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www.eecatalog.com/4G 1

Welcome to the Engineers’ Guide to LTE and 4G 2013

In the two months before we went to press with this issue on LTE and 4G, there

have been a number of market analyst reports talking about the state of the wire-

less industry. In parallel, several key industry firms - AMD, Intel, Google, Microsoft,

Samsung and others - have released Q3 financials. You’ll find some of that data

woven in this deeply technical issue, but here’s the gist:

them fast enough).

The data I’ve seen shows the world recently passed 1 billion smartphones sold in

-

tors weren’t impressed with - even though in some cases the numbers were stellar

and nothing to be ashamed of.

been replaced by getting your content wherever and whenever you want it. These

of the red-hot mobile market, there’s demand for more bandwidth, more subscribers,

grandma receiving Tweets, and generally looking for ways to meet all kinds of

demand without the TEMS and carriers going bankrupt doing forklift upgrades.

Articles we have for you in this issue relate to all of the aforementioned trends:

discussions of new ways 4G/LTE networks are being architected in hardware and

-

gets to be discussed more often by designers and developers.

And there’s a lot more from our sponsors, with data sheets, event listings, white

engineers, visit:

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The Engineers’ Guide to LTE and 4G 2013 is published by Extension Media LLC. Extension Media makes no warranty for the use of its products and assumes no responsibility for any errors which may appear in this Catalog nor does it make a commitment to update the information contained herein. Engineers’ Guide to LTE and 4G 2013 is Copyright ®2012 Extension Media LLC. No information in this Catalog may be reproduced without expressed written permission from Extension Media @ 1786 18th Street, San Francisco, CA 94107-2343.

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2 Engineers’ Guide to LTE and 4G 2013

On the cover:

behind those phones. So dive right into this LTE/4G issue!

Contents“Internet of Things” Needs More Bandwidth, but Promises a Connected Future

by Chris Ciufo, Senior Editor ........................................................................................................................ 4

Critical Testing Areas for Next Generation 4G/LTE Radio Access Networksby Mark LaPedus and Absolute Analysis ..................................................................................................... 8

Cost Effective Power Amplifier Time-Gated Burst Power Measurement using a USB Average/Peak Power Sensor

by Chin Aik Lee, Agilent Technologies, Inc. ................................................................................................10

Mobilizing Data for Profitby Drew Sproul, Adax Inc. ..........................................................................................................................18

Optimize the Cost-Performance of LTE Networking Equipmentby Charlie Ashton, 6WIND ..........................................................................................................................23

Wireless Applications Demand Wired USB 3.0by Eric Huang, Sr. Product Marketing Manager for Semiconductor USB Digital IP, Synopsys, Inc ........... 26

Opinion: Equip Mobile Applications with Anti-Tamper Technologyby Andrew McLennan, Metaforic .............................................................................................................. 32

Products and Services

Components

Test and Measurement

JDSU

PacketInsight Uniquely rewinds time on your network for lightning-fast troubleshooting using less equipment ........................................................29

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Kontron

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Adax Inc.

Adax LTE EPC on Application Ready Platform ......31


EECatalog SPECIAL FEATURE

by Chris Ciufo, Senior Editor

“Internet of Things” Needs More Bandwidth, but Promises a Connected Future

During my recent research into the connected car and in-

vehicle infotainment systems I’ve run across all manner

of mobile data pipes. Those pipes, after all, are how

information will f low to and from the car. It’s a massive

data problem that relies on Wi-Fi (when available) and

cellular networks to keep up with demand, scale out cost

effectively, handle security, and interoperate with myriad

handsets and M2M modems.

I’m no expert in LTE networks, so I went to two companies

that really are expert in these current and next-generation

networks. I tossed a couple of softball questions early on,

then asked the harder questions about security and average

revenue per user (ARPU). The return answers may surprise

you. Read on to find out what our experts said. Edited

excerpts follow.

EECatalog: What effects will the growing M2M trend

have on wireless networks? How will all those “Internet of

Things” nodes be integrated?

ADAX: For carriers this is a tremen-

dous commercial opportunity for

additional revenue. The submission

or exchange of data is minimal, much

like signaling in terms of network

bandwidth usage. It’s similar to the

early use of the SS7 network for SMS

services. That was, and this is major

revenue from existing plant [infra-

structure] with minimal CAPEX/

OPEX investment.

As far as integration of all those

nodes, most of these applications are point to point.

Smart Meters send usage data to the energy provider and

occasional alarms when necessary. Fleet vehicles send GPS

data to their HQs, and security systems send arm/disarm

notifications to a server that sends out an email. Addi-

tionally, there are service brokers such as Kore Telematics

emerging that mediate the network interface, perform

authentication and security for the end point data.

Emerson: By many accounts, M2M

will have a large impact on the overall

traffic profile in the future since the

number of “things” will surpass the

number of human users. One of the

issues for the networks therefore is to

successfully manage traffic to priori-

tize a user’s quality of experience over

background M2M communication.

EECatalog: The cost of forklift

upgrades is high. What are opera-

tors and their technology partners

doing to increase capacity while maintaining costs?

ADAX: eNodeBs [Evolved Node B; the hardware communi-

cating directly with LTE cellular handsets] are scaling up

to support thousands of users, theoretically all at LTE/4G

speeds. This capacity plus the inherent intelligence in the

software and computing power of the devices allows net-

work operations to share in the CAPEX of new equipment,

thus lowering their overall costs.

Emerson: Operators should be looking to equipment based

on upgradeable and future-proof technologies such as

AdvancedTCA (ATCA) to be able to take advantage of the

core technology evolution, especially in areas such as Deep

Packet Inspection that gets used to identify and optimize

communication flows across a necessarily limited network.

EECatalog: Some people have called “The Connected Car” the

next great embedded platform. Yet to make it useful requires

connectivity to the cloud, probably via Wi-Fi or cellular.

What’s your vision and observation of this emerging trend?

ADAX: It really depends on how ‘The Connected Car’ is

defined. If it means control of a moving vehicle then that’s

clearly not yet ready for primetime. If it means infotain-

ment, real-time traffic and navigation assistance then

most certainly this is a trend on the rise. The question

of connectivity will be solved by macro-wireless network

coverage for phones. The question of billing will be the one

that needs sorting out.

Andrew (Drew) Sproul is currently Director of Marketing at Adax, Inc.

Brian Carr, Strategic Marketing Manager, Embedded Computing, Emerson Network Power.



Comcast is advertising XFINITY Wi-Fi to automatically

connect to available hot spots with a smart phone or tablet.

Comcast and Verizon are already in a partnership for home

mobile services in conjunction with cable-supplied voice

[services]. It’s only one more step to use the intelligent

device (resembling a tablet) that’s integrated into your car.

Emerson: This is simply another extension of M2M, but

adding and combining with human communications.

EECatalog: Please comment on the market and growth for

cellular and high bandwidth wireless networks.

ADAX: This is a very broad question that’s better addressed by

comprehensive marketing reports. At the high level, LTE is in

a very uneven stage of adoption. US and Japanese networks

are leading the way. WiMAX is prevalent in many other parts

of the world including Africa and APAC excluding Japan and

Korea. We can expect bandwidth increases across all available

technologies as personal and networked economy demand

grows. Wi-Fi is of particular interest as until very recently

it was dismissed as a viable network access technology. Now

that market is exploding and everyone is scrambling to inte-

grate Wi-Fi into the macro network.

Emerson: There is no shortage of demand for data capacity

to be delivered to users, and mobile networks are where

most of the focus is. According to the 2012 Cisco Visual

Networking Index, mobile data traffic is expected to grow

annually at a CAGR of 78% through to 2016. But investment

in network capacity needs to make a return, so operator

focus is on network and content optimization based on

the latest packet processing platforms to better monetize

existing and future investments.

EECatalog: Carriers are desperate to increase ARPU. What

services and technologies do you predict might appear in

the next 12-24 months?

ADAX: Personalized and dynamic Service Level Agreements

based on a new generation of Policy Servers and Subscriber

databases relying on sophisticated uses of DPI [deep packet

inspection] and policy enforcement will allow network pro-

viders to tap newfound revenue streams based on personal

preferences that the network profiles and acts on. Think

real-time upselling to an HD enhanced bandwidth stream

of yesterday’s Giant’s game. Would I pay $5 or $10 or even

$25 dollars to watch that live on my tablet? Absolutely.

Emerson: We can foresee a number of initiatives that will be

tried over the next several years to improve ARPU. One will

be to offer a tiered quality of experience where customers

will pay more to get an improved service. This is particu-

larly relevant with regard to mobile video access, which

will be another potential growth area. For this, and other

improvement services, the latest technology underpinning

this is packet processing based on AdvancedTCA hardware.

EECatalog: Please address “security” as a general topic as

it pertains to wireless networks.

ADAX: In the early days of wireless, fraud detection and

prevention were of paramount concern as the source of

massive revenue loss to the NSPs. Secure access and use

of the wireless networks is pretty well locked down today.

However the proliferation of new IP, web-based services

opens up a whole new realm of security risks that must be

addressed. IPsec is being implemented in the handsets as

an added measure to existing user security. These tunnels

within the existing network protections should protect

end-to-end transactions. I am not up on over the air inter-

ception techniques so I can’t comment on them.

An emerging point of vulnerability is access to the public

internet from wireless devices. In LTE the PGW is designed

to manage access to trusted and untrusted networks. Simply

acknowledging that untrusted networks [exist] defines

the problem. PGWs will need to rely in either external or

integrated security gateways. Similarly MDOs (Mobile Data

Offload) devices will need to incorporate security gateways

in order to safely send and receive data on behalf of the

eNodeB from potentially untrusted sources.

That leaves the end point or data at rest as the most vulner-

able link in the chain. And indeed this is where we have seen

the most frequent breaches on the most massive scale where

thousands or even millions of users have had their private

information compromised. This is basically an IT/Cloud

security issue that is being addressed now by humongous

VM security gateways front-ending data storage servers.

Emerson: Security is clearly an important issue. We are all

aware of security issues in wireline networks, but not yet

in wireless access where a lot of personally sensitive data

is available on mobile handsets. We can expect more use to

be made of authentication and encryption as a first line of

defense. As evidence of this trend, Emerson is integrating

into its ATCA platforms a new communications focused

chipset from Intel that provides hardware acceleration for

mobile encryption standards and for RSA key exchanges.

EECatalog: What are the top 3 open standards you’re fol-

lowing in wireless?

ADAX: There are 3 areas we are following closely: Security,

GTP and Policy

1. 3GPP TS 33.210 for Security gateways in LTE and legacy

networks

2. 3GPP 29.060.274/281 for GTP-U

3. 3GPP 23.203 and 29.207/209/212 for Policy Control

and Charging



Emerson: As Emerson, we concentrate on enabling network

equipment providers to take advantage of the latest technology

to build and deploy all sorts of network elements. In this

endeavor, we focus on an open standard called AdvancedTCA.

ATCA for short defines hardware practices that can be used

to create carrier grade communications processing plat-

forms using commercial off-the-shelf boards and enclosures,

speeding time to market for innovative new applications such

as policy enforcement and content optimization.

EECatalog: What technology are you most excited about

for the future? How does it relate to wireless networks?

ADAX: The notion of freeway traffic management through

a network of connected, intelligent computer-driven cars

is intriguing. It is fraught with obstacles to overcome but

the thought of traveling between San Jose and Oakland

relatively stress free from freeway entrance to freeway

exit is very appealing.

The GPS technology is there to identify the best freeway

exit to take. Traffic advisories could also be incorporated

real-time and given as options to the ‘driver’. Lane changes

would be restricted to an as needed only basis with dis-

tances between cars calculated by on-board sensor and

speeds set accordingly to ensure a steady f low of traffic.

Universal implementation would require every vehicle to be

intelligent in this manner, but even before that incremental

steps could be taken. Such as individual cars set to control

speed and distances between cars with lane changes prohib-

ited. Just like cruise control the driver could override the

program instantly at any time to change lanes or exit.

I don’t think intelligence and control embedded in the roads

themselves is the way to go. For information yes, but not

control. It adds another element of complexity to an already

difficult problem. Intelligent devices in the cars with driver

override options is optimal in both the short and long run.

Emerson: We are excited about the advent of 40G

AdvancedTCA since this will underpin many of the new

scalable packet processing applications that will help mon-

etize the mobile network through to 2017. This is now a

reality and innovative companies are using this technology

in active development programs today. We are looking for-

ward to increasing this speed to 100G over the next 3 – 4

years to support the generation beyond that.

Chris A. Ciufo is senior editor for embedded content

at Extension Media, which includes the EECatalog

print and digital publications and website, Embed-

ded Intel® Solutions, and other related blogs and

embedded channels. He has 29 years of embedded

technology experience. He has degrees in electrical

engineering, and in materials science, emphasizing solid state phys-

ics. He can be reached at [email protected].

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Advertorial

by Mark LaPedus and Absolute Analysis

Critical Testing Areas for Next Generation 4G/LTE Radio Access Networks4G networks set to take off

The next-generation, 4G wireless standard known as long term

evolution (LTE) is projected to see meteoric growth, but there are

several challenges to deploy the networking technology.

In just one part of the critical 4G LTE equation, for example,

carriers must ensure the interoperability, performance and reli-

ability in the radio access network (RAN). In one possible RAN

topology, thebase stations are situated in a remote and central

location, which can be miles away from theremote radio head

at the cell tower. In 2G and 3G cellular networks, however, the

base stations and radio head are typically located near each other,

making the network easier to test and debug.

“In 2G, that was really easy

when the radio head was next

to the basestation,” said Roger

Paje, director of marketing for

Absolute Analysis Inc., a New-

bury Park, Calif.-based supplier

of protocol analyzers and other

test equipment. “Now, what

they are doing is taking the

basestations and grouping them

into one centralized location

called a ‘basestation hotel.’ Now,

the basestations exist maybe 40

to 60 kilometers away from the

tower. This has created a whole

host of timing and other issues

that make the network hard to

debug.”

Carriers and TEMs may end up

spending weeks, if not months, debugging the equipment in the

RAN for 4G LTE networks. The complexity of the RAN, coupled

with time-to-market pressures, are fueling the need for a new

class of mobile access network test solutions.

In fact, amid the deployment of 4G LTE networks, Absolute Anal-

ysis itself is seeing a sudden and strong demand for Investigator,

a new network test product geared for 4G/LTE RAN commu-

nication protocols. In mobile networks, Investigator supports

the protocols as defined by the Common Public Radio Interface

(CPRI) and Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI).

“Cost and bandwidth make this tool a requirement in 4G/LTE

applications on the radio access network,” said Paje, who has

been involved in the high speed analysis industry for more than

20 years. His current focus is in telecom radio access network

testing and validation.

4G/LTE Takes OffIndeed, the market is taking off for equipment, chips and other

products in the 4G/LTE era. The shift towards data-intensive appli-

cations like video streaming, multiplayer gaming and others are

driving the need for 4G/LTE. With speeds of up to 100-megabits-

per-second and latencies in the tens of milliseconds, 4G LTE is

theoretically up to 10 times faster on average than 3G, according to

IHS iSuppli, a market research firm.

In total, the worldwide 4G LTE subscriber base is forecast to

reach 73.3 million in 2012, up 334% from 16.9 million in 2011,

according to iSuppli. The 4G LTE subscriber base is expected to

reach 205.7 million in 2013, up 181%, according to the firm.

Spending on 4G infrastructure equipment is up 132% this year

to $8.6 billion, iSuppli added.

The explosion of 4G LTE is also causing a sea of change in the

network. In 2G, the antenna is situated on the cell tower. The base

station and radio head are typically at the bottom of the tower.

Then, in 3G, some carriers moved the radio head on the tower. To

test and debug the network, the network operator would climb up

the tower to read the RF signal, an expensive proposition at best.

When this type of network topology started moving towards 4G/

LTE, operators took another approach to the problem. The carrier

could read the digital RF signal at the bottom of the tower using

Absolute Analysis’ Investigator protocol analyzer. “There is a big cost

savings,” Paje said. “We have the only box in the world that can read

that CPRI data, decode the RF signal and the RRU/BBU commands,

and record that trace data around error events on the network.”

The shift towards 4G/LTE adds more complexity to the network.

In this topology, carriers are assembling the base stations into a

centralized location called “basestation hotels,” which are often

40 to 60 kilometers or more away from the actual radio head.

“Some people call this a cloud RAN or a cloud radio access network

(C-RAN). The baseband hotel is actually a cloud,” he said.

Figure 1 - Separation of the RRH and the BBU has increased the complexity of testing and debug-ging the RAN


Advertorial

The RAN, or C-RAN, must also meet the bandwidth and quality-

of-service (QoS) requirements. One method to achieve this is

using a technique called baseband pooling. “What they want

to do is if one tower gets overloaded, they want to be able to

use the bandwidth of multiple basestations that are located in

this central hotel. So, in effect, they can allocate bandwidth to

whatever tower needs it,” he said.

The move to 4G will also involve the deployment of heterogeneous

networking architectures. This involves a combination of macro and

micro basestations, coupled with low-powered small cells. These

devices, sometimes called metro cells, could be mounted on mall

structures and subway stations to provide augmented coverage for

consumers when they access their smartphones or tablets.

Five Areas of TestTo ensure the successful deployment of the RAN, Absolute

Analysis said there are five key elements in the test arena: com-

pliance, inoperability, basestationto radio head communication,

RF modulation, and long-haul fiber performance.“We call them

the five areas of testing,” Paje said. “Having the tools to pinpoint

the problems in each of these areas is the trick.”

The first step in the test and debugging process is compliance. In

one scenario, for example, a carrier may have a base station and

radio head from separate equipment vendors, both of which claim

to be CPRI-compliant. “But what happens, probably more than

70% of the time, is that the interpretation that one vendor did on

the CPRI spec is a little bit different than the interpretation done

by the other vendor,” he said.

A related “area of test” is interoperability among vendor equip-

ment. The big question is if a system sends a particular command,

does the other device recognize it? And does the device send back

the proper response?

Adding to the problem are possible issues in the basestation to

radio head communications process. In this critical area, Paje said:

“In a 4G LTE network, the base station will send a command to

the radio head, something like: ‘Can you adjust your modulation?’

The radio head should simply adjust its modulation to some value

that the base station recommends. Sometimes, you get into a situ-

ation where the radio head will keep adjusting until it is completely

uncalibrated. The network operator needs to see if the commands

coming out of the base station were correct. But if commands were

correct, maybe the radio head is misinterpreting them.”

Another critical “area of test” is RF modulation. And not to be

outdone, performance testing must also be done on the long-

haul network.

The Proper Tools are Key to a SolutionEnter Absolute Analysis. To solve the multitude of problems in 4G

LTE networks, the company has developed the Investigator. The

multi-speed, a multi-technology system performs protocol analysis,

bit-error-rate testing, compliance testing and other functions. With

a 4Gb buffer size and a maximum of 32 ports, the protocol analyzer

validates digital RF links, whether they are CPRI, OBSAI, or Ethernet.

The system accelerates the ability to deploy a RAN. The portable

unit monitors conversations in the network and pinpoints the

failures. “The typical application for Investigator is the lab or the

field. For example, a carrier has a base station and a radio head.

They need to make sure the base station and radio head will

operate before they go out into the field,” he said.

The Number One Problem in Testing a RANNeedless to say, the task of developing and deploying a RAN

is daunting. The number one problem is locating where the

problem exists in the RAN, a frustrating process that could

waste valuable time.

Not knowing where the problem exists causes two major issues

in RAN deployment. When a problem arises, design teams start

pointing their fingers at each other. It’s the classic hardware engi-

neer versus software engineer scenario. Hardware integration

teams need the proper evidence in order to decide which design

team can fix the problem.

“The only way to do that is to monitor the serial link in the network

with a tool like ours,” he said. “You plug our box into a link and see

what the conversation looks like. We can monitor the conversa-

tion and then help device vendors debug the communications and

make sure they can interoperate with each other. Its biggest value

is to provide the information as to where the problem lies, which

reduces debug time significantly.”

With Investigator, the company is at the right place at the right

time. “I’d say the industry is in the middle of 4G LTE deploy-

ment,” he added. “There is simply a need for our tool in 4G/LTE

RAN deployment.”

You can find more information about Absolute Analysis at

www.AbsoluteAnalysis.com.

Figure 2 - Example of a Cloud RAN or C-RAN

CONTACT INFORMATION

Absolute Analysis2393 Teller Road #109.Newbury Park, CA 91320USA(805)376-6048 Toll [email protected]://www.absoluteanalysis.com/index.php



by Chin Aik Lee, Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Cost Effective Power Amplifier Time-Gated Burst Power Measurement using a USB Average/Peak Power Sensorwhen measuring pulse, burst or modulated wireless signals.

IntroductionMeasuring pulse, burst, or modulated signals for wire-

less technology such as TDMA, GSM, WLAN, WiMAX,

and LTE is very important. High-performance, average,

and peak power meters and power sensors are typically

required for measuring the average power and crest factor

(peak-to-average ratio) of modulated signals throughout

various research and development stages, along with the

manufacturing verification process. To measure average

power of a time-gated pulse or burst signals (in a specific

timeframe), you do not need high-performance power

meters and power sensors or even a spectrum analyzer.

A USB average/peak power sensor is a low-cost solution

for measuring average, peak or peak-to-average power

of burst signals. This article explains the methodology

of measuring the time-gated burst signal of the GSM

timeslot and waveform, or time-gated CCDF by using a

USB average/peak power sensor.

Various Signal WaveformsThere are many ways to analyze a modulated signal.

Power-versus-time measurement is a very useful method

for examining power level changes due to pulsed or burst

carriers (Figure 1).

Average, pulse, and peak envelope power measurements

provide different types of information about the signal

(Figure 2). Average power (often simply called power)

measures power that is delivered over several cycles. Pulse

power is determined by measuring the average power of

the pulse and then dividing the result by the pulse duty

cycle. This is a mathematical representation of a pulse

power rather than an actual measurement and assumes

constant pulse power.

Pulse-power measurement averages out any aberrations in

the pulse, such as overshoot or ringing. For this reason,

it is called pulse power and not peak power or peak enve-

lope power. To ensure accurate pulse-power readings, the

modulating signal must be a rectangular pulse with a con-

stant duty cycle. Other pulse shapes such as triangular or

Gaussian will cause erroneous results. This technique is

not applicable for digital modulation systems, where the

duty cycle is not constant, and the pulse amplitude and

shape is varying.

Peak envelope power should be used for more accurate

measurements when the pulse becomes non-rectangular

and the pulse-power measurement equations would no

longer be accurate. This technique is most suitable for

modern digital communication systems with variable duty

cycles and pulse widths.

Unlike measuring a pulsed signal that has a pulse repetition

period and a constant duty cycle, burst signal

measurement is considerably more challenging

(Figure 3). Measuring a burst signal with an

unpredictable burst length that lacks a constant

duty cycle requires time-gated functionality

(independent measurement gates). This can be

accomplished with high-performance power

meters and power sensors.

In high-volume power amplifier (PA) module

testing environments, power measurement

accuracy, test-time efficiency, and test system

Figure 1. Power-versus-time measurement graph



cost are the key factors for investment consideration. Using

high-performance power meters and power sensors incurs

costly investment in equipment setup. In order to reduce

equipment setup costs, PA manufacturers have chosen to

perform time-gated average power measurements of the PA

module and thus increase the throughput during the manu-

facturing process.

Power versus Time: PvTPower versus time measurement is an important conformance

specification. It is defined as the time-averaged power over

the useful period subframe burst (Figure 4). Peak-to-average

power can also be obtained during this period using high per-

formance power meter/sensor. To make accurate and stable

measurements, it is important to be able to capture the desired

complete subframe consistently within the fixed timeframe.

This can be achieved by applying proper time-triggering

mechanisms such as trigger level, holdoff and delay that are

available in a USB average/peak power sensor.

Measuring GSM Timeslot Burst SignalIn this article, we look into the GSM (Global System for Mobile)

burst signal structure. The GSM burst signal consists of eight

timeslots (slots 0 to 7) with 4.613ms frame duration and with

each timeslot being 577μs in duration. The GSM signal can be

transmitted using the same carrier frequency simultaneously,

occupying different timeslots. In other words, each GSM’s

timeslot can be turned on and off for transmission to verify

the functionality of power amplifier module (Figure 5).

Cost Effective Solution Time-Gated Burst Power Measurement – a USB Average/peak Power SensorA USB Average/peak power sensor is a low-cost solution for

average time-gated power measurement of complex modula-

tion signals. It allows the power measurement to be displayed

Figure 2. Average, pulse, and peak envelope signal power provide different information about a signal.

Figure 3. Pulse signal with a constant duty cycle versus burst signal without a constant duty cycle

and Top Stories

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on a PC. The compact USB Average/peak power sensor provides

the same functionality and performance as a conventional

average/peak power meter and sensor.

Using a USB Average/peak power sensor to measure the GSM

timeslot (with GSM timeslot 0 on) provides 447μs for gated

duration after having 80μs offset at the rising edge of the signal

and 50μs offset at the falling edge of the signal. This ensures

that the measurement is not affected by the trigger jitter and

settling time of the USB Average/peak power sensor (Figure 6).

Time-Gated Burst Power Measurement:

External Triggering/Internal TriggeringA USB Average/peak power sensor offers two triggering

mechanisms, external and internal triggering, to perform

the average time-gated burst power measurement. Both

triggering mechanisms allow setting the gate offset (rising

edge), gate length (time-gated duration) and configuring

the USB average/peak power sensor in gated mode to per-

form the measurement.

External triggering requires a trigger signal that comes

from other instruments via its built-in TTL-compatible

trigger input. The USB Average/peak power sensor has

a built-in trigger circuitry that controls the timing of a

pulse-signal capture to enable measurement synchroniza-

tion with an external instrument or event. An external

signal greater than 1.9 V applied to the TRIG IN of a USB

Average/peak power sensor will trigger the power sensor

to start capturing the measurement.

As for internal triggering, an adjustable measurement depen-

dent threshold is used to define the trigger point of the signal

being measured. This is especially useful for measuring pulses

that do not occur at fixed intervals. Internal triggering does

not require an external triggering signal to trigger the power

sensor to start capturing the measurement.

Figure 4. Burst signal time-gated measurement

Figure 5. GSM timeslot pattern with timeslot 0 on.

Figure 6. Measuring GSM timeslot 0 with A USB Average/peak power sensor

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Customer Application of GSM Power Amplifier (PA) Testing in ManufacturingFigure 7 shows the testing of a GSM power amplifier

module at a manufacturing site. The signal generator pro-

duces a constant amplitude CW RF signal with a frequency

sweep from 800MHz to 2GHz (GSM frequency range). The

function generator generates a pulse with a ⅛ duty cycle

into the GSM power amplifier module. The power ampli-

fier module will be switched to GSM mode. The time-gated

average power measurements (on the GSM timeslot) will

be performed at the output of the amplifier module, after

the attenuator, by using a USB Average/peak power sensor.

The USB power sensor is synchronized with the function

generator via an external triggering signal.

Figure 8 shows another real-world example of using a

USB average/peak power sensor with external trigger

capability to measure the average time-gated signal of the

power amplifier module. Event 1 at the signal generator

is used to synchronize or trigger the USB average/peak

power sensor via TRIG IN before starting to capture the

time gated GSM signal (generated by the signal generator).

Figure 9 depicts the test setup when using the USB Average/

peak power sensor with internal trigger to measure the burst

gated signal of a power amplifier module. No triggering signal

is required to trigger the USB Average/peak power sensor.

Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF)A CCDF curve is defined by how much time the waveform

spends at or above a given power level. This is expressed in

dB relative to the average power (Figure 10). A CCDF curve

is a plot of relative power levels versus probability, where

the X-axis represents the dB above the average signal power,

while the Y-axis represents the percent of time the signal

spends at or above the power level specified by the X-axis.

Typically to measure CCDF requires a spectrum analyzer.

A conventional peak power meter/sensor provides a built-

in function of waveform CCDF measurement in graphical

and table format. A waveform CCDF calculates CCDF and

peak-to-average ratio using the entire waveform, including

portions where the data is zero (no signal). This can be

done using a USB Average/peak power sensor.

Time-gated CCDF or Burst CCDF calculates the entire

waveform using only the actual signal instead of the whole

waveform. Gated function of a USB Average/peak power

sensor allocates the gate (marker 1 and 2) on a specific

burst or duration where the signal is computed as a time-

gated CCDF measurement. This is a cost effective solution

using a USB Average/peak power sensor to measure wave-

form CCDF or time-gated CCDF (burst CCDF) of a power

amplifier module.

Figure 7. Setup diagram of GSM power amplifier module testing

Figure 8. Simple setup diagram of time-gated burst power measurement with a USB average/peak power sensor’s external triggering mechanism



ConclusionAccurately measuring the aver-age time-gated power of burst signals (within specific time-frames) is important for power amplifier module testing. It can be achieved not only with con-ventional methods using high-performance power meters and power sensors, but also with the cost-effective USB Average/peak power sensor solution. The internal and external trigger-ing mechanisms offered by the USB Average/peak power sen-sor allows measuring the aver-

age time-gated burst signal of GSM, TDMA, WLAN, WiMAX, LTE and others accurately within the desired timeframe. Waveform CCDF and time-gated CCDF (Burst CCDF) can be performed as well using a USB Average/Peak power sensor instead of using conventional high performance peak power

meter/sensor, signal analyzer or other instrument.

Chin Aik Lee, Application Engineer for Power

Meters and Power Sensors, Basic Instruments

Division; Agilent Technologies. Mr. Lee is an ap-

plication engineer for power meter and sensor

products, and works as a technical writer and

provides consultancy and technical training to

the worldwide field operation. Chin Aik joined Agilent in 2000

as a test engineer for the Signal Analysis Division (SAD), and

was named as an application engineer for the Basic Instru-

ments Division (BID) in August 2006. He has worked in new

product introduction projects and has set up new test systems

from development to manufacturing. He is also responsible

for test system infrastructure set-up, system calibration and

verification as well as product firmware evaluation. Chin Aik

holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Electronics Engineering

from the University of Hertfordshire, UK.

Figure 9. Simple setup for time-gated burst power measurement with A USB Average/peak power sensor’s internal triggering mechanism

Figure 10. CCDF plot shows the Y-axis that represents the percentage of time the signal power equals or exceeds the power specified by the X-axis

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by Drew Sproul, Adax Inc.

Mobilizing Data for ProfitDeep packet inspection is the silver bullet for increasing average revenue per mobile user.

According to a report recently published by Gartner, smart-

phone sales in 2011 were up 58 per cent from 2010 (Figure

1). With iPad and tablet sales predicted for similar growth,

the result is a seemingly insatiable demand for data-centric

applications lead by video that is putting incredible stress

on mobile networks. The more powerful the device, the more

data is downloaded. While accessing data using smartphones

easily outnumbers data access using laptops (via dongles),

the laptops consume significantly more data by volume

than smaller mobile devices. There has been an explosion of

mobile data traffic and the stress on the mobile network will

continue to grow unless operators step in.

The initial growth of mobile broadband data drove service

providers to focus on traffic and congestion management.

Policy Servers are the key means to apply more rational

policies when networks became congested, usually by

dividing customers into tiers with different data volume

limits, and devising policies for what happens when limits

were breached. This approach has become widely known as

fair use management and applications such as bill shock

are being added to ensure users understand what and how

much they were being charged for - but it is simply not

enough to just use fair use management and the bill shock

application. The end user and the network both need more

concrete measures in place to protect against an over con-

gestion of the networks and to ensure that end users are not

paying extortionate data rates.

While bandwidth management and control of the pipe are

absolutely necessary, building a bigger, faster “dumb pipe”

alone won’t keep the Network Service Providers (NSPs) in

business. The fact is, Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) for

data traffic is not increasing at the same rate as the demand

for service - this cannot remain the same for very much

longer. NSPs must find ways to add services, enhance Quality

of Experience (QoE), and provide flexible, dynamic, up-sell

options to monetize the data pipe. Deep Packet Inspection

(DPI) technology is the key to make this change happen.

Value Added Service (VAS) applications are being developed

that will use DPI technology to improve the user experience.

Operators will be able to move away from the “all you can eat”

data plans towards more flexible services and sophisticated

pricing plans, which will benefit the operator and the user.

Figure 1: Mobile Data Explosion by Device Type



Adaptation and improvementTo truly innovate, operators need to think beyond cost-cen-

tric measures and adapt current business models to today’s

increasingly data hungry users. Operators must transform

their networks by developing services that reduce incre-

mental network operating costs whilst increasing IP service

revenue. Service operators must also improve the user expe-

rience to avoid customer churn. Operators need to provide

services linked to demand, both in terms of the network and

the individual user. For too long now customer retention has

focused on providing the latest smartphone, tablet or price

bundle rather than the services that are available on these

devices. A report from the CMO Council entitled “The Chal-

lenge of Customer Churn and Market Burn”, says that a two

per cent increase in customer retention has the same effect

on profits as cutting costs by 10 per cent.

In short, building out the data pipe is simply not enough.

Service providers must find ways to monetize the data pipe

(Figure 2). This can only be accomplished once the dumb pipe

has become intelligent. A deterministic packet network is

the only way to effectively manage packet-based traffic. The

operator must know and control its network traffic by type,

user and device. It is not only about improving the speed and

throughput of the network to accommodate the data explo-

sion, but providing the user with new services and control

over their services and costs. Knowledge based on DPI brings

the control necessary to make this happen. An intelligent

data pipe has the ability to manage content, services, billing,

access, as well as Location Based Services for children and

household security. These are new services and control that

operators can offer customers once the intelligence has been

implemented that can only come from DPI.

In addition, packet inspection is used to analyze network

traffic, to discover both the type of application that sent

the data, where it came from and the device the service

is bound for. In order to prioritize traffic, or filter out

unwanted data, DPI can differentiate data, such as video,

music, VoIP, e-mail and Web sessions. The technology can

also be used to delay, or “throttle,” some kinds of con-

tent generated by certain applications. This controls the

delivery of content, improves network security and allows

both the network and theuser enhanced control (Figure 3).

DPI is essential to the 4G/LTE setupIn the 4G/LTE all-IP world, the Mobile Management Entity

(MME), Serving Gateway (SGW), and Packet Data Network

Gateway (PGW) make up the core core elements (Figure 4). The

Policy Control and Resource Function (PCRF) is used for set-

ting Quality of Service (QoS), Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

and usage restrictions that are key to new service and billing

paradigms. Comprehensive and dynamic policy definitions

Figure 2: Managing the Data Pipe for QoE, Billing, and Revenue by Ser-vices and Applications

Figure 3: User Control for QoE is Key!

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provide better management and monetization of the packet

data pipe (Figure 5). These emerging fee-for-service models

rely on information provided by these network elements as

well as enhanced HSS learning user ID and preferences.

DPI is essential in this new world to smooth billing practices,

improve network security and deliver the option to actively

control packet data pipe sessions through traffic filtering and

redirection. This can help ensure that subscribers are not only

receiving the correct package of services they purchased from

their service provider, but support bill shock and advice of

charge applications which provide the user with peace of mind.

First generation policy servers met the initial challenges of

this increasingly demanding mobile data traffic explosion.

These policy servers protected the network from periodic

overuse and ensured equal access to all users. Next generation

policy servers and the upcoming data offload cousins will need

far greater intelligence to provide customers with services

and control. Service providers must offer these capabilities to

be successful in the future. DPI engines assisted by fast and

efficient IP flow management will meet this need. For both

customers and providers alike, controllable and managed ser-

vices are the key QoE and a profitable business model.

Andrew (Drew) Sproul is currently Director of Mar-

keting at Adax, Inc. During his 20+ year career in

telecoms Drew has held management positions in

Sales and Marketing at Adax, Trillium, and Object-

Stream. Drew has a BA in Human Services from

Western Washington University in Bellingham WA.

Figure 4: LTE: The Flat All-IP Network

Figure 5: Intelligent & Knowledgeable Policy Control for Customer and



by Charlie Ashton, 6WIND

Optimize the Cost-Performance of LTE Networking EquipmentTo achieve the necessary wire-speed performance for large numbers of virtual net-works, the underlying software architecture must provide optimized support for key

LTE is commonly viewed as the essential enabler for

meeting ever-increasing user demands for mobile data

bandwidth. Several forecasts, including the Cisco Visual

Networking Index Forecast, (http://www.cisco.com/en/

US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.

html) predict mobile broadband growth of 18X over the

next five years. Driven by the tremendous increase in

data-enabled devices such

as smartphones, tablets,

machine-to-machine devices

and netbooks, network band-

width is being consumed at

a pace that service providers

are challenged to sustain. As

the use of video continues to

explode – the same forecast

estimates that by 2016, 71

percent of all mobile data

traffic will be video – and the

move to cloud-based services

accelerates, there is no end in sight to users’ voracious

appetite for data.

To manage all of this traffic, offer new services and more

effectively monetize their networks, service providers are

developing applications that utilize network intelligence

technologies. Support for software-defined networking

(SDN) and deep packet inspection (DPI) technologies pro-

vides more flexible, efficient networking and the ability to

offer more advanced, content-based services, including secu-

rity and bandwidth management applications such as policy

and charging control, quality of service (QoS), subscriber

analytics and traffic optimization. DPI is also a fundamental

technology for services which

require policy-driven, real-

time charging and content

distribution. Critical to the

success of these technologies

is having sufficient computing

resources to execute these DPI

and data-driven applications

without a significant increase

in networking equipment cost

or power consumption.

All of this leads to an inter-

esting question: Are more powerful processors and faster

I/O hardware alone enough to meet these bandwidth and

performance demands?

In a word – no. Hardware alone cannot meet these require-

ments, at least not at a price service operators can afford.

What is also needed is efficient software, and in particular,

packet processing software.

Software – The Key to Cost-Effective, High-Performance NetworksTo achieve the necessary performance levels associated

with the move to 4G/LTE technology, equipment providers

have been moving to software architectures optimized for

packet processing (Figure 1). These architectures take

advantage of the fact that in a typical 4G networking envi-

ronment, over 90 percent of the workload is data-plane

packet processing and forwarding. With this workload pro-

file, performance is limited by the overheads and latencies

inherent in standard operating system networking stacks.

Architectures optimized for packet processing split

the networking stack into two layers. The lower layer,

typically called the fast path, processes the majority of

Are more powerful processors and faster I/O hardware

alone enough to meet these bandwidth and performance

demands? In a word – no.

Figure 1: Typical 4G Workloads are only 10% control plane



incoming packets on dedicated CPU cores outside the OS

environment and without incurring any of the OS over-

head that degrades performance. Only those rare packets

that require complex processing are forwarded to a Linux

networking stack, which performs the necessary manage-

ment, signaling, and control functions.

The fast path architecture exhibits linear performance

scalability until the platform limits are reached. One

benchmark using the 6WINDGate software from 6WIND

achieved a 10x network capacity improvement versus the

standard operating system stack on an Intel® Xeon® Pro-

cessor E5-2600 Series platform.

Extensions for Cloud ComputingVirtualization support requires that the packet-pro-

cessing software run as part of the virtual appliance or

network, thereby providing its services transparently to

the higher-level applications. Compatibility with standard

hypervisors is also a requirement. Advanced architectures

make use of several techniques to maximize system per-

formance by removing key I/O bottlenecks: virtual NIC

(vNIC) drivers, direct VM-to-VM communication, and I/O

virtualization (IOv). The vNIC driver leverages communi-

cations between VMs via the virtual switch, making the

development and provisioning of systems with multiple

VMs more efficient. For higher system performance, the

VM-to-VM driver allows inter-virtual-machine commu-

nications to bypass the hypervisor’s virtual switch, while

IOv removes the virtual NIC emulation and allows direct

access between the physical NIC and the bottom of the

network stack.

Key to software-defined networks is the ability to

dynamically allocate resources to the ever-shifting

requirements of the network. High-performance packet-

processing architectures utilize a dedicated pool of cores

that can be reconfigured dynamically to run either the

control plane or data plane in line with network param-

eters. Resources can be allocated and de-allocated to

match traffic requirements, providing optimum network

monetization. Advanced architectures use a hybrid

design that enables either the local control plane or SDN

products such as OpenFlow to manage the f low table and

associated virtual routing and forwarding.

DPI performance improvement can be achieved by placing

the DPI flow table within the fast path. By triggering the DPI

engine only in the cases of relevant packets or flows, while

implementing a smarter mechanism for allocating packets

and flows to specific cores, the system-level performance is

maximized while processing the packets with zero loss. Per-

formance can increase up to 7x through this approach. The

overall efficiency of the platform is maximized by ensuring

that only relevant packets are sent to the DPI engine for full

processing and that the DPI engine is bypassed in all other

cases.

The types of packets that are sent to the DPI engine include:

not need DPI processing

packets or ftp packets

Figure 2: 6WINDGate implements an IOv direct connection to the fast path and this add-on to the base package provides support for multiple industry-standard, IOv-enabled network interface cards (NICs) and removes the performance penalty imposed by the virtual switch.

The overall efficiency of the platform is maximized by

ensuring that only relevant packets are sent to the DPI

engine for full processing and that the DPI engine is bypassed

in all other cases.



because of the specifics of the application – for example

security applications where the flows have to be analyzed

continually to detect any new URLs that are requested

The Data-Driven FutureA high-performance networking infrastructure is essential to

the success of the mobile network operators’ (MNOs’) move

to the network-as-a-service (NaaS) business model. To achieve

the necessary wire-speed performance for large numbers of

virtual networks, the underlying software architecture must

also provide optimized support for key technologies such as

virtualization, SDN and DPI. The availability of a high-perfor-

mance packet-processing foundation enables this move and is

key to the future success of mobile computing.

Charlie Ashton is VP of marketing and business

development at 6WIND and is responsible for

6WIND’s global marketing initiatives and partner-

ships worldwide with semiconductor companies,

subsystem providers and embedded software com-

panies. Charlie has extensive experience in the

embedded systems industry, with his career including leadership

roles in both engineering and marketing at software, semiconduc-

tor and systems companies. He led the introduction of new products

and the development of new business at Green Hills Software,

Timesys, Motorola (now Freescale), AMCC, AMD and Dell.

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by Eric Huang, Sr. Product Marketing Manager for Semiconductor USB Digital IP, Synopsys, Inc


Emerging WiFi and long-term evolution (LTE) standards

require gigabit per second speeds to address the growing

consumer demand for higher data transfer between their

mobile devices, TVs, Blu-ray players and desktop com-

puters. WiFi and LTE wireless standards are implemented

on systems on chip (SoCs) that are not and will not be

fully integrated into a larger SoC. WiFi and LTE chips

require complex RF and analog technology that must be

carefully laid out separately from the CPU or mobile appli-

cations processor. To connect the wireless SoC to the main

SoC, CPU, PC chipset, or mobile applications processor,

designers use either USB or PCI Express (PCIe). While not

visible on the outside of a product, some PCs use PCIe, but

most PCs, tablets and smart phones use USB to connect

the wireless chip to the main SoC.

Designers implementing WiFi and LTE SoCs are switching

from USB 2.0 to USB 3.0 because USB 2.0 effective through-

puts are only about 0.350 gigabits per second (Gbps), and

USB 2.0 consumes more power per megabyte than USB 3.0.

Today’s USB 2.0 runs at a maximum effective throughput

of 0.32 to 0.35 Gbps, much less than the theoretical speed

of 0.48 Gbps because of latencies in the PC’s hardware,

operating system, drivers, or the PC peripheral ’s hard-

ware, OS, or firmware. For example, a USB 2.0 f lash drive

made with slow NAND flash memory will never achieve

even 0.32 Gbps if the f lash can only be read at 0.17 Gbps.

This is a hardware limitation on the USB 2.0 speed.

This article describes three important forces that are

driving designers to incorporate USB 3.0 into WiFi and

LTE products that are scheduled to hit the market in 2014

and 2015:

1. WiFi and LTE speeds will exceed 1 Gbps, which is at least 3

to 5 times faster than USB 2.0 speeds

2. Consumer products will demand faster data access from

peripheral devices and in-home clouds

3. USB 3.0 enables lower power consumption than standard

USB 2.0 PHYs by using an M-PHY with SuperSpeed Inter-

chip (SSIC)

WiFi Reaching Super SpeedsThe need to keep up with increasing WiFi/LTE speeds is the

first driver of USB 3.0 into WiFi and LTE products is. The

current generation of WiFi is the fourth generation, called

WiFi-N (Table 1). With a single antenna, WiFi-N runs up

to 0.15 Gbps, and with multiple-in multiple-out antennas,

WiFi-N runs even faster. Two antennas for receive and two

for transmit, commonly called 2x2, offer twice the speed,

or 0.30 Gbps. A small number of companies make products

with 3x3 antennas which enable speeds up to 0.45 Gbps.

This is much faster than the USB 2.0’s effective throughput

of 0.35 Gbps. In this case, the 3x3 chip must implement

USB 3.0 to take full advantage of the WiFi throughput.

WiFi Super-Charged with WiFi-ACCurrently, the number of WiFi-N 3x3 products is small.

Greater leaps in speed are being made in the fifth genera-

tion of WiFi, called WiFi-AC. While the AC standard has

not yet been finalized, manufacturers are already shipping

products that support the draft of the

AC standard, or “draft-AC.” NetGear and

Buffalo shipped the first draft WiFi-AC

products, based on Broadcom’s 802.11ac

chipset, in early 2012. In fact, NetGear

demonstrated a commercially available

draft WiFi-AC Residential Gateway with

a 1.2 Gbps download speed. Marvell also

announced availability of its own WiFi-

AC chipset in May 2012.

WiFi-AC products will operate at 1 Gbps

or higher, of which USB 2.0 can only

support 0.35 Gbps. The AC products are

backward compatible so they work with

all existing WiFi products, but products Table 1: Comparison of throughput speeds for current and coming standard deployments



with USB 3.0 will be able to take advantage of the full

WiFi-AC product speeds (Figure 1).

LTE Advanced Super Charges LTE LTE Advanced (LTE-A) modems will also begin shipping

in 2014 or earlier. LTE-A will deliver data at over 0.50

Gbps, allowing mobile users to synchronize data, music,

pictures, videos stored in the internet cloud. A big initial

market for LTE-A modems will be USB 3.0 dongles. The

dongle is widely used worldwide because it is easy to

deliver to customers, easy to set up and is easy to switch

from one USB 3.0-ready PC to another.

Access to Personal, In-Home CloudThe second driver of USB 3.0 into WiFi and LTE products

is consumer demand for faster data access from peripheral

devices. For example, WiFi-AC routers that create WiFi

networks will soon have one or more USB 3.0 host ports.

This will allow users to connect USB 3.0 hard drives to the

network, as shown in Figure 2.

With USB 3.0 hard drives hooked up to a network, con-

sumers can create their own in-home Internet cloud for

storage. Consumers can store all their photos, videos,

music and other data in their USB 3.0 hard drives and

access them wirelessly. All users in the home can access

the same data, without a full server or PC. The f lexibility

of multiple ports allows users to add storage as their

needs grow; for example, today a user could connect a 3

terabyte (TB) hard drive and a year later add a 4 TB hard

drive. Using WiFi-AC will allow data transfers at gigabit

per second speeds between a laptop and personal cloud.

USB 3.0 for Wireless Connectivity on PCsSome laptop users will purchase a USB 3.0 dongle with

faster WiFi to eliminate the need for a gigabit Ethernet

cable. These dongles are simply plugged into the laptop’s

USB 3.0 port or attached to a host port in a USB 3.0 docking

station. Even with this simple installation, dongles can

outperform the current option of WiFi mini-PCIe cards

that require the semi-professional installation of opening

up a PC, plugging the card into the mini-PCIe slot, and

connecting the antenna cable.

WiFi-AC for TVs and Set-Top BoxesIn addition to USB dongles for laptops, an ideal market for

WiFi-N 3x3 and WiFi-AC is consumer electronics, smart

phones and tablets.

In consumer electronics, many mid-range and high-end

TVs connect to the Internet using wired Ethernet or

WiFi. WiFi is connected in one of two ways, and usually

via USB. The first kind of WiFi USB connection is inside

the TV and hidden from the consumer. TV manufacturers

use this inside port to connect to a USB card reader. The

card reader is exposed so the consumer can insert an SD

card and view stored photos or videos. Most consumers are

familiar with the second kind of USB connection, which

is the exposed USB port on the outside of the TV that is

used to plug in a USB flash drive, USB web cam, or USB

WiFi dongle. The consumer can plug a USB dongle, like the

3G HSUPA dongle shown in Figure 3, into an external USB

port. Most new TVs now include at least two USB ports,

and often some additional internal ports. One port is used

for connecting to USB storage and the other port is used

for connecting to a USB dongle. High-end TVs will soon

include USB 3.0 ports.

Figure 1: WiFi-AC routers enable download speeds of up to 1.2 Gbps

Figure 2: WiFi-AC routers with multiple USB 3.0 ports and drives will allow consumers to create an expandable, in-home, personal cloud


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To take advantage of the

faster speeds WiFi-AC will

offer, high-end TVs have

already started to migrate

from USB 2.0 and upgrade to

USB 3.0. This upgrade allows

users to stream content

from either a remote home

gateway or a media source

with faster WiFi speed

transfer of data between

sources of video.

In the U.S., set-top boxes currently include digital video recording (DVR) func-

tionality, and video stored in one room can be viewed in an-other room. This flexibility requires a fast WiFi or networking connection to improve the delivery of video between rooms,

especially for high-definition (HD) content.

Reduce power consumption with SSIC and USB 3.0The third driver of USB 3.0 in WiFi and LTE products is the

availability of M-PHYs supporting SSIC. A MIPI M-PHY is

typically used with MIPI protocols and has the advantage

of running at gigabit speeds, but it is smaller in size and

power consumption than a USB 3.0 PHY. USB 3.0 is used

outside the box between a host and device. SuperSpeed

Interchip (SSIC) brings USB from outside the box to inside

the box and on the printed circuit board (PCB). SSIC com-

municates between chips on the PCB, and in this case,

between the WiFi or LTE chip and a main processor chip,

CPU, or mobile application processor.

SSIC reuses existing USB 3.0 protocol and software drivers

and exchanges the USB 3.0 PHY for a smaller, lower power

MIPI M-PHY. While a USB 3.0 PHY sends data across a 3

meter cable, the smaller MIPI M-PHY executes USB 3.0

communication between chips across only a few millime-

ters, and with lower power consumption. Instead of a USB

cable, metal lines on the PCB connect the two chips.

To reduce power consumption, mobile applications (apps)

processors that run smart phones use a USB 3.0 host con-

troller with an SSIC interface. The SSIC pins on the apps

processor connect to the SSIC pins on the USB 3.0 device

controller on an LTE modem. SSIC enables the USB 3.0 data

transfer speed between chips to match the speed of the

wireless protocols (Figure 4). This also reduces power con-

sumption to about one-fifth of the power of USB 3.0. SSIC

lets product makers reuse their existing software drivers

and digital controllers. Drivers can be shared, because the

same USB 3.0 drivers can be reused with SSIC. As a result,

every WiFi chip and every LTE modem chip developed

beginning in 2012 will use SSIC to save power.

ConclusionDesigners working on con-

sumer electronics products

that are scheduled to go to

market in 2014 and 2015

must be cognizant of the

three forces driving USB 3.0

into WiFi and LTE products:

increasing WiFi and LTE

speeds, consumer demand

for faster data access,

and the desire for the

lower power consumption

that USB 3.0/SSIC offers.

Choosing an IP solution

such as Synopsys’ Design-

Ware® USB 3.0 controller and PHY enables SoC designers to

develop high-quality USB 3.0 silicon solutions to meet these

growing market demands with fast time-to-market.

Eric Huang, Senior Product Marketing Manager for

Semiconductor USB Digital IP, Synopsys, Inc.

In his role as senior product marketing manager

for semiconductor USB digital IP at Synopsys, Eric

Huang is responsible for managing USB 3.0 and

USB 2.0 IP. Huang worked on USB at the beginning in 1995 with

the world’s first BIOS that supported USB keyboards and mice

while at Award Software. After a departure into embedded systems

software for real-time operating systems, Huang returned to USB

cores and software at inSilicon, the world’s leading supplier of USB

IP at the time. inSilicon was later acquired by Synopsys in 2002.

Huang served as chairman of the USB On-The-Go Working Group

for the USB Implementers Forum from 2004-2006.

Huang received an M.B.A. from Santa Clara University, an M.S.

in Engineering from University of California Irvine, and a B.S. in

Engineering from the University of Minnesota. He is a licensed

professional engineer in civil engineering in the State of California.

Figure 3: Today’s TVs include USB 2.0 ports that can accept WiFi dongles for wireless connectivity. Tomor-row’s TVs will include USB 3.0 ports for faster WiFi or LTE connectivity.

Figure 4: A USB 3.0 Host Controller with SSIC can reduce power con-sumption.

Visit EECatalog.

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latest news, con-

tent and opinions

from industry

thought leaders!

Engineers’ Guide to LTE and 4G 2013

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VIEWPOINT

by Andrew McLennan, Metaforic

Opinion: Equip Mobile Applications with Anti-Tamper TechnologyApplication providers should build in sufficient security for mobile devices.

Editor’s note: This has been adapted from a longer article of the same name.

During the last 20 years, malware has evolved from occasional

“exploits” to a global multimillion-dollar criminal industry. We

hear about viruses such as Flame and Stuxnet, which can infect

whole country infrastructures with relative ease. For example,

for at least two years, Flame has been copying documents

and recording audio, keystrokes, network traffic and taking

screenshots from infected computers. If it’s that easy to attack

governments and infrastructures, how difficult do you think it

is to hack a smartphone?

Custom Malware Designed for SmartphonesApplication providers need to step up and begin building in

sufficient security for mobile devices, including vulnerability

mitigation, re-evaluation of trust and incorporation of secure

authentication channels.

The need for these techniques is magnified on mobile platforms

and perhaps none more so than on Android. A recent study by AV-

TEST showed that more than 75 percent of anti-malware solutions

ignored at least one in every 10 of the main families of malware in

the wild. Add to this that Android malware is increasing dramati-

cally, quadrupling between 2011 and 2012, and it seems that failing

to protect mobile applications in general, and Android applications

in particular, might be inviting a disaster.

The open source nature of the Android platform means that there

are a plethora of free, widely available and powerful tools that

also make it simple to reverse-engineer unprotected applications

or even elements of the OS itself in order to assess vulnerabili-

ties and create attacks. Add to this the fact that there are a wide

range of largely unpoliced Android marketplaces. Even Google’s

own marketplace and its use of its “Bouncer” malware detection

system is far from infallible, as researchers recently showed.

Mobile Security Critical for BusinessesWith the huge growth of smartphones and the applications that

run on them, mobile security is becoming a critical area for all

businesses: they are an obvious route for threats that seek to

penetrate the back office.

Unfortunately, to date, security in Android has been ineffective.

Hackers create and input malware that can change the behavior

of applications, substitute account numbers, modify amounts,

initiate egregious transactions, capture PINs, and more. Applica-

tions running on remote devices, with unknown configurations,

need to be able to defend themselves, their communication, and

to clearly signal if they have been compromised.

Approaches to Secure Mobile DevicesThere are various means to secure mobile device transactions.

Strong security for mobile devices offers a comprehensive port-

folio of embedded security solutions; the most obvious being

anti-tamper technology to prevent code and data changes. The

principle behind anti-tamper is quite simple: rather than relying

on the security of the environment (by making the assumption

that firewalls and virus checkers are installed, correctly config-

ured and updated) anti-tamper ensures that the application can

defend itself and its own data.

Clearly this approach will become the standard method for

securing applications in the next few years. There are numerous

ways anti-tamper technology can help secure smartphone apps

for financial transactions:

1) Protect the application itself against subversion.

2) Protect application data.

3) Protect data and keys within the application from capture or

extraction by using cryptographic primitives.

4) Prevent “code lifting” to extract individual functionalities.

5) Trigger a response.

6) Repair attacked applications or data.

As malware continues to attack smartphones, financial institutions

must strive to provide the needed security to their applications.

Malware won’t go away and companies need to be more proactive in

securing apps from the inside out using anti-tamper technologies

to produce that added level of security. We all know firewalls alone

aren’t enough.

Andrew McLennan is an experienced entrepreneur

who has founded five start-up companies since

1993, including Metaforic. Andrew has held all the

key management roles in startups including CEO,

CMO, CCO and COO. Andrew has an honors degree

from Strathclyde University in mechanical engi-

neering with aerodynamics.

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