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Elements of a Good Research Question

• Require a judgment or evaluation to be made • Be researchable (it is possible to find relevant and credible sources) • Involve genuine points of ongoing debate • Invite engagement with alternative perspectives • Is simple and does not contain multiple, nested questions.

How to Develop Good Research Questions

• Ask open-ended “how” and “why” questions about your general topic. • Consider the “so what” of your topic. Why does this topic matter to you? Why should it matter to

others? • Reflect on the questions you have considered. Identify one or two questions you find engaging and

which could be explored further through research. How to Narrow and Focus Your Question

• What aspect of the more general topic you will explore? • Is your research question clear? • Is your research question focused? • Research questions must be specific enough to be well covered in the space available. • Is your research question complex? • Questions shouldn’t have a simple yes/no answer and should require research and analysis.

Things to Consider

• If you are making an argument, what will you say? • - Why does your argument matter? • - How might others challenge your argument? • - What kind of sources will you need to support your argument?

Research Question Examples Notice that the question closest to the center or considered a “hit” is more focused, clear, and complex.

Directions: Examine the questions below. Decide which ones are a miss (broad and vague), close (better but not quite specific enough, or a hit (clear, focused, and complex). Be sure to justify your answers.

1. A. What characteristics determine whether or not students will succeed in college? B. What kind of students do well in life? C. How good of a predictor is standardized testing for college academic success?

2. A. What effect does birth order have on children’s success?

B. Do first-born children end up more financially successful? C. Does birth order make a difference for children?

3. A. What is the environmental impact of plastic water bottles?

B. What is the impact of bottled water on the environment? C. How does trash pollute the environment?

Adapted from resources from colleague, Carrie Longworth, and https://sscc.libguides.com/c.php?g=18253&p=102734.

Conducting Your Own Research

Although you will be provided research articles, you will also be conducting research of your own by interviewing someone and doing an observation. All of this research will help you answer the research question below.

Your Research Question: How do advertisements from both TV and social media, including social media influencers affect the buying habits of teens and/or their parents?

Interview (in-person, online, via telephone)

Rules for Conducting Interviews

• Have a list of questions prepared. • Take notes of the interviewee’s responses. • Try to avoid “yes” or “no” questions, but if you have one of these be sure to ask a follow-up

question that offers the opportunity for the person to give reasons and explanations. • Do not ask questions that show your bias or lead the person you are interviewing in a specific

direction.

Biased: Don’t you agree that 14 year-olds should be allowed to drive?

Revised: Do you believe 14 year-olds should or should not be allowed to drive? Why? OR What do you believe is an appropriate age for people to begin driving and why?

• Your questions should be clear and concise. The first four interview questions are provided for you below.

• Ask one question at a time to give yourself time to record. • answers and the person you are interviewing the wait time to really think about and answer

your question.

Task: You must interview at least one person. You may interview more than one. There are four questions below to help you begin your interview. You should also create 3 to 5 questions to complete your interview.

Question 1: How do you think TV and social media ads influence what teens want to buy?

Question 2: How do social media influencers affect the items teens are drawn to?

Question 3: What items have you or someone you know seen on social media and then purchased?

Question 4: Was it something you needed or just wanted?

Observations: (TV news source, videos, people)

Guidelines for Conducting Observations

• Write what you actually see or hear not what you think about what you see or hear. The goal is to be objective.

• Be descriptive and specific using adjectives to help describe what you are observing. • Focus on details that relate to your research question. • Describe what you see—images, colors, changes • Write down specific quotes that you hear that really relate the question you are trying to answer. • After you complete the observation, you should reflect on what you have observed and write

your thoughts and any questions you might still have.

Task: Choose something or someone to observe that will help you find information on your research question. Use the guidelines above to conduct your observation.

Suggestions for Things to Observe

• The ads that show up on your social media. Notice the trends. • The types of products social media influencers (including video games and Youtubers) promote

and how they market these products. • The items that you or your siblings try to get your parents or guardians to buy and how you try

to persuade them.

Collecting Information from Reliable Sources When researching, you need to identify reliable sources (both print and digital) and be aware of where you’re getting your information from.

CRITERIA TO CONSIDER WHEN EVALUATING AN ONLINE SOURCE (OR ANY SOURCE)

THINK:

• What kind of text is it—a newspaper, an official website, a book, a magazine, a scholarly article in a peer-reviewed journal?

• Can you find who authored or published the work and when it was published? • If the source is more than five years old, you should verify if newer, more accurate

information is available.

Avoid Wikipedia or other sources that anyone can edit; however, Wikipedia articles often have credible sources listed at the bottom in their works cited.

THINK:

• Does the author seem to be an authority on the subject they’re writing on? How do you know this? What are their credentials?

• Is there evidence in the article to back up what the author is saying? • Does the source cite its sources?

THINK:

• What organization is the author or this piece associated with? Could it be written from a biased point of view?

• Does the author use a lot of loaded (or emotional) language? This often suggests bias, but depending on the goal of the text and where they got their information, the source may still be credible.

FACT: Norfolk Public Schools is located in southeastern Virginia. OPINION: Norfolk Public Schools’ teachers work hard to ensure their students are learning. PROPAGANDA: Students who do not attend Norfolk Public Schools do not receive a quality education, and will probably not be accepted into college.

THINK:

• Does the author use citations? Is it clear where the author has gotten their information?

WEBSITES TO BE CAUTIOUS OF OR EVEN AVOID

'

• For online sources, the domain name (or end of the URL) can sometimes provide a clue as

to the webpage's origin:

• .edu—sites associated with educational programs or institutions • .gov—sites associated with the U.S. government • .org—sites associated with organizations (non-profits) • .com—commercial sites (for profit, typically) • .net—network infrastructures • .uk, .fr, .jp—sites based specifically in countries outside the U.S.

WAYS TO FIND RELIABLE, CREDIBLE SOURCES

You must have a NPL Library Card Number to access the online resources here.

Information for this resource was compiled and adapted from

https://www.schoolcraft.edu

https://www.miamioh.edu/hcwe/handouts/reliable-sources/index.html

owl.purdue.edu

Source Credibility Checklist

Positives: Assign one point for each statement that is true of the source

Sour

ce 1

Sour

ce 2

Sour

ce 3

Sour

ce 4

Sour

ce 5

An author is listed. The web address ends in .edu or .gov. The author does not use loaded, emotional language. The main purpose is to provide facts not opinions. The source is from the last 5 years. The source is from a scholarly journal or reputable news organization.

The organization supporting the source seems to be trustworthy. The author seems to have expertise in the field. The author references other research in the source. Total Points Negatives: Assign one point for each statement that is true of the source

The source is opinion-based. The source is biased. The source does ends in a .com or .org The source is from Wikipedia. The organization supporting the source seems to have an agenda or bias.

The source is from a blog or personal website. The organization supporting the source does not take responsibility for the comments of the writer.

Total Points Compare the number of positive statements to negative statements. If the source scored high in positive statements and low in negative statements, then is probably quite credible and reliable. If it scored higher in negative statements, it is either suspect or definitely not credible and reliable for research purposes. Write and CR for credible/reliable and an U for unreliable/not credible. Hint: 3 are reliable and 2 are not.

SOURCE 1: Can CGI influencers cause real-world problems? Only time will tell

Miquela Sousa is an Instagram-famous 19-year-old. At first glance, she is everything you would expect from an Instagram influencer. She's got a signature look, space buns and all. She has hung out with celebrities such as The Chainsmokers and Bo Burnham. Sometimes she takes a break from posting selfies to spotlight social causes, like transgender rights. Like almost every influencer, Miquela lives online, broadcasting her life to 1.6 million followers on her Instagram account @lilmiquela. "I ugly cried in front of about 50 strangers … and now he won't respond to any of (my) texts or pick up his phone," she wrote in one post about her on-again, off-again boyfriend who she calls "angel boi." However, unlike other teens, Miquela doesn't know what it's like to be any age besides 19. She doesn't know acne breakouts. She doesn't know bad hair days. She doesn't even know any of her followers in person — and never will. That's because Miquela isn't a person but a digital avatar created through computer-generated imagery, or CGI. This refers to the special visual effects that can be created using computer software. In the last few years, Instagram has seen the emergence of a new kind of influencer, one whose image and voice lie in the hands of people pulling their strings behind-the-scenes. Often their human followers have no idea. Their presence on social media is rather new. Yet experts say CGI influencers are changing digital marketing quickly and could cause problems for the real world. Their Existence Is Fake, But Their Influence Is Real Partnerships with brands are the lifeblood of full-time influencers. Influencers have large audiences on social media and can use their platforms to persuade people to buy products or live a certain way. Brands often pay influencers to advertise products on social media. Some wonder if CGI influencers are as effective at persuading consumers as their human counterparts. It seems as though they are, according to a study by the social entertainment firm Fullscreen last year. Surveying more than 500 13- to 34-year-olds, Fullscreen studied whether people following CGI influencers made purchasing decisions because of them. According to the results, 55 percent of people who followed CGI influencers made a purchase, 55 percent attended an event, 53 percent followed a brand and 52 percent researched a brand product. "They're fake, but then they are creating buzz around them," said Mukta Chowdhary of Fullscreen. Miquela has partnered with top brands Samsung Mobile and Calvin Klein, where she is shown interacting with real people. Time magazine ranked her one of the 25 most influential people on the Internet in 2018, alongside President Donald Trump, Kanye West, Rihanna and Kylie Jenner. Frank Mulhern is a marketing professor at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois. He said CGI influencers have a key advantage over humans: the promise of complete control. After all, humans make mistakes. Meanwhile, CGI influencers will never go off-script or get into trouble. "They're completely controlled," Mulhern said. "They can be programmed to say things and do things in online environments in ways that the brand marketers want." Mulhern added he's unsure if CGI influencers are here to stay. "In advertising, there are a lot of cycles and fads and things come and go, and something else could come along later that's different or better," he said. "On the other hand, this could stick."

Many Can't Tell Who's CGI And Who's Human Perhaps even more surprising than CGI influencers' persuasive power is how well they blend among humans. The Fullscreen study showed that 42 percent of the young people they surveyed had followed an influencer they hadn't realized was not a real human. Mulhern said CGI influencers will likely become "indistinguishable from real people" as technology improves. The possibility of a CGI influencer who looks completely human may interest brands. However, it worries Diane Pacom, a retired sociology professor at the University of Ottawa in Canada. "Slowly but surely we're living in a world where the real and the unreal — or the real and what is given, what has been constructed — will be completely confused, then fused," Pacom said. Who Are The Real People Behind The CGI Influencers? Some creators of digital influencers remain secretive, but others speak openly. Cameron-James Wilson has spoken publicly about creating Shudu, one of the world's first digital supermodels. Wilson created Shudu. He was inspired by the 2017 South African Princess Barbie. Now, he is head of The Diigitals, an all-digital modeling agency. When Shudu went viral, Wilson said he found it important to clarify she wasn't real. "The majority of people might think she's a real person," Wilson said. "There needs to be a level of awareness about that with technology. I think that has the potential to be abused." Will CGI Influencers Replace Human Influencers? The arrival of the CGI influencer raises questions about the future of human influencers and what social media has become. Dr. Mike Varshavski is a human influencer whose Instagram account has more than 3 million followers. He finds CGI influencers fascinating and doesn't think they threaten the human influencer. "I think there's plenty of room for both to thrive," he said. Chowdhary thinks the presence of CGI influencers on Instagram calls attention to the desire to look perfect on social media. "CGI is almost poking fun about that polished look," she said. "This is a fake person, but so is a super-polished, human person on social media." For Pacom, a future that sees CGI influencers the same as humans doesn't look so hopeful. "It's the person, talking with someone who looks like them, but who is the production of about 10 or 15 very intelligent adults," she said. Pacom said the main goal for these brands is to get young people to buy a product. She knows CGI influencers can't be stopped, though. Instead, Pacom encourages Instagram users to think critically about what they see when they're scrolling.

Publication Information

By USA Today, adapted by the Newsela staff https://newsela.com Published: 11/13/2019

SOURCE 2: Instagram is the best way to market to teens, says Piper Jaffray survey

If a brand is looking to target teenagers, it should be reaching out to them through Instagram.

People in Gen Z, born between 1997 and 2012, “overwhelmingly prefer” when brands contact them on Instagram rather than through other social media channels, according to a new survey from analysts at Piper Jaffray. Seventy percent of respondents said they preferred Instagram for brand engagement.

It’s a strong sign for Instagram’s budding shopping product, where brands can insert links to buy products that are advertised on the site. Facebook, which owns Instagram, gets a cut of the revenue.

Instagram in general is extremely popular among teens, with 90% penetration among 14-to-18-year-olds, according to the report.

Snapchat comes in second place for branding, with just under 50% of teens preferring that brands use it to reach out to them. Twitter and Facebook fared much more poorly, coming in behind email (about 38%), text messaging (about 35%), and website ads (about 30%). Only 20% of teens preferred hearing from brands on Twitter, and only about 12% preferred Facebook.

Piper Jaffray asked 8,000 teens, with the average age of 16, across the United States about their spending habits, branding preferences and behaviors. The study’s results come just after Instagram rolled out its checkout option on March 19, which allows consumers to purchase products without leaving the app.

The survey comes just over half a year after Instagram first began allowing users to directly click on links to purchase items through the app.

“Shopping is more than an errand – it’s also about what you discover along the way,” Instagram said in a statement when it first introduced shopping through the app. “For many people on Instagram, shopping is an entertaining way to get inspired and connect with new and interesting brands.”

Publication Information

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/08/instagram-best-for-marketing-to-teens-snapchat-second-piper-jaffray.html

PUBLISHED MON, APR 8 201912:57 PM EDT

Jessica Bursztynsky@JBURSZ

CNBC is a national news network.

SOURCE 3: 4 Ways Social Media Influences Millennials' Purchasing Decisions Why do brands spend so much time and effort courting millennials on social media? Digital marketing is a big undertaking, it can be expensive, and there’s lots of competition. Still, companies seem to be committed to engaging on social media. The simple reason behind this is that it works. Social media is a major influencer when it comes to the purchasing decisions of millennials. In fact, 72% of them report buying fashion and beauty products based on Instagram posts. And the further role of social media influencers goes way beyond this one network. Peer recommendations carry a lot of weight with millennials As mentioned above, recommendations from peers can reap a lot of customer conversions. According to Hubspot data, 71% of people are more likely to make a purchase online if the product or service comes recommended by others. This may be driven by millennials inherent distrust of brands and traditional advertising. They simply tend to believe what their peers say, seek their opinions and often validation. However, according to McKinsey, a small number of influencers are accountable for the lion’s share of referrals brands receive via social media. For example when studying products such as shoes and clothing, it was discovered that 5% of the influencers offering product recommendations were driving 45% of social influence. They have earned the trust of their followers as a result of establishing expertise or other influence in a very specific niche. According to entrepreneur Andrew Molz, in order to reach millennials, brands should focus on earning those referrals and recommendations. Molz is an ecommerce guru who built a Shopify based website and generated $2.2 million in sales using only social media to generate traffic. He’s consulted numerous startups and recently, one of his ecommerce ventures, Onyx Hearts, was acquired only 18 months after he started it. Apart from hiring influential brand ambassadors and sponsoring influencers, Molz says this may also include asking satisfied customers to leave reviews, soliciting customer testimonials, then displaying those on social media and landing pages. Fashion is now driven by influencers on social media “Industry influencers in niches such as fashion and beauty hold a lot of sway over this consumer group,” Molz said. They start trends, determine what’s cool and desirable, and curate the must-have items as fashion magazines used to do.” For instance, last August 80% of Nordstrom’s mobile traffic came from a single influencer, RewardStyle Network. This same influencer network also drove 21.94% of Sephora’s traffic, 34% of traffic to Revolve.com, and 30.83% to Net-A-Porter. This means, as Molz argues, that “companies must recognize who has the ear of the millennials in their target audience. This includes bloggers and vloggers, publishers, YouTubers, etc. Getting their seal of approval could be key in pushing millennials further into the sales funnel.” The influence goes way beyond fashion too. For example, the release of the video game overwatch was highly anticipated. A week after its release, Elon Musk tweeted that he liked the game and congratulated the publisher on a job well done. That casual, likely offhand remark generated over 3800 retweets and resulted in 12000 instances of engagements. This happened in only minutes. User generated content has a big influence on purchasing decisions

According to Gartner research, 84% of millennials are likely to be influenced to make a purchase based upon user generated content that is created by strangers. While many brands are already using user generated content to increase their followers and further branding, Molz says this can act as additional motivation to encourage followers to share content such as reviews, images, and stories. “Seeing a product in use or simply reading personal stories from other consumers clearly has a big influence on this consumer group,” he added. When a user takes user generated content to a new level, they become brand ambassadors. These “power users” can help you to take your brand onto the next level. For instance, Covergirl has worked to create relationships with popular beauty vloggers James Charles and Nura Afia. By working with Afia specifically, the brand stands to capture the interests of Muslim women who may have previously felt ignored by the cosmetics industry. That’s significant as it is predicted that Muslims will spend between 464 and 730 billion dollars on fashion and beauty products and services by 2019. Engagement not promotion or advertising is often the drive behind purchasing decisions While influencers and peers may hold the most influence over millennials purchasing decisions, that doesn’t mean that brands don’t have a voice at all. They most certainly do. However, it’s important to keep in mind that they are more impressed by engagement than promotion. Sixty-two percent of this group states that they are more likely to become brand loyal if a company engages with them, sincerely, on social media. Not only does brand loyalty drive purchasing decisions, it also drives those ever important social media recommendations. Millennials who become particularly bonded to a brand can even be elevated to the level of brand ambassador influencer like 50 North Yachts does. Businesses that are interested in influencing millennials should certainly use social media to address them. That being said, in order to be successful, it is imperative that brands recognize exactly how millennials look to social media for information and feedback. It’s not so much promotion and advertising that makes a difference. Instead, this generation values sincerity, peer and influencer recommendations, and values.

Publication Information By Andrew Arnold, Former Contributor, December 22, 2017 Source: Forbes I am a writer and lifestyle entrepreneur. After working in the corporate world for over 5 years, I resigned and took to consulting entrepreneurs and companies, including Fortune 500 companies like LinkedIn and Cisco. I have particular interest in how people and businesses have deployed/consumed traditional media such as TV, radio, print, yellow pages and outdoor ads for decades and how new media such as social media, blogs, podcasts, computer games, blockchain and virtual reality are taking money and attention away from those. I am out to discover and write about how millennials use and influence the growth of emerging media. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewarnold/2017/12/22/4-ways-social-media-influences-millennials-purchasing-decisions/amp/

SOURCE 4: Does Social Media Influence Your Buying Habits? Some companies are masters at influencing buying habits. Starbucks, for instance, has been at the helm of controlling the customer experience for a long time. From the in-store environment to the presence on social media, the company has been able to balance its image as a responsible coffee source and still nearly quadruple share prices in the last 5 years. One night while perusing my Twitter timeline, I came across a travel bag posted by @amazon, the amazon.com Twitter account. I clicked on the link, reviewed the product description and price, I was ready to buy and place my order. Realizing I couldn't buy it from amazon.ca (the Canadian site) because the shipping costs alone would make this deal exorbitant. With regret, I hit the cancel button. This is a clear-cut example of how social media influenced my buying habits. Have you heard of Black Friday & Cyber Monday? Unless you have been living in the wilderness with no access to TV, internet or newspapers, it's highly probable you've heard a thing or two about the American phenomenon of Black Friday (originally intended to get retail stores out of the "red" and into the "black") and its online offshoot, Cyber Monday. Black Friday is the American equivalent to Canada's Boxing Day, but thanks to the influence of marketing, the day for deals is gaining popularity north of the border. Marketing at its most clever uses any media vehicle it can to influence the consumer to shop, and the day after American Thanksgiving has become a juggernaut of spending. Perhaps you have seen a tv segment or two of people fighting, and sometimes literally dying, over the highly coveted "sale items." Imagine the influence this article has from Sheknows.com about "Black Friday fashion deals" on potential buyers. With online shopping becoming more and more common, online retailers, such as Amazon and even brick and mortar stores with a digital shopping cart are getting in on the action. Although you might not be trampled by a crowd of people, it's important to be mindful of what the real deals are and where the hidden charges, like shipping, might be. Branding yourself an Influencer Now let’s take a look at this marketing genius, Jason SurfrApp (his current campaign name for 2014). Jason used social media to launch his services to help brands sell to people like you and me by wearing branded T-shirts -- company name IWearYourShirt.com. Add the social media element to the mix and he was off launching his new business. Once the foundation was laid, well the rest is history. Jason now is a consultant to corporations, guest speaker and book author. In 2008, I saw the growing influence of social media and decided I could utilize those platforms in a new and unique way by getting paid to wear sponsored t-shirts for a living. Each day, I represented a different company online using social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Ustream, and Flickr. -Jason SurfrApp Remember the recent news concerning comet lander scientist Dr Matt Taylor's shirt with images of scantily clad women? It caused a firestorm on social media, and began trending world-wide with the hashtag #shirtgate. Opinions from all sexes poured in and the backlash made international headlines. On the other side of the sartorial pendulum is Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, who sparks a buying frenzy with anything she wears.

Online shirt companies, like DonkeyTees, are experiencing a growing number of customers, as more consumers are looking to make ironic and often tongue-in-cheek statements through their apparel. Often appealing to the nostalgia or politics of a generation, the iconography used to reach their target audience is ultimately something that a larger audience is able to immediately identify. The DemandGen Report survey highlights some telling behaviors: • 37 per cent of buyers said they spent more time using social media to research solutions than in previous years. • 57 per cent of buyers said that they browsed existing social-media discussions to learn more about a topic. • 53 per cent of buyers said they relied more on peer recommendations -- nearly three times the number from the year before. Source: Digital Current Some companies are masters at influencing buying habits. Starbucks, for instance, has been at the helm of controlling the customer experience for a long time. From the in-store environment to the presence on social media, the company has been able to balance its image as a responsible coffee source and still nearly quadruple share prices in the last 5 years. With more sources than ever to be reached directly by companies, social media is beginning to find a solid footing in the world of marketing. With the tools that social media provides marketers to target specific demographics, one can at least hope that the information that finds its way to our screens is of some relevance, lest it become part of the digital noise that we will inevitably tune out.

Publication Information By Parmjit Parmar, Contributor Travel & Lifestyle Writer, Social Media Expert, Blogger Retrieved from: HUFFPOST December 11, 2014 https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/parmjit-parmar/social-media-shopping_b_6306234.html At HuffPost, we report with empathy and put people at the heart of every story. We take a people-first approach in everything we report—be it news and politics or lifestyle and entertainment—and we cover real stories about real life. Regardless of who you are, where you live or what you believe, you can count on HuffPost to help you navigate what’s happening in the world and how it affects you. We consider the needs, passions and curiosity of our readers in all of our journalism. If something matters to our readers, it matters to us. This post was published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform. Contributors control their own work and posted freely to our site.

SOURCE 5: How Teens Actually Feel About Social Media Ads

Harrer, Andrew—Bloomberg/Getty Images

Correction appended, Aug. 3

Kaci Owens, a 16-year-old high school junior from Liberty Township, Ohio, knows she’s going to be blasted with advertising every time she checks Facebook, YouTube or Instagram. In her words, it’s “a few posts, an ad” then, “a few more posts, another ad.”

“I think it’s everywhere,” Owens says, adding that she most often sees ads for makeup or food. “But it doesn’t really bother me. I usually just scroll past it.”

That behavior — skipping past advertising — sounds like a marketer’s nightmare. But despite all the ads Owens may ignore, there’s one kind in particular she and other teens are likely to engage with: Sponsored videos from online “influencers,” those quasi-celebrities paid by brands to talk about their products to their legions of adoring fans.

Owens knows those influencers are being paid, sometimes in the millions, to influence her buying choices. But she says she’ll still listen to what they have to say. That’s because, to some degree, she trusts they wouldn’t sell a product they didn’t believe in. She also appreciates that many of them are forward about their financial arrangements.

“They’ll say ‘I’m being paid to do this,’ but I’ll want to listen to what their opinion is,” Owens says. “It doesn’t mean that I go out and buy it right away.” Marketers say such influencers are offering a way for them to advertise to an engaged audience of teens, who represent $44 billion in annual purchasing power — and who often carry brand loyalties into young adulthood. Social media companies are capitalizing on the trend. YouTube has become so saturated with popular vloggers that marketers are now turning to so-called “micro-influencers” with smaller but more devoted followings, while agencies are shifting their ad dollars from television to YouTube. Snapchat recently opened its platform to more advertisers, too. (It also works with some brands to make custom filters and lenses that add unique effects to users’ photos, turning them into highly shareable ads. One standout example: A Taco Bell filter that turned users’ faces into, well, tacos.)

Danielle Wiley, CEO of content marketing agency Sway Group, says teenagers respond best to ads that are more casual. Her teenage daughter, for instance, already assumes everything she sees on social media that mentions a product is sponsored, so she wants the have more control over what ads she sees. “That phone is the focus of their life, and they don’t want the brand interfering with that,” Wiley says. “That probably explains why they respond better to brand messages that come via influencer.” I nfluencers’ success partly relies on authenticity. Warline Norzeus, a 22-year-old marketing communications intern for GfK MRI and a vlogger, says that social media personalities like Michelle Phan usually wind up feeling like a friend who you hit up for advice. “If you’re being sponsored by a certain company, you don’t have a script that you’re reading from,” Norzeus says. “They’re saying what they actually feel about it.” The idea of paying a celebrity to promote a brand is far from a new invention. What is new, however, is today’s more authentic breed of celebrity, says Barbara Kahn, professor of marketing at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School. “If you hit it right you can become an influencer pretty quickly,” she says. Marketing through them, Kahn says, also solves brands’ dilemma of trying to get a team of marketers to “speak teenager.” “I think it’s pretty clever,” Owens says. “I know my friends will send [those ads] back and forth.” Correction: The original version of this story misstated the town in which Kaci Owens resides. It is Liberty Township. The story also originally misstated the name of the University of Pennsylvania professor. It is Barbara Kahn.

Publication Information

BY EMMA OCKERMAN UPDATED: AUGUST 3, 2016 10:16 AM ET | ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: AUGUST 3, 2016 9:10 AM EDT

https://time.com/4433964/teens-social-media-advertising/

Time has been a current affairs magazine since 1923 covering world and national news.

Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing

Quoting

Direct quotations are short passages of the original author’s exact words that you might pull from the source because the way it is written is essential or powerful.

Rules for Using Quotations

• Should be placed inside quotation marks (“”). • Each time you use a direct quotation it should be for a specific purpose such as:

o The author says something powerful that you cannot easily put into your own words. o Rewording would change the specific point the author is making and lose some of the effect. o Referencing a respected scholar or organization would add credibility to your argument. o Your readers would benefit from an outside example.

• All quotations should be introduced, surrounded by quotation marks, cited properly, and followed by your explanation of the quote's meaning to your argument.

• You can quote complete sentences or just a few words: SEE EXAMPLES BELOW

Stephen D. Cox questions why the sinking of the Titanic continues to resonate whenever disaster strikes: “It is virtually the only disaster that is perpetually remembered, commemorated, and even celebrated. The answer has to do with the drama of choice, not with the brute facts of the disaster itself.”

OR

Stephen D. Cox questions why the sinking of the Titanic “is perpetually remembered, commemorated, and even celebrated.”

Make sure, however, that direct quotations do not dominate your paper. Using a large number of quotations suggests that you did not understand the source or the topic and also takes away from what you as an author have to say.

Summarizing

Putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).

Rules for Writing and Using Summaries

• Even though you are using your own words, because they are not your original ideas, you must still give credit to the source by citing the source.

• Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. • One of the best ways to summarize is to read and take notes on a source and then write summary statements in

your own words. • Summarize

o when you want to condense a large amount of information into a couple of sentences o when you want to insert your own commentary directly into the summary itself.

• SEE EXAMPLE ON THE NEXT PAGE.

Original Paragraph “Hipster refers to a subculture of young, urban middle-class adults and older teenagers that appeared in the 1990s. The subculture is associated with independent music, a varied non-mainstream fashion sensibility, progressive or independent political views, alternative spirituality or atheism/agnosticism, and alternative lifestyles. Interests in media include independent film, magazines such as Clash, and websites like Pitchfork Media.” Summary Hipsters are a group of younger individuals that try to draw inspiration from different eras, mostly in an attempt to appear different from the dominant society (Farmer 108).

Paraphrasing

Putting information into your own words and including essential details. Paraphrases are more detailed than a summary.

Rules for Paraphrasing

• Must include all of the essential detail. • Must completely restructure and reword the sentence(s). • Changing, moving, or omitting a few words from the original sentence or using the same sentence structure,

grammar, or word choice does not count as paraphrasing. Effective paraphrasing involves drastically rewording the original information.

• Keep the following standards in mind: • Combine multiple sentences, ideas, or facts into a brand new sentence. • Use your own words and sentence structure. • Maintain your own writing voice and style. • SEE EXAMPLES BELOW

Stephen D. Cox's “Why the Titanic Fascinates More Than Other Disasters.”

Original Text: About 1,500 people died that night. None of the rest survive today. But the Titanic disaster has never faded from the world's imagination.

Poor Paraphrase: Around 1,500 people died on the Titanic. All of them have since passed on. However, the Titanic has not yet left our minds (Cox).

Effective Paraphrase: Even after 100 years and the loss of its last survivor, the Titanic is still relevant and remembered with exhibits and museums around the world (Cox; Williams).

Adapted from https://www.miamioh.edu/hcwe/handouts/reliable-sources/index.html

owl.purdue.edu

Notice that the poor paraphrase begins basically the same way as the original and the information is organized the same way.

The effective paraphrase has a different focus for the beginning and even combines information from more than one source, yet says the same thing.

Taking Notes

Research Question: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Source Information: (author, article title, publishing info or larger group that supports the article, date it was published) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Take notes in the left hand column using short phrases to get the essential information that you need. If there are quotations that you want to use just as they are stated in the text, write them in the notes section and highlight or circle them. In the right hand column, combine some information from your notes column into either summaries or paraphrases. You must have at least two of each---direct quotation, summary, paraphrase.

Notes Summaries and Paraphrases

For the other two sources, make a notes sheet like this on your own paper.

Plagiarism and In-Text Citation

Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s words or ideas as if they were your own. It is the theft of property – just like stealing someone’s car and driving it around as if it were your own – only the property is not a physical object, but the verbal or written expression of thoughts and ideas. Plagiarism, whether you do it on purpose or by accident, is theft.

It is important for you to realize that plagiarism is a serious offence and there are consequences for being caught plagiarizing the work of others in high school, college, and beyond.

In high school…

• In most high schools, a paper that contains plagiarized material receives a ZERO. Since writing accounts for 40% of your English grade, this one mistake can result in a failing grade, and a failing grade in English could result in a delay to your graduation.

• In most high schools, students who are caught plagiarizing will be referred to administration for disciplinary action.

• Many clubs or organizations will not allow students who have been caught plagiarizing to join. This could include getting removed from sports teams or expelled from extracurricular activities.

After high school…

• Colleges will expel a student caught plagiarizing on a paper. No refund, no graduation, no degree. • Publishing someone else’s work as your own is against the law. The author your plagiarized can take you to

civil court and win a ridiculous amount of money. • In some cases, you could be fired from a job for plagiarism. This happened to New York Times reporter

Jayson Blair in 2003. • A Harvard student was recently sued when she plagiarized one page of a novel she published.

Pre-Test: Read each of the following. Is it an example of plagiarism or not? Highlight the examples of plagiarism.

1. You use a quote directly from a magazine article without citing the source. 2. You include a well-known proverb in your paper and do not use a citation. 3. You read and paraphrase an author’s ideas and do not cite the source. 4. Your very nice mother writes the introduction of your essay and you turn it in. 5. You copy and paste part of a paragraph from an online source without using quotation marks. 6. You mention a well-known historical fact without citing a source.

What constitutes plagiarism?

Plagiarism occurs in a number of ways. Whether you intentionally plagiarize or accidentally plagiarize doesn’t always make any difference. You are responsible for it either way.

Direct Plagiarism: Copying the work of another author with no attempt to show that the words came from a source other than yourself. No quotation marks, no citations, no reference to another author.

Direct “Patchwork: Plagiarism: Copying from several different sources and “weaving” them together in an attempt to hide the fact that text has been copied.

Paraphrasing without Citation: A paraphrase is simply a rewording of someone else’s ideas, without the new author adding anything to it. Shifting the words around, or simply swapping out synonyms here or there, is still stealing that author’s ideas, and still constitutes plagiarism.

Insufficient use of Quotation or Citation: Using part of another authors text, but failing to adequately indicate what was quoted, or failing to indicate the source via citation. This usually happens when students try to paraphrase an author and slip into quotation without realizing it.

The above is adapted from Academic Integrity Tutorials at Norther Illinois University (https://www.niu.edu/academic-integrity/faculty/committing/examples/index.shtml)

How do I avoid plagiarism?

To avoid plagiarizing the work of others, you must make sure to do two things:

1. When you use the words written or spoken by another person, you must both (a) put those words inside of quotation marks AND (b) provide a proper citation which gives credit to the original author/speaker.

2. When you paraphrase the ideas of another person, you must give a proper citation which gives credit to the original author/speaker.

a. A paraphrase is a lightly reworded “summary” of another author’s ideas. If your “rewrite” of an author’s ideas does not add any of your own thinking or synthesize those ideas with other ideas to create something NEW, then it is a paraphrase and must be cited.

Proper Citation in Text See also

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html

Citing sources in text requires a few things.

First, you must have the basic bibliographic information about your sources. See the information on Work Cited pages.

An in-text citation goes inside parentheses at the end of the sentence before the ending punctuation.

An in-text citation contains two pieces of information.

1. When you reference a source in the text, you will use the first word(s) from the citation in the Works Cited page. Usually, this is the author’s last name. Sometimes it is the title of a web page or article.

2. If there is a page number for the quote or citation include it after the authors name without any punctuation.

Examples

Here are two sample entries in a Works Cited page. (They are fake.) They will be used below to demonstrate proper citation within a paper. The first is a journal article. The second is a web site.

Montague, Romeo. “Love words: the link between romance and poetry.” Verona Weekly, vol. 28, no. 2, Jan 2009, pp. 34-45.

“Love Poems Suck.” Mercutio’s Corner, Verona Chamber of Commerce, 3 Aug. 2016, www.mercutioscorner.com/

___________________________________________________________

Quote and Citation:

Some poetry is better than others at expressing romantic love. Many believe “the sonnet is the purest, clearest form of love poetry on the planet” (Montague 34).

Because the sentence does not mention the author, the citation includes both author and page number.

While this may be true, it is not the only opinion out there. Some find the sonnet to be “lovesick gibberish” (“Love Poems Suck”).

Because this is a webpage resource, only the page title is needed, even if the author is not mentioned.

Quote and Citation with Author Mentioned in the Sentence:

Montague says in his article, “rhyming couplets are a short, pithy way to express moments of love. They serve well as reminders that feelings of love and romance surface in the course of a day” (37).

Because the sentence mentions the author’s name, only the page number from the article is needed.

Mercutio makes his position on rhyming couplets quite clear when he calls them “trashy tripe not fit for the ears of any man with an ounce of logic, sense, or self-esteem in his brain” (“Love Poems Suck”).

Although the web page author’s name is mentioned here, it doesn’t change the citation, which still includes just the name of the page.

Paraphrase with Citation:

Although it may seem counterintuitive to some, the strict rules about form and meter and length of a sonnet actually add to its power as an expression of love. The act of being forced to control the language causes the writer to more effectively express their feelings (Montague 44).

This paragraph is a paraphrase of the original author’s ideas. The essay writer has not added anything to the idea, so credit must be given by citing the author and page number.

Practice Tasks: Take a look at each of the examples below. Determine whether the author has committed an act of plagiarism. Decide it is or is not plagiarism or not. If it is plagiarism, use the rules of proper quotation and/or citation to fix the example.

Task 1: Original Text:

Source: Tamaki, Jillian. Interview with John Green. New York Times Book Review. 10 October 2019,

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/books/review/john-green-by-the-book-interview.html. I like to write for and about teenagers, because young people are thinking about so many important questions, about love and meaning and justice. And maybe in part because they are new to those questions, teenagers tend to approach them without much embarrassment or ironic distance.

Student Writing:

Young adult fiction is great because young people are thinking about so many important questions, about move and meaning and justice, and the fiction can help them think about answers.

Task 2: Original Text:

Source: “Global Warming 101.” The Natural Resources Defense Council. 28 April 2020. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-

warming-101. In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every year. Coal-burning power plants are by far the biggest polluters.

Student Writing:

There is little question about where the pollution comes from, since “the burning fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping pollution, producing two billion tons of CO2 every year.”

Task 3: Original Text:

Source: Sifferlin, Alexandra. “It’s the little things.” TIME Magazine. 187:6-7, 22 February 2016, pp. 76-86. In the past couple of years, scientists have shown that sedentary behavior, like sitting all day, is a risk factor for earlier death. Several studies published in 2015 found that hours spent sitting are linked to increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and nonalcholic fatty liver disease – even if people exercised regularly.

Student Writing:

Everyone knows that exercise is good for you, but that doesn’t always mean you have to go out jogging or lifting weights. In fact, just getting up and moving round can help. According to scientists in 2015, “sedentary behavior, like sitting all day, is a risk factor for earlier death” (Sifferline 84).

How to Create a Works Cited Page

• Your Work Cited page is a list of ALL the sources that you pulled quotes or ideas from in your writing. If your LANGUAGE or INFORMATION is from someone else, you must give them credit.

• It is a separate sheet of paper attached to your research paper. • It is TYPED in Times New Roman 12 point font. Do NOT hand-write your Work Cited page! • Your sources are listed in alphabetical order by author’s last name or title (depending on the source). • Your sources are not numbered or lettered. • Entries must be formatted using a hanging indent.

o Type the full citation without hitting the enter key. When the entire citation is typed, hit enter. o Highlight all of your citations, click the arrow in the paragraph section of the HOME tab ( ).

Under “indentation” find the “Special” section and select “Hanging.” • Everything is left justified on the page; do not CENTER your entries.

How Works Cited Entries Should Look:

BOOK ENTRIES LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_books.html]

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of book. City where the book was published: Publishing Company, Year the book was published.

ARTICLE/ESSAY ENTRIES LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_periodicals.html]

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Name of magazine/journal. Volume: Number, Publication date, page numbers.

INTERNET SOURCE ENTRIES LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_electronic_sources.html]

“Title of webpage.” Name of the Website. Company or Person who created or sponsors the website. Date you accessed the site. <Complete URL including http://www >.

LIVE INTERVIEW ENTRIES LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_other_common_sources.html]

Interviewee’s Last Name, First Name. Personal Interview. Date of interview (Day Month Year).

PUBLISHED INTERVIEW ENTRIES LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_other_common_sources.html

Interviewer’s Last Name, First Name. Interview with Interviewee’s Name. Name of publication, volume, number, year. Page numbers.

OBSERVATION SOURCE ENTRIES (videos, speeches, etc) LOOK LIKE THIS (Punctuation included!) [see also https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_other_common_sources.html

“Title of video/episode/etc.” Name of series from Source (website, radio station, etc), Date (day month year), <Complete URL including http://www >.

Works Cited

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times,

22 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html? _r=0.

Accessed 29 May 2019.

Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis

Guggenheim. Ebert Digital LLC, 1 June 2006, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-

inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2019.

Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary

Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development

and World Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.

Harris, Rob, and Andrew C. Revkin. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York

Times, 17 May 2007,

www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-

change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.

An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, Paramount, 2006.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth or Reality?: The Erring Ways of

Climatology. Springer, 2005.

Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial Imbalances." New

Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, 2006, p. 63.

Thomas, Myuncle. Personal Interview. 28 April 2020.

Newspaper article

Internet article

Journal article

Video (online)

Video (full video)

Book

Personal Interview

This sample Works Cited page can help you see how difference sources are listed. It was borrowed (and partially adapted) from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_sample_works_cited_page.html

Research Question: Write your research question here. Be sure to add doodling, coloring, images, and key words to add creativity throughout the page. Write the research question.

Interview Record the main ideas that you learned in your interview that help answer your research question here.

Observation Record the main ideas that you learned in your interview that help answer your research question here.

Source B Record the relevant information that you learned from your second credible source that helps answer your research question. You must include at least one quotation, one summary, and one paraphrase for the source.

Source C Record the relevant information that you learned from your third credible source that helps answer your research question. You must include at least one quotation, one summary, and one paraphrase for the source.

Analysis After thinking about all that you have heard, read, and observed, write a one paragraph answer to the research question exploring the main ideas. Write another paragraph in which you reflect on what you have learned and give your personal opinion on the topic.

Source A Record the relevant information that you learned from your first credible source that helps answer your research question. You must include at least one quotation, one summary, and one paraphrase for the source.

Research Question:

Interview Observation

Source 2

Source 3

Analysis

Source 1