ENGL 102- WEEK 5

What did all the great thinkers have in common?

Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, Freud

All the great thinkers have had one thing in common. Look at pictures of Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, and Freud. What do you notice? They’ve all got beards. So the beards must give them great thinking ability.

Weakness of Arguments

For previous argument, X= Beard Y= Great thinking

Possible Associations of X & Y 1. X & Y have no association

Coincidence/ Neither necessary nor sufficient

2. Necessary condition3. Sufficient condition4. Necessary and Sufficient condition

1. Neither necessary nor sufficient Examples of Y w/o X

2. X necessary for Y

If X is absent, Y will not occur. X= be fit Y= finish

marathon * marathon is 42.195 Km*

Does not mean if X is present Y will occur.

3. X is sufficient for Y

If X is present, Y will occur (is true)X= oldest son of king Y= become next kingBeing oldest son of king is enough to become king,but it is not always requirement to become king.

Do exercise on page 59-61

Confusing causes and consequencesHot summer *Few vacations abroad

Post Hoc argument= Because “B” happened after “A”, “A” caused “B”.

Exercise 2- In pairs,try to create 2 examples.

Cause-Effect ArgumentLook for other explanations.

Hot summer > Few vacations abroad

Financial Problems

Bad experience

Assumptions in the argument

People plan to take vacations

Current reservations reflect people’s intentions

Cigarette Advertising

Other explanations?

Strength of Causal ArgumentsRead page 63 (bottom) & 64 (top)

Which is stronger?

Argument 1: No explanation of causal relationship

Argument 2 is stronger

Critiquing Arguments

Is there sufficient evidence?

Are there other plausible explanations?

What is relationship between evidence?

What are the assumptions?

How could argument be made stronger?

Group Activity-

Write an argument that includes a causal

relationship. Ask yourself the questions we

just reviewed. Topics

Health Government Education

Attacking Arguer= Ad hominemStudents should have

8a.m. study hall. This would reduce tardiness

and make students finish homework

Jared has stinky feet. We shouldn’t listen

to him.