England

Student: Palaghian Adelina

Classroom: a IX-a B

God and my right

England

Etimology HistoryThe Queen

BenBig Buckingham

PalaceSt. Paul‘sCathedral

To w e r o fL o n d o n

TowerBridge

Bibliography

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west

and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating

it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and

southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The

country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.

The name "England" is derived from the Old English word Englaland, which means "land of the Angles

". The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in England during the

Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the

Baltic Sea. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of

"England" to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its

modern spelling was first used in 1538.

The word Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, which is the first view of Britain from the European Continent. An alternative origin is suggested by the ancient merchant's handbook Massaliote

Periplus which mentions an "island of the Albiones". Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh Lloegr, which is derived from

Arthurian legend.

An alternative name for England is Albion. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo: "Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne".

The history of England began with the arrival of humans thousands of years ago. What is now England, within the United Kingdom, was inhabited by Neanderthals 230,000 years ago. However, continuous human habitation dates

to around 12,000 years ago, at the end of the last glacial period. The region has numerous remains from

the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, such as Stonehenge and Avebury. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the

Celtic people known as the Britons, but also by some Belgae tribes (e.g.Atrebates, Catuvellauni, Trinovantes). In 43 AD the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia through

the 5th century.

Hi story-

Julius Caesar invaded southern Britain in 55 and 54 BC and

wrote in De Bello Gallico that the population of southern

Britannia was extremely large and shared much in common

with the Belgae of the Low Countries. Coin evidence and the work of later Roman historians have provided the

names of some of the rulers of the disparate tribes and their

machinations in what was Britannia. Until the

Roman Conquest of Britain, Britain's British population was

relatively stable, and by the time of Julius Caesar's first

invasion, the British population of what was western old Britain was speaking a

Celtic language generally thought to be the forerunner

of the modern Brythonic languages. After Julius Caesar abandoned Britain, it fell back into the hands of the Britons

and the Belgae.

Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England began around 600 AD, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the northwest and by the Roman Catholic Church from the southeast. Augustine, the first

Archbishop of Canterbury, took office in 597. In 601, he baptised the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, Aethelbert

of Kent. The last pagan Anglo-Saxon king, Penda of Mercia, died in 655. The last pagan Jutish king, Arwald of the

Isle of Wight was killed in 686. The Anglo-Saxon mission on the continent took off in the 8th century, leading to the

Christianisation of practically all of the Frankish Empire by 800.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) west of

Amesbury and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of

earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of

Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

Hidden Secrets

• The placement of the stones functions not only as a calendar, but also as a personal organizer.

• Touching the Heel Stone will cure the heartbreak of psoriasis.

• It is the birthplace of the fortune cookie.• Aluminium siding actually was not part of the

monument’s original design, but was installed during an unfortunate renovation in the 1950s.

• The on-site deli serves a killer corned beef sandwich. (Tip: spring for the platter, which

includes crisps and a fountain beverage).

• It was the summer home of Nostradamus before he sold it to

get a place in Saxony.• Standing on the Altar Stone at

dawn on the summer solstice will reveal hot lotto picks.

• It served as the annual site of the all-day Druidpalooza concert

festival.

Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of

the Palace of Westminster in London,

and is often extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. Big

Ben is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-

standing clock tower in the world.

It celebrated its 150th anniversary in May 2009 (the clock itself first ticking

on 31 May 1859), during which celebratory events took place.

BenBig

The clock faces are large enough that the Clock Tower was once the largest four-faced clock in the world, but this has since been outdone by the Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . However, the builders of the Allen-Bradley Clock Tower did not add chimes to the clock, so the Great Clock of Westminster still

holds the title of the "world's largest four-faced chiming clock".The face of the Great Clock of Westminster. The hour hand is 2.7 metres (9 ft) long and the minute

hand is 4.3 metres (14 ft) long.The clock and dials were designed by Augustus Pugin. The clock faces are set in an iron frame

7 metres (23 ft) in diameter, supporting 312 pieces of opal glass, rather like a stained-glass window. Some of the glass pieces may be removed for inspection of the hands. The surround of the dials is gilded. At the base of

each clock face in gilt letters is the Latin inscription:Domine Salvam Fac Reginam Nostram Victoriam Primam

Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Located in the

City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a rallying

point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

Buckingham Palace

Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in

1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years.

Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London,

England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives

it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London.

Tower Bridge

The bridge consists of two towers which are tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal walkways which are designed to withstand the horizontal forces exerted by the suspended sections of the bridge on the landward sides of the towers. The vertical component of the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical reactions of

the two walkways are carried by the two robust towers. The bascule pivots and operating machinery are housed in the base of each tower. Its present colour dates from 1977

when it was painted red, white and blue for the Queen's Silver Jubilee. Originally it was painted a chocolate brown colour.

1 2

St. Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, and is

the seat of the Bishop of London.

St. Paul's Cathedral

The present building dates from the 17th century and was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is generally reckoned to be London's fifth St Paul's Cathedral, all having been built on the same site since 604 A.D. The cathedral is one of London's most

famous and most recognisable sights. At 365 feet (111m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its

dome is also among the highest in the world, St Peter's Basilica in Rome being higher. The Monument to the Great Fire of London, also designed by Wren and the tallest doric column in the world,

would fit inside the cathedral's interior.

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower), is a historic castle and scheduled monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It is the oldest building used by the British government.

Tower of London

The Tower of London is often identified with the White Tower, the original stark square fortress built by William the Conqueror in 1078. However, the tower as a whole is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and moat.

The Tower served as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison (particularly for high status and royal prisoners, such as the Princes in the Tower and the future Queen Elizabeth I). This last use has led to the phrase "sent to the Tower" (meaning imprisoned). It has also served as a place of execution and torture, an armoury, a treasury, a zoo, the Royal Mint, a public records office, an observatory, and since 1303, the home of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the

queen regnant of 16 independent sovereign states known as the

Commonwealth realms, listed here in order of length of possession by the Crown: the

United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados,

the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,

Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. She holds each crown

separately and equally in a shared monarchy, as well as acting as

Head of the Commonwealth, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

As a constitutional monarch, she is politically neutral and by convention her role

is largely ceremonial.

The Queen

When Elizabeth was born, the British Empire was a pre-eminent world

power, but its influence declined, particularly after the Second World War,

and the empire evolved into the Commonwealth of Nations. Her father, George VI, was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth. On his death in 1952, Elizabeth became Head of the Commonwealth, and queen of seven independent Commonwealth

countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. During her reign,

which, at 58 years, is one of the longest for a British monarch, she became queen of 25 other countries

within the Commonwealth as they gained independence. Between 1956

and 1992, half of her realms, including South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon

(renamed Sri Lanka), became republics.

Elizabeth married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1947, and the couple have four children and eight grandchildren. In the 1980s and 1990s, the private lives of their children were subject to great press attention, and contributed to increased discontent with the monarchy, which reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. Since then, she has recovered public confidence, and her personal popularity remains high.

Bibliography

www.en.wikipedia.org

www.images.google.en