

I like TO PLAY sports with my brother.

It can be placed at the end of a sentence.

He likes playing his guitar TO RELAX.

If you notice NONE of the INFINITIVE verbs have the word FOR before them!

THESE VERBS MUST BE FOLLOWED BY

A GERUND

THESE VERBS MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A FULL INFINITIVE

CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR AN

INFINITIVE Admit Tolerate Adore Understand Appreciate Avoid Celebrate Confess Deny Describe Detest Discuss Dislike Enjoy Finish Imagine Involve Keep Mind Miss Practise Postpone Recommend Quit Regret Report Suggest

Agree Love Appear Manage Arrange Need Ask Offer Attempt Plan Care Prepare Choose Pretend Come Refuse Consent Say Dare Seem Decide Try Demand Want Deserve Wish Determine Expect Fail Forget Get Help Hesitate Hope Hurry Intend Learn

Begin Continue Hate Intend Like Prefer Propose Remember Start Stop


Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future Positive sentence: Subject + verb + rest Example: Max eats bananas.* You play soccer. * 3rd person singular (he / she / it) : VERB + S

Positive sentence: Subject + verb (past) + rest Example: Max ate bananas.* You played soccer * Attention: Il y a des verbes réguliers: verb+ed et des verbes irréguliers : le verbe change. (voir liste)

Positive sentence: Subject + aux.+ verb + rest infinitive

Example : Max will eat bananas. You will play soccer.

Negative sentence: Subject + aux. + not + verb + rest infinitive

Example : Max does not eat bananas.

*Auxiliary:

DO - DOES


Example : Max did not eat bananas.

*Auxiliary:

DID


Example :

Max will not eat bananas. *Auxiliary:

WILL

Question: Aux. + subject + verb + rest infinitive

Example : Does Max eat bananas?

*Auxiliary:

DO - DOES


Example : Did Max eat bananas?

*Auxiliary:

DID


Example : Will Max eat bananas?

*Auxiliary:

WILL

Time indicators : today - this week - these days – nowadays – usually – frequently – often – every day – all the time – sometimes …

Time indicators: yesterday - last week - an hour ago – recently - a little while ago - a long time ago - in the past - this morning…

Time indicators : tomorrow - next week - in an hour – soon - in the near future - way off in the future - eventually - later this evening – in 5 years - 2 days from now…

Used for : Facts Routines Descriptions Preferences Repetitive actions Emotions

*Lorsqu’il y a un auxiliaire dans la phrase… le verbe reste à l’infinitif.


Present Continuous Past continuous / Progressive

Positive sentence: Subject +to be (present) + verb(+ing) + rest Example:

Max is eating bananas. You are playing soccer.

Positive sentence: Subject +to be (past) + verb(+ing) + rest Example:

Max was eating bananas when I woke up. You were playing soccer when the storm hit.

Negative sentence: Subject + to be (present) + not + verb(+ing) + rest

Example : Max is not eating bananas.

*Auxiliary:

TO BE (present)

Negative sentence: Subject + to be (past) + not + verb(+ing) + rest

Example : Max was not eating bananas when I woke up.

*Auxiliary:

TO BE (past)

Question: To be (present) + subject + verb(+ing) + rest Example :

Is Max eating bananas? *Auxiliary: TO BE

Question: To be + subject + verb(+ing) + rest Example :

Was Max eating bananas? *Auxiliary:

TO BE

Time indicators: now - as we speak - at this moment – right now – presently…

Time indicators: when… - while… - at…

Used for: Actions that are in progress “en train de” OR actions where you have the specific time and date.

Used for: Actions that were in progress in the past but were interrupted by something. OR actions at a very specific time in the past.


Present Perfect Past Perfect FORMING THE PAST PARTICIPLE Positive sentence: Subject +aux* + past participle of the verb + rest Example: Julie and Sylvie have worked together in the past. Max has eaten a banana before today. * Auxiliary:

HAVE BUT * 3rd person singular (he / she / it) : HAS

Positive sentence: Subject +aux.*+ past participle of the verb + rest Example: Julie and Sylvie had worked on this project before I arrived. Max had eaten a banana when I woke up. * Auxiliary :

HAD

HOW TO FORM THE PAST PARTICIPLE…..

REGULAR VERBS ADD “ED” Example: I have walked to school before. IRREGULAR VERBS consult list + use column 3 Example: I have BEEN to Paris in the past.

Negative sentence: Subject + aux* + not + past participle of the verb + rest Example : Julie and Sylvie have not worked together before today. Max has not eaten a banana yet. *Auxiliary: HAVE - HAS

Negative sentence: Subject + aux.* + not + past participle of the verb + rest Example : Julie and Sylvie had not worked on this project before I arrived. Max had not eaten a banana before I woke up. *Auxiliary: HAD

Question: Aux*+ subject + past participle of the verb + rest Example : Have Julie and Sylvie worked together before? Has Max eaten a banana yet? *Auxiliary: HAVE - HAS

Question: Aux. + subject + past participle of the verb + rest Example : Had Julie and Sylvie worked on this project before? Had Max eaten a banana before I woke up? *Auxiliary:

DID

Time indicators : before, yet, already, for, since, never, ever, just, recently, lately…

Time indicators: before, yet, already, for, since, never, ever, just, recently, lately…


PRESENT SIMPLE PAST/

PAST PARTICIPLE FRENCH

1. Add Added ajouter

2. Agree Agreed être en accord

3. Allow Allowed permettre

4. Answer Answered répondre

5. Appear Appeared apparaître

6. Attend Attended assister à

7. Avoid Avoided éviter

8. Ask Asked demander

9. Behave Behaved se comporter

10. Believe Believed croire

11. Boil Boiled bouillir

12. Breathe Breathed respirer

13. Burn Burned brûler

14. Call Called appeler

15. Carry Carried porter

16. Check Checked vérifier / cocher

17. Chew Chewed mâcher

18. Climb Climbed grimper

19. Close Closed fermer

20. Collect Collected collectionner

21. Compete Competed rivaliser

22. Contact Contacted contacter

23. Count Counted compter

24. Cross Crossed traverser / croiser

25. Cry Cried pleurer

26. Dare Dared défier

27. Deny Denied nier

28. Describe Described décrire

29. Deserve Deserved mériter

30. Die Died mourir

31. Discover Discovered découvrir

32. Discuss Discussed discuter

33. Disturb Disturbed déranger



34. Drown Drowned couler

35. Dry Dried sécher

36. Empty Emptied vider

37. End Ended mettre fin à

38. Enjoy Enjoyed s’amuser

39. Erase Erased effacer

40. Fail Failed échouer

41. Fear Feared craindre

42. Fill Filled remplir

43. Finish Finished terminer

44. Fish Fished pêcher

45. Fix Fixed réparer

46. Follow Followed suivre

47. Free Freed libérer

48. Guess Guessed deviner

49. Happen Happened se passer

50. Help Helped aider

51. Hope Hoped espérer

52. Include Included inclure

53. Indicate Indicated indiquer

54. Jump Jumped sauter

55. Land Landed atterrir

56. Last Lasted durer

57. Laugh Laughed rire

58. Learn Learned apprendre

59. Lift Lifted soulever

60. Light Lighted allumer

61. Like Liked aimer, apprécier

62. Listen to Listened to écouter

63. Live Lived vivre

64. Look Looked regarder

65. Love Loved aimer

66. Mail Mailed expédier (par la poste)




67. Manage Managed se débrouiller

68. Marry Married marier

69. Miss Missed manquer

70. Move Moved bouger

71. Need Needed avoir besoin

72. Notice Noticed remarquer

73. Owe Owed devoir

74. Own Owned appartenir

75. Paint Painted peinturer

76. Permit Permitted permettre

77. Pick out Picked out choisir

78. Pick up Picked up ramasser

79. Plan Planned planifier

80. Play Played jouer

81. Please Pleased plaire

82. Point Pointed pointer

83. Practise Practised pratiquer

84. Produce Produced produire

85. Provide Provided fournir

86. Pull Pulled tirer

87. Race Raced courser

88. Raise Raised lever

89. Recognize Recognized reconnaître

90. Remain Remained rester

91. Remember Remembered souvenir

92. Rent Rented louer

93. Save Saved sauver

94. Save Saved sauvegarder

95. Search Searched chercher

96. Select Selected sélectionner

97. Share Shared partager

98. Shout Shouted crier



99. Skate Skated patiner

100. Skip Skipped passer / sautiller

101. Slow down Slowed down ralentir

102. Smoke Smoked fumer

103. Solve Solved résoudre

104. Spell Spelled épeler

105. Stay Stayed rester /demeurer

106. Stretch Stretched s’étirer

107. Study Studied étudier

108. Succeed Succeeded réussir

109. Suggest Suggested suggérer

110. Talk Talked parler

111. Tie Tied attacher

112. Train Trained s’entraîner

113. Travel Traveled voyager

114. Try Tried essayer

115. Turn Turned tourner

116. Use Used utiliser

117. Use Used se servir

118. Wait Waited attendre

119. Walk Walked marcher

120. Want Wanted vouloir

121. Warm up Warmed up se réchauffer

122. Warn Warned avertir

123. Wash Washed laver

124. Waste Wasted gaspiller

125. Watch Watched regarder

126. Weigh Weighed peser

127. Welcome Welcomed accueillir

128. Wish Wished souhaiter

129. Work Worked travailler

130. Worry Worried s’inquiéter


infinitive past simple past participle French translation

1. to arise arose arisen surgir

2. to awake awoke awoken s’éveiller

3. to be was / were been être

4. to beat beat beaten battre

5. to become became become devenir

6. to begin began begun commencer

7. to bend bent bent courber / plier

8. to bet bet bet parier / gager

9. to bite bit bitten mordre

10. to bleed bled bled saigner

11. to blow blew blown souffler / gonfler

12. to break broke broken briser / casser

13. to breed bred bred élever /

accoupler

14. to bring brought brought apporter

15. to broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser

16. to build built built construire /

bâtir

17. to burn burnt / burned

burnt / burned brûler

18. to burst burst burst éclater

19. to buy bought bought acheter

20. to catch caught caught attraper

21. to choose chose chosen choisir

22. to come came come venir

23. to cost cost cost coûter

24. to creep crept crept ramper

25. to cut cut cut couper

26. to deal dealt dealt distribuer /

gérer / négocier

27. to dig dug dug creuser

28. to dive dove / dived dived plonger

29. to do did done faire

30. to draw drew drawn dessiner

31. to dream dreamt / dreamed

dreamt / dreamed

rêver


32. to drink drank drunk boire

33. to drive drove driven conduire

34. to eat ate eaten manger

35. to fall fell fallen tomber

36. to feed fed fed nourrir

37. to feel felt felt se sentir

38. to fight fought fought lutter / se

battre

39. to find found found trouver

40. to fly flew flown voler (in the

air)

41. to forbid forbade forbidden interdire

42. to forget forgot forgotten oublier

43. to forgive forgave forgiven pardonner

44. to freeze froze frozen geler

45. to get got got/gotten obtenir

46. to give gave given donner

47. to go went gone aller

48. to grow grew grown croître / grandir

49. to hang hung hung suspendre

50. to have had had avoir

51. to hear heard heard entendre

52. to hide hid hidden cacher

53. to hit hit hit frapper

54. to hold held held tenir

55. to hurt hurt hurt blesser

56. to keep kept kept garder

57. to kneel knelt /

kneeled knelt / kneeled s’agenouiller

58. to knit knit /

knitted knit / knitted tricoter

59. to know knew known savoir /

connaître

60. to lay laid laid placer /

poser/pondre

61. to lead led led mener

62. to leap leapt / leaped

leapt / leaped sauter / bondir



63. to learn learnt / learned

learnt / learned apprendre

64. to leave left left quitter, partir,

laisser

65. to lend lent lent prêter

66. to let let let laisser

67. to lie lay lain s’étendre

68. to light lit / lighted lit / lighted allumer

69. to lose lost lost perdre

70. to make made made fabriquer /

faire

71. to mean meant meant signifier /

vouloir dire

72. to meet met met rencontrer

73. to pay paid paid payer

74. to put put put mettre

75. to read read (pronounce “red”)

read (pronounce “red”) lire

76. to ride rode ridden se promener à

77. to ring rang rung sonner

78. to run ran run courir

79. to say said said dire

80. to see saw seen voir

81. to sell sold sold vendre

82. to send sent sent envoyer

83. to shine shone shone briller

84. to shoot shot shot abattre, tirer,

lancer

85. to show showed shown montrer

86. to shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir

87. to shut shut shut fermer

88. to sing sang sung chanter

89. to sink sank sunk enfoncer /

couler

90. to sit sat sat s’asseoir

91. to sleep slept slept dormir

92. to slide slid slid glisser

93. to smell smelt / smelled

smelt / smelled sentir


94. to speak spoke spoken parler

95. to spell spelt / spelled

spelt / spelled épeler

96. to spend spent spent dépenser

97. to spill spilt / spilled

spilt / spilled renverser

98. to spin spun spun tourner

99. to spit spat spat cracher

100. to split split split fendre / diviser

101. to spoil spoilt / spoiled

spoilt / spoiled gâcher / gâter

102. to stand stood stood se tenir / être

debout

103. to steal stole stolen voler

104. to stink stank stunk puer

105. to strike struck struck frapper

106. to swear swore sworn jurer / sacrer

107. to sweat sweat / sweated

sweat / sweated suer /

transpirer

108. to sweep swept swept balayer

109. to swim swam swum nager

110. to swing swung swung balancer / osciller

111. to take took taken prendre

112. to teach taught taught enseigner

113. to tear tore torn déchirer

114. to tell told told dire / raconter

115. to think thought thought penser

116. to throw threw thrown lancer

117. to understand

understood understood comprendre

118. to upset upset upset être bouleversé

/ troubler

119. to wake woke woken se réveiller

120. to wear wore worn porter

121. to weep wept wept pleurer

122. to win won won gagner

123. to write wrote written écrire


CONJUGATING VERBS IN ENGLISH

(Only Exception in English) Simple Present

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am

You are

He/She/It is

We are

You are

They are

I am not

You are not

He/She/It is not

We are not

You are not

They are not

Am I …?

Are you…?

Is he/she/it…?

Are we…?

Are you…?

Are they…

Simple Past


I was

You were

He/She/It was

We were

You were

They were

I was not

You were not

He/She/It was not

We were not

You were not

They were not

Was I…?

Were you…?

Was he/she/it…?

Were we…?

Were you…?

Were they…?

Simple Future


I will be

You will be

He/She/It will be

We will be

You will be

They will be

I will not be

You will not be

He/She/It will not be

We will not be

You will not be

They will not be

Will I be..?

Will you be…?

Will he/she/it be…?

Will we be…?

Will you be…?

Will they be…?

Present Continuous / Present Progressive


I am being

You are being

He/She/It is being

We are being

You are being

They are being

I am not being

You are not being

He/She/It is not being

We are not being

You are not being

They are not being

Am I being…?

Are you being…?

Is he/she/it being…?

Are we being…?

Are you being…?

Are they being…?

Past Continuous / Past Progressive


I/He/She/It was being

We/You/They were being

I /He/She/It was not being

We/You/They were not being

Was I/he/she/it being?

Were we/you/they being?



Simple Present


I have

You have

He/She/It haS

We have

You have

They have

I do not have

You do not have

He/She/It doES not haVE

We do not have

You do not have

They do not have

Do I hav…?

Do you have…?

DoES he/she/it haVE…?

Do we have …?

Do you have …?

Do they have …?

Simple Past


I had

You had

He/She/It had

We had

You had

They had

I did not have

You did not have

He/She/It did not have

We did not have

You did not have

They did not have

Did I have…?

Did you have…?

Did he/she/it have…?

Did we have…?

Did you have…?

Did they have…?

Simple Future


I will have

You will have

He/She/It will have

We will have

You will have

They will have

I will not have

You will not have

He/She/It will not have

We will not have

You will not have

They will not have

Will I have…?

Will you have …?

Will he/she/it have…?

Will we have…?

Will you have…6

Will they have…?



I am having

You are having

He/She/It is having

We are having

You are having

They are having

I am not having

You are not having

He/She/It is not having

We are not having

You are not having

They are not having

Am I having…?

Are you having…?

Is he/she/it having…?

Are we having…?

Are you having…?

Are they having…?



I/He/She/It was having

We/You/They were having

I /He/She/It was not having

We/You/They were not having

Was I/he/she/it having…?

Were we/you/they having…?



Simple Present


I play

You play

He/She/It playS

We play

You play

They play

I do not play

You do not play

He/She/It doES not plaY

We do not play

You do not play

They do not play

Do I play…?

Do you play…?

Does he/she/it plaY…?

Do we play…?

Do you play…?

Do they play…?

Simple Past


I playED

You playED

He/She/It playED

We playED

You playED

They playEd

I did not play

You did not play

He/She/It did not play

We did not play

You did not play

They did not play

Did I play…?

Did you play…?

Did he/she/it play…?

Did we play…?

Did you play…?

Did they play…?

Simple Future


I will play

You will play

He/She/It wil playl

We will play

You will play

They will play

I will not play

You will not play

He/She/It will not play

We will not play

You will not play

They will not play

Will I play…?

Will you play…?

Will he/she/it play…?

Will we play…?

Will you play…?

Will they play…?



I am playing

You are playing

He/She/It is playing

We are playing

You are playing

They are playing

I am not playing

You are not playing

He/She/It is not playing

We are not playing

You are not playing

They are not playing

Am I playing…?

Are you playing…?

Is he/she/it playing…?

Are we playing…?

Are you playing…?

Are they playing…?



I/He/She/It was playing

We/You/They were playing

I /He/She/It was not playing

We/You/They were not playing

Was I/he/she/it playing…?

Were we/you/they playing…?



Simple Present


I go

You go

He/She/It goES

We go

You go

They go

I do not go

You do not go

He/She/It doES not gO

We do not go

You do not go

They do not go

Do I go…?

Do you go…?

DoES he/she/it gO…?

Do we go…?

Do you go…?

Do they go…?

Simple Past


I went

You went

He/She/It went

We went

You went

They went

I did not go

You did not go

He/She/It did not go

We did not go

You did not go

They did not go

Did I go…?

Did you go…?

Did he/she/it go…?

Did we go…?

Did you go…?

Did they go…?

Simple Future


I will go

You will go

He/She/It will go

We will go

You will go

They will go

I will not go

You will not go

He/She/It will not go

We will not go

You will not go

They will not go

Will I go…?

Will you go…?

Will he/she/it go…?

Will we go…?

Will you go…?

Will they go…?

Present Continuous/Present Progressive


I am going

You are going

He/She/It is going

We are going

You are going

They are going

I am not going

You are not going

He/She/It is not going

We are not going

You are not going

They are not going

Am I going…?

Are you going…?

Is he/she/it going…?

Are we going…?

Are you going…?

Are they going…?



I/He/She/It was going

We/You/They were going

I /He/She/It was not going

We/You/They were not going

Was I/he/she/it going…?

Were we/you/they going… ?



Simple Present


I like

You like

He/She/It likeS

We like

You like

They like

I do not like

You do not like

He/She/It doES not likE

We do not like

You do not like

They do not like

Do I like…?.

Do you like…?

DoES he/she/it likE…?

Do we like…?

Do you like…?

Do they like…?

Simple Past


I liked

You liked

He/She/It liked

We liked

You liked

They liked

I did not like

You did not like

He/She/It did not like

We did not like

You did not like

They did not like

Did I like…?

Did you like…?

Did he/she/it like…?

Did we like…?

Did you like…?

Did they like…?

Simple Future


I will like

You will like

He/She/It will like

We will like

You will like

They will like

I will not like

You will not like

He/She/It will not like

We will not like

You will not like

They will not like

Will I like…?

Will you like…?

Will he/she/it like…?

Will we like…?

Will you like…?

Will they like…?

Present Continuous/Present Progressive




STATIVE VERBS LIKE: believe, belong, hate, hear, know, like, love, own, possess, prefer, remember, see, understand and want NEVER TAKE THE PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS FORM.


MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal French Example

Can Peux (verbe pouvoir) I can speak English.

Can Est-ce que je peux.. Can I have a sheet of paper?

Could Pouvais ou Pourrais When I was 10, I could run very fast.

Could Pouvais-je ou Pourrais-je… Could I have a sheet of paper?

Should Devrais You should eat more vegetables.

Should Devrais-je Should I eat more vegetables?

May Peut-être I may go to the party but I am not

certain.

May Puis-je May I have a sheet of paper?

Might possiblement I might go to the party but I am not

certain.

Must Dois (verbe devoir) You must do your homework, you

don’t have any choice.

Have/Has to dois He has to do his homework, he

doesn’t have any choice.

*The verb placed after the MODAL is always in the INFINITIVE.

Negative form: add the word NOT after the modal.

example: you may not go to the party.

Modal auxiliaries give information as to how the message should be interpreted. For example: you should do your homework is a SUGGESTION. You must do your homework is an OBLIGATION.


"IF" CLAUSES (SENTENCES)

Depending on the possibility of obtaining the result, you will need to change verb tenses. It is not as easy as in French (les "si" mangent les "-rais")

Condition Probability Example Verb tenses

0 Certain If you heat water, it boils. If you work here, you get paid.

Simple Present + Simple Present

1st Probable

If you study, you will pass. If you work hard, you will be rewarded.

Simple Present + Simple Future

2nd Improbable but not impossible

If you bought a lottery ticket, you would win. If he were at school, he would learn something.

Simple Past + Would and verb (infinitive)

3rd Impossible

If you had known, you would have helped. If he had taken the notes, he would have had the answers.

Had + Past participle Would + Have + Past Participle

To form the past participle of verbs:

Irregular verbs: Consult the list in your toolkit (p.32-33) + Use column 3

Regular verbs: Simply add -ED


I Interact Orally in

English

Listening

• I look at and listen to the person

talking.

• I try to guess the message:

� I pay attention to words

and expressions I know.

� I use visual clues (gestures,

facial expressions…).

• I show that I understand.

� I act.

� I react.

Speaking

• I start talking.

• I react to the message:

� I use vocabulary and

expressions I know.

� I ask for words and

expressions I don’t know.

� I ask questions.

• I continue talking.

� I don’t panic.

� I use resources.

� I take risks.


I LISTEN to Texts

BEFORE • I ask myself: What do I have to do? • I look at the title. • I look at the illustrations, the visuals… • I think of what I know about the subject. • I predict what will happen.

DURING • I listen to the text. • I don’t panic. • I concentrate. • To help me understand the text:

� I listen to the intonation. � I listen for key elements: people, places, objects …

� I keep in mind the words I know.

AFTER • I check to see if my predictions were correct. • I show my understanding by doing the task.


I READ Stories

BEFORE

• I ask myself: What do I have to do? • I read the title and subtitles. • I look at the illustrations. • I think of what I know about the subject. • I predict what will happen.

DURING

• I read the story. • To help me understand the story:

� I look for important elements: people, places, objects …

� I notice the words I know. � I guess the meaning of words I don’t know:

- I look at the illustrations. - I look at the words that come before and after.

AFTER

• I check to see if my predictions were correct. • I show my understanding by doing the task.


I WRITE Texts I PREPARE TO WRITE.

• I read the instructions. • I take out the resources I need (my books, my dictionary, my

bank of expressions…). • I look at the model. • I write down ideas in English.

I WRITE A DRAFT. • I look at the model again. • I follow the instructions. • I use my ideas. • I write short sentences in English. (subject/verb/object) • I use the vocabulary and expressions I know. • If I have a problem:

� I ask for help, I use my bank of words…

I REVISE MY TEXT. • Did I follow instructions? • Did I follow the model? • Are my ideas original? • Using the resources I have:

� I check the spelling. � I check the word order and the punctuation.

• I ask a team-mate to revise my text. • I correct my text.

I WRITE MY FINAL TEXT. • Is it OK? • Is it neat?

• Is it easy to read?


TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR ENGLISH

� I watch at least 30 MINUTES of television in ENGLISH (no subtitles and no watching it in French first) every day!

� I read at least 15 minutes in ENGLISH (internet, magazines, newspapers…) every day!

� I adopt a POSITIVE ATTITUDE!

� I accept that learning a language is DIFFICULT.

� I accept NOT UNDERSTANDING every thing.

� I make A LOT of EFFORT in class.

� I make an EFFORT to speak ONLY IN ENGLISH in class.

� I do activities on the internet (google: easy on-line activities to learn English).

�


Common Mistakes ESL Learners Make!

Here is a list of some major errors and how to correct them.

THE ERROR THE CORRECT WAY EXAMPLE

ARRIVE (avoir lieu)

In English, you ARRIVE at a destination.

In English, an event HAPPENS or TAKES PLACE.

The Montreal bus ARRIVED 2 minutes ago. (L'autobus de Montréal est arrivé…) Happened The accident arrived yesterday. (L'accident s'est passé hier.)

The story TAKES PLACE in France. (L'histoire se passe en France.)

FOR + VERB

In English, you can NOT put the word "FOR" before a verb. You must use the word TO.

TO

I went to the park FOR PLAY soccer. (je suis allé au parc pour jouer au soccer.)

ADJECTIVES In English, ADJECTIVES NEVER take the

plural form.

BEAUTIFUL We have three beautifuls girls. (Nous avons trois belles filles)

AUXILIARIES

In English AUXILIARIES are placed BEFORE the main action verb. The main action verb REMAINS in the INFINITIVE PRESENT.

CAN HELP Linda can helps you every Monday. (Linda peut t'aider tous les lundis.)

MANY MUCH

In English MANY and MUCH mean “beaucoup”.

BUT In English we MUST use MANY before NOUNS that we can COUNT. In English we MUST use MUCH before NOUNS that we CANNOT COUNT, but MEASURE.

MANY She has much children. (Elle a beaucoup d'enfants.)

MUCH The group drank too many water. (Le groupe a bu beaucoup trop d'eau.)

INTENSIFIERS

In English, the most popular INTENSIFIER is "VERY".

BUT In English, "VERY" is NOT always EASY to use. Try using REALLY instead.

REALLY I very like to eat pizza. (J'aime vraiment manger de la pizza.)

Or

I like to play sports VERY MUCH.


Révision Observations et vérifications Traces

Phrases

1. Sépare les phrases par un trait oblique 2. Vérifie si les phrases sont complètes (S + V + O) 3. Vérifie si les phrases ont du sens et si elle sont bien construites. 4. Vérifie la ponctuation. (majuscule, point selon le type de phrase, virgules, etc.)

/

M . ? ! ,

Accord du nom

1. Repère chaque nom commun et son adjectif. 2. Place chaque nom et adjectif entre crochets. 3. Fais les accords nécessaires. * ATTENTION, l’adjectif est toujours placé devant un nom et il est invariable.

[ adj. + nom ]

I have [three blue balls] in

my bag.

Accord du verbe

1. Souligne chaque verbe. Pour les verbes à l’infinitif, inscris « inf.» au-

dessus et encadre le « TO ». 2. Trace une flèche vers le sujet. 3. Lorsque le sujet est un nom, inscris le pronom au-dessus. 4. Vérifies le temps du verbe et accorde-le.

Paul likes to play soccer.

Simple present

3ième pers. du singulier (he, she, it)

verbe + s, es, ies

Simple past

Verbe régulier Verbe + ed Verbe irrégulier Regarde sur ta liste de verbe

Inf. he

A

C

B


Orthographe

1. Place un astérisque au-dessus des mots dont tu doutes de l’orthographe

ou du sens. 2. Avant de chercher dans le dictionnaire, utilise d’autres stratégies. (affiches,

cahier de notes, manuel de l’élève…) 3. Cherche dans le dictionnaire.

*

1. I prepare to write

� Discuss and write down your ideas.

� I brainstorm with others about ideas and topics. � I activate prior knowledge of the language to be

used � Write down an outline of the text. � Use various resources (dictionary, functional language).

2. I write a draft

� Use your ideas and your outline. � Write down short complete sentences � Use language and vocabulary you know. � Ask for help or advice when needed.

3. I revise my text

� Read your draft as if you were the target audience. � Rearrange, clarify and complete your ideas when needed. � Double-check your word choice. � Ask for another person’s feedback. � Rewrite your draft with the modifications you made.

4. I edit my text

� Use resources like different models, dictionaries,

thesauruses and grammar references. � Ask for help or advice when needed.

5. I publish my text

� Take into account your text type. � Make a polished copy. � Present your text to the target audience

La méthode et la patience sont les seuls vrais trucs pour bien corriger! Ne laisse pas le hasard décider de ta réussite!

D

CHECKLIST FOR THE WRITING PROCESS

53

FRENCH ENGLISH reg. or irr. 1. abattre, tirer,

lancer to shoot irr

2. accueillir to welcome reg 3. acheter to buy irr 4. aider to help reg 5. aimer to love reg 6. aimer, apprécier to like reg 7. ajouter to add reg 8. aller to go irr 9. allumer to light reg 10. allumer to light irr 11. apparaître to appear reg 12. appartenir to own reg 13. appeler to call reg 14. apporter to bring irr 15. apprendre to learn reg 16. apprendre to learn irr 17. assister à to attend reg 18. attacher to tie reg 19. attendre to wait reg 20. atterrir to land reg 21. attraper to catch irr 22. avertir to warn reg 23. avoir to have irr 24. avoir besoin to need reg 25. balancer / osciller to swing irr 26. balayer to sweep irr 27. battre to beat irr 28. blesser to hurt irr 29. boire to drink irr 30. bouger to move reg 31. bouillir to boil reg 32. briller to shine irr 33. briser / casser to break irr 34. brûler to burn reg 35. brûler to burn irr 36. cacher to hide irr 37. chanter to sing irr 38. chercher to search reg 39. choisir to choose irr 40. choisir to pick out reg 41. collectionner to collect reg 42. commencer to begin irr 43. comprendre to understand irr 44. compter to count reg 45. conduire to drive irr 46. construire / bâtir to build irr 47. contacter to contact reg 48. couler to drown reg 49. couper to cut irr 50. courber / plier to bend irr 51. courir to run irr

FRENCH ENGLISH reg. or irr. 52. courser to race reg 53. coûter to cost irr 54. cracher to spit irr 55. craindre to fear reg 56. creuser to dig irr 57. crier to shout reg 58. croire to believe reg 59. croître / grandir to grow irr 60. déchirer to tear irr 61. découvrir to discover reg 62. décrire to describe reg 63. défier to dare reg 64. demander to ask reg 65. dépenser to spend irr 66. déranger to disturb reg 67. dessiner to draw irr 68. devenir to become irr 69. deviner to guess reg 70. devoir to owe irr 71. diffuser to broadcast irr 72. dire to say irr 73. dire / raconter to tell irr 74. discuter to discuss reg 75. distribuer, gérer,

négocier to deal irr

76. donner to give irr 77. dormir to sleep irr 78. durer to last reg 79. échouer to fail reg 80. éclater to burst irr 81. écouter to listen to reg 82. Écrire to write irr 83. effacer to erase reg 84. élever, accoupler to breed irr 85. enfoncer , couler to sink irr 86. enseigner to teach irr 87. entendre to hear irr 88. envoyer to send irr 89. épeler to spell reg 90. épeler to spell irr 91. espérer to hope reg 92. essayer to try reg 93. être to be irr 94. être bouleversé,

troubler to upset irr

95. être en accord to agree reg 96. étudier to study reg 97. éviter to avoid reg 98. expédier (par la poste) to mail reg 99. fabriquer / faire to make irr 100. faire to do irr 101. fendre, diviser to split irr 102. fermer to shut

54

FRENCH ENGLISH reg. or irr. 103. fermer to close reg 104. fournir to provide reg 105. frapper to hit irr 106. frapper to strike irr 107. fumer to smoke reg 108. gâcher, gâter to spoil reg 109. gagner to win irr 110. garder to keep irr 111. gaspiller to waste reg 112. geler to freeze irr 113. glisser to slide irr 114. grimper to climb reg 115. inclure to include reg 116. indiquer to indicate reg 117. interdire to forbid irr 118. jouer to play reg 119. jurer, sacrer to swear irr 120. laisser to let irr 121. lancer to throw irr 122. laver to wash reg 123. lever to raise reg 124. libérer to free reg 125. lire to read irr 126. louer to rent reg 127. lutter, se battre to fight irr 128. mâcher to chew reg 129. manger to eat irr 130. manquer to miss reg 131. marcher to walk reg 132. marier to marry reg 133. mener to lead irr 134. mériter to deserve reg 135. mettre to put irr 136. mettre fin à to end reg 137. montrer to show reg 138. mordre to bite irr 139. mourir to die reg 140. nager to swim irr 141. nier to deny reg 142. nourrir to feed irr 143. obtenir to get irr 144. oublier to forget irr 145. pardonner to forgive irr 146. parier, gager to bet irr 147. parler to speak irr 148. parler to talk reg 149. partager to share reg 150. passer, sautiller to skip reg 151. patiner to skate reg 152. payer to pay reg 153. pêcher to fish reg 154. peinturer to paint reg

FRENCH ENGLISH reg. or irr. 155. penser to think irr 156. perdre to lose irr 157. permettre to allow reg 158. permettre to permit reg 159. peser to weigh reg 160. placer, poser,

pondre to lay irr

161. plaire to please reg 162. planifier to plan reg 163. pleurer to weep irr 164. pleurer to cry reg 165. plonger to dive irr 166. pointer to point reg 167. porter to wear irr 168. porter to carry reg 169. pratiquer to practise reg 170. prendre to take irr 171. prêter to lend irr 172. produire to produce reg 173. puer to stink irr 174. quitter, partir,

laisser to leave irr

175. ralentir to slow down reg 176. ramasser to pick up reg 177. ramper to creep irr 178. reconnaître to recognize reg 179. regarder to look reg 180. regarder to watch reg 181. remarquer to notice reg 182. remplir to fill reg 183. rencontrer to meet irr 184. renverser to spill reg 185. réparer to fix reg 186. répondre to answer reg 187. résoudre to solve reg 188. respirer to breathe reg 189. rester to remain reg 190. rester, demeurer to stay reg 191. rétrécir to shrink irr 192. réussir to succeed reg 193. rêver to dream irr 194. rire to laugh reg 195. rivaliser to compete reg 196. s’agenouiller to kneel irr 197. s’amuser to enjoy reg 198. s’asseoir to sit irr 199. s’entraîner to train reg 200. s’étendre to lie irr 201. s’étirer to stretch reg 202. s’éveiller to awake irr 203. s’inquiéter to worry reg 204. saigner to bleed irr

55

FRENCH ENGLISH reg. or irr. 205. sauter to jump reg 206. sauter, bondir to leap irr 207. sauvegarder to save reg 208. sauver to save reg 209. savoir, connaître to know irr 210. se comporter to behave reg 211. se débrouiller to manage reg 212. se passer to happen reg 213. se promener à to ride irr 214. se réchauffer to warm up reg 215. se réveiller to wake irr 216. se sentir to feel irr 217. se servir to use reg 218. se tenir, être

debout to stand irr

219. sécher to dry reg 220. sélectionner to select reg 221. sentir to smell reg 222. signifier, vouloir

dire to mean irr

223. sonner to ring irr 224. souffler, gonfler to blow irr 225. souhaiter to wish reg 226. soulever to lift reg 227. souvenir to remember reg 228. suer, transpirer to sweat irr 229. suggérer to suggest reg 230. suivre to follow reg 231. surgir to arise irr 232. suspendre to hang irr 233. tenir to hold irr 234. terminer to finish reg 235. tirer to pull reg 236. tomber to fall irr 237. tourner to spin irr 238. tourner to turn reg 239. travailler to work reg 240. traverser, croiser to cross reg 241. tricoter to knit irr 242. trouver to find irr 243. utiliser to use reg 244. vendre to sell irr 245. venir to come irr 246. vérifier, cocher to check reg 247. vider to empty reg 248. vivre to live reg 249. voir to see irr 250. voler to steal irr 251. voler (in the air) to fly irr 252. vouloir to want reg 253. voyager to travel reg

English as a Second Language Cycle 1 Triolet Secondary School

Documents

Transcript of English as a Second Language Cycle 1 Triolet Secondary School