Neilsoft: Software Engineering Services for your Design and Engineering Needs
engineering your future.ppt
Transcript of engineering your future.ppt
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ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE
An Introduction to Engineering:
A Comprehensive Approach
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CHAPTER 1
The History of Engineering
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1.1 Introduction
Definition of Engineering The profession in which knowledge of
the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
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1.2 Getting Started
Prehistoric Culture Our Computer Age The Speed of History Quick Overview
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1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering
The Earliest Days Egypt and Mesopotamia (add
picture)**
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1.3 Pictures of Pyramids
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1.4 The Overview Approach
Engineering the Temples of Greece The Roman Roads and Aqueducts The Great Wall of China **FROM HERE MIGHT WANT TO
ADD PICTURES FROM BOOK
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages
1200 B.C. – A.D. 1 Quality of wrought iron is improved Swords are mass produced Siege towers are perfected Greeks develop manufacturing Archimedes introduces mathematics in
Greece Concrete is used for arched bridges,
roads and aqueducts in Rome.
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000
Chinese further develop the study of mathematics
Gunpowder is perfected Cotton and silk manufactured
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400
Silk and glass industries continue to grow
Leonardo Fibinacci, a medieval mathematician, writes the first Western text on algebra
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England Galileo constructs a series of telescopes,
with which he observes the rotation about the sun
Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the existence of a vacuum
Issac Newton constructs first reflecting telescopes
Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume, is first introduced.
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800
Industrial Revolution begins in Europe James Watt patents his first steam
engine Society of Engineers, a professional
engineering society, is formed in London
First building made completely of cast iron built in England
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1825
Machine automation is first introduced in France
First railroad locomotive is designed and manufactured
Chemical symbols are developed, the same symbols used today (Au, He)
Single wire telegraph line is developed
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1825-1875
Reinforced concrete is first used First synthetic plastic material is
created Bessemer develops his process to
create stronger steel in mass quantities
First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania Typewriter is perfected
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1875-1900
Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the phonograph
Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler
Automobile introduced by Karl Benz
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1900-1925
Wright brothers complete first sustained flight
Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors
First commercial flight between Paris and London begins
Detroit becomes center of auto production industry
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950
John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of television
The VW Beetle goes into production
First atomic bomb is used The transistor is invented
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975 Computers first introduced into the
market, and are common by 1960 Sputnik I, the first artificial
satellite, put into space by USSR First communication satellite—
Telstar—is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever
moon landing
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1975-1990
The Concord is first used for supersonic flight between Europe and the U.S.
Columbia space shuttle is reused for space travel
First artificial heart is successfully implanted
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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present
Robots travel on Mars The “Chunnel” between England
and France is finished GPS is used to predict and report
weather conditions, as well as many other consumer applications
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1.6 Case Study of Two HistoricEngineers
Leonardo Da Vinci Gutenberg and His Printing Press
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1.7 The History of the Disciplines Aerospace Eng.
Agricultural Eng.
Chemical Eng.
Civil Eng.
Computer Eng.
Electrical Eng.
Industrial Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
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1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering
“Aerospace engineering is concerned with engineering applications in the areas of aeronautics (the science of air flight) and astronautics (the science of space flight).
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1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering Agricultural engineering focuses
on: Soil and water Structures and environment Electrical power and processing Food engineering Power and machinery
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1.7 History: Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering applies chemistry to industrial processes, such as the manufacture of drugs, cements, paints, lubricants, and the like.
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1.7 History: Civil Engineering
Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as: Bridges and Highways Skyscrapers Industrial Plants and Power Plants Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals
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1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering
The world’s business is centered around computers, and their uses are only increasing
Electrical is the largest branch of engineering
Involved in: Communication Systems Computers and Automatic Controls Power Generation and Transmission Industrial Applications
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1.7 History: Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineers design, install, and improve systems that integrate people, materials, and machines to improve efficiency.
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1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering
Deals with power, the generation of power, and the application of power to a variety of machines, ranging from HVAC to space vehicles.
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CHAPTER 2
Engineering Majors
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2.1 Introduction Several characteristics of students
that might have an interest in engineering are: Proficient skills in math and physical science An urging from a high school counselor Knows someone who is an engineer Knows that engineering offers literally
dozens, if not hundreds of job opportunities Is aware that a degree in engineering is
quite lucrative
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2.1 Engineers and Scientists Scientists seek technical answers to
understand natural phenomenon Engineers study technical problems
with a practical application always in mind
For example “Scientists study atomic structure to
understand the nature of matter; engineers study atomic structure to make smaller and faster microchips”
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2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist Main difference between the two is:
Engineers design and manufacture machines and systems, while engineering technologists have the technical know-how to use and install the machines properly
An example: “The technologist identifies the equipment
necessary to assemble a new CD player; the engineer designs said CD player”
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2.1 What Do Engineers Do?
Ways to get information about careers: Visit job fairs Attend seminars on campus by various
employers Contact faculty with knowledge of
engineering fields Get an intern or co-op position Enroll in an engineering elective course
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2.1 What Engineers Do
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2.2 Engineering Functions: Research
Research engineers are knowledgeable in principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics
Computer know-how is also recommended
A Masters Degree is almost always required, and a Ph. D is often strongly recommended
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Development
Development engineers bridge the gap between the laboratory and the production facility
They also identify problems in a potential product
An example is the development of concept cars for companies like Ford and GM
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Testing
Testing engineers are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product, making sure that it performs how it is supposed to, every time. T.E.s simulate instances and environments in which a product would be used
Crash testing of a vehicle to observe effects of an air bag and crumple zone are examples of a testing engineer’s duties
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design
Design aspect is where largest number of engineers are employed
Design engineers often work on components of a product, providing all the necessary specifics needed to successfully manufacture the product
Design engineers regularly use computer design software as well as computer aided drafting software in their jobs
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design
Design engineers must also verify that the part meets reliability and safety standards required for the product
A concern always on the mind of design engineers is how to keep the development of a part cost effective, which is taken into account during a design process
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Analysis
Analysis engineers use computational tools and mathematic models to enrich the work of design and research engineers
Analysis engineers typically have a mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow, vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, and many other system characteristics
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Systems
Responsible on a larger scale for bringing together components of parts from design engineers to make a complete product
Responsible for making sure all components of a product work together as was intended by design engineers
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Manufacturing & Construction
Work individually or in teams Responsible for “molding” raw
materials into finished product Maintain and keep records on
equipment in plant Help with design process to keep
costs low
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Operations & Maintenance
Responsible for maintaining production line
Must have technical know-how to deal w/ problems
Responsible for inspecting facility and equipment, must be certified in various inspection methods
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Technical Support
Works between consumers and producers
Not necessarily have in depth knowledge of technical aspects of product
Must have good interpersonal skills
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Customer Support
Often have more of a technical knowledge than Tech. Support, because they must be able to work with basic customers
Evaluate whether or not a current practice is cost effective via feedback from customers
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Sales
Sales engineers have technical background, but are also able to communicate effectively w/ customers
Job market for sales engineers is growing, due to the fact that products are becoming more and more technically complex
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Consulting
Are either self-employed, or work for a firm that does not directly manufacture products
Consulting engineers might be involved in design, installation, and upkeep of a product
Sometimes required to be a registered professional engineer in the state where he/she works
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering
Previously known as aeronautical and astronautical engineering
First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I)
KEY WORDS: Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air
over a streamlined surface or body. Propulsion engineers: develop quieter,
more efficient, and cleaner burning engines.
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering
KEY WORDS: Structural engineers: use of new
alloys, composites, and other new materials to meet design requirements of new spacecraft
Control systems: systems used to operate crafts
Orbital mechanics: calculation of where to place satellites using GPS
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering
Concerned with finding ways to produce food more efficiently
KEY WORDS Harvesting Equip. - removes crops
from field, and begins processing of food Structures: used to hold crops, feed,
and livestock; Agricultural engineers develop and design the structures that hold crops
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering
Food process engineers: concerned with making healthier processed food products
Soil/Water Resources: working to develop efficient ways to use limited resources
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Architectural Engineering
Structural: primarily concerned with the integrity of the building structure. Evaluates loads placed on buildings, and makes sure the building is structurally sound
Mechanical systems: control climate of building, as well as humidity and air quality(HVAC)
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Biomedical First recognized in 1940’s Three basic categories: Bioengineering,
Medical, and Clinical Bioengineering is application of
engineering principles to biological systems Medical engineers develop instrumentation
for medical uses Clinical engineers develop systems that
help serve the needs of hospitals and clinics
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Chemical
Emphasizes the use of chemistry and chemical processes in engineering
Chemical engineers develop processes to extract and refine crude oil and gas resources
Chemical engineers also develop circuit boards, and work in the pharmaceutical industry, where processes are designed to create new, affordable drugs
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2.3 Engineering MajorsCivil Engineering First seen in pyramids of Egypt Structural engineers most common
type of civil engineer Transportation engineers concerned
w/ design and construction of highways, railroads, and mass transit systems
Surveyors start construction process by locating property lines and property areas
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2.3 Engineering MajorsComputer Engineering
Focuses primarily on computer hardware, not software
Work w/ electrical engineers to develop faster ways to transfer information, and to run the computer
Responsible for the “architecture” of the computer system
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2.3 Engineering MajorsElectrical Engineering
More engineers are electrical than any other discipline
With an ever growing technological society, electrical engineers will ALWAYS have a job
Work in communications, microelectronics, signal processing, bioengineering, etc
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2.3 Engineering MajorsEnvironmental Engineering Often coupled with Civil Engineering 3 aspects of environmental engineering:
Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential waste products
Remediation: clean up of a contaminated site
Prevention: working with corporations to reduce and/or prevent emissions and work to find ways to “recycle” products to be used again to reduce waste
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2.3 Engineering MajorsIndustrial Engineering “Design, improvement, and
installation of integrated systems of people, material, and energy”
Emphasis placed on: Production, Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, and Operations Research
Production focuses on plant layout, scheduling, and quality control
Human Factors focuses on the efficient placement of human resources within a plant/facility
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMarine and Ocean Engineering Concerned with the design, development,
and operation of ships and boats Marine engineer designs and maintains
the systems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation
Ocean engineer design and operates marine equipment other than ships, such as submersibles. O.E.s might also work on submarine pipelines and/or cables and drilling platforms
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMaterials Engineering Study the structure, as well as
other important properties of materials, I.e. strength, hardness, and durability
Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material
Material Engineers also study metallurgy, and the development of composites and alloys
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMechanical Engineering
Concerned with machines and mechanical devices
Work in design, development, production, control, and operation of machines/devices
Requires a strong math and physics background. Often 4 or more math classes required for graduation
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMining Engineering
Work to maintain constant levels of raw minerals used every day in industrial and commercial settings
Must discover, remove, process, and refine such minerals
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2.3 Engineering MineralsNuclear Engineering
Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from nuclear sources
Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power
Engineers also responsible for disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products
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2.3 Engineering MajorsPetroleum Engineering
Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil around the world
PE’s design and operate the machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms
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Chapter 3
Profiles of Engineers
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3.1 Introduction
Diversity of the engineering work force
Wide range of engineering careers that are possible
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3.1 Profile of a Biomedical Engineer Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Occupation:
Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army
Medical Director, Quality Assurance, Womack Army Medical Center
Education: IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978 MD, Uniformed Services University of the
Health Sciences, 1982
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3.1 Profile of an Aerospace Engineer
Patrick Rivera Anthony Occupation:
Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach Education:
BS, Aerospace Engineering
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3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer
Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder, Colorado
Occupation: AISES Executive Director
Education: BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural
Engineering, 1991
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3.1 Profile of an Electrical Engineer
Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan
Occupation: Project Engineer at Barton Malow
Company Education:
BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and Management), 1996
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3.1 Profile of an Agricultural Engineer
Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan
Occupation: Project Manager, Kellogg Company
Education: BS, Agricultural Engineering (food
engineering)
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Chapter 4
A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession
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4.1 Statistical Overview
How many people study engineering? What are the most common majors? What kind of job market is there for
engineers? How much do engineers earn? How many women and minorities
study engineering?
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4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students
1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000 engineering students
1970s marked the lowest number of students, at 43,000
Engineering peaked in 1980s, with around 118,000 students
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4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students
Of approximately 350,000 full-time undergrad engineering students, just less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoring in computer and electrical engineering
Just over 32,000 were “undecided”
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4.4 Degrees in Engineering
Steady decline in Engineering degrees awarded between 1986 and 1995. Since then, there have been many fluctuations, but as of data of 2000, there were 63,300 engineering degrees awarded
For a long time, electrical awarded the highest number of degrees, but that was eventually replaced by mechanical engineering
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4.5 Job Placement Trends
1999-2000 was the hottest year for engineering majors to find jobs
As the number of engineering students declines, employers must “fight” harder to get whatever students they can get their hands on to fill vacant positions. This has led to a very promising job placement ratio
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4.6 Salaries of Engineers On the whole, engineers make more
money than any other graduate with another degree
Electrical, computer, and computer science recently have led the way, with average salaries from a Bachelor degree starting at around $52,000
A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a starting average of around $84,000
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4.7 Diversity in the Profession
For a long time, white males dominated engineering
Recently, women, foreign nationals, and various minority students have entered colleges and universities with an engineering diploma in mind
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4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study
Electrical engineering employs the highest number of engineers, nearly 25%, numbering close to 375,000
Mechanical employs almost 250,000
Civil is the next highest “populated”, with 200,000 workers
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4.11 Words of Advice from Employers
Looking for graduates who possess: Excellent communication skills Teamwork Leadership Computer/Technical proficiency Hard working attitude
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Chapter 5
Global and InternationalEngineering
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5.1 Introduction
After WWII, engineering became a more “global” business.
Taking a few foreign language classes in college cannot hurt, but only help your chances at getting a job after college.
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5.2 The Evolving Global Market: Changing World Maps & Alliances
Breakup of former USSR New laws, regulations, policies
have affected the spread of international engineering
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5.2 NAFTA
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Mexico, Canada)
Designed to reduce tariffs, and increase international competition
Manufacturing trade has increased by 128% between Canada, US, and Mexico since 1994
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5.3 International OpportunitiesFor Engineers Engineers are employed internationally in:
Automobile Industry Manufacturing Construction Pharmaceuticals Food Industry Petroleum and Chemical Industry Computer and Electronics Industry Telecommunications
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5.4 Preparing for a Global Career
Students who look to work internationally should: Be language and culturally proficient Should participate in study abroad
programs Look into work international work
experienceand Co-Op opportunities
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Chapter 6
Future Challenges
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6.1 Expanding World Population
1900-2000, world population climbs from 1.6 billion to 6 billion people
Places new stress on conservation of resources, and gives engineers new challenges to compensate for high population
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6.2 Pollution
Engineers concerned with management and the control of pollution, especially: Air pollution Water pollution and the depletion of
freshwater resources Management of solid waste
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6.3 Energy
It is predicted that energy usage in the Developing Countries will more than double in the next 30 years
Engineers must find new ways to generate power in an effort to conserve natural resources (fossil fuels)
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6.5 Infrastructure
With mass transportation an ever-present problem, engineers will be responsible in the future for designing and maintaining a system by which the transportation of raw materials, as well as the human capital that process them, can easily and efficiently move from place to place
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CHAPTER 7
Succeeding in the Classroom
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7.2 Attitude Success in an engineering
curriculum depends largely on a student’s attitude and work ethic
If the student’s attitude is one of failure, the student will most likely fail
Keep an open mind, and be willing to “work” with the professor in order to best understand the material
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7.3 Goals Set goals that will be difficult to attain,
but not impossible This will motivate the student to work
hard, not just hard enough to do the minimum, but to reach their higher standard/goal
Set short, intermediate, and long term goals GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming
exam, GPA for a year/college career
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7.4 Keys to effectiveness GO TO CLASS Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class
for every hour in class Re-read sections of book covered in class Keep up with class and reading Take good notes Work lots of problems, not just the
minimum amount for homework Study in groups
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7.5 Test Taking
Obtain past exams Ask professor for practice exams Work problems in book Start with problems you know how
to do, then work on the harder problems
Skim test first, to see what will basically be covered
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7.6 Making the Most of Your Professor
Don’t wait until the end of the semester to go for help
If you make yourself visible in class and during office hours, the professor may remember you while grading
Teaching is not professors only responsibility, often the are researchers and advisors as well, so give them the benefit of the doubt
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7.7 Learning Styles Each person’s brain is unique to
him or her Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and
alcohol are some of the factors that can affect a developing brain
Each person is born with all the brain cells, or neurons, they will ever have (estimated at 180 billion neurons)
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7.7 Learning Styles
None of us is ever too old or too dumb to learn something new!
People think and memorize in several different ways
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7.7 Learning Styles
Memorizing: Refers to how people assimilate new
material to existing knowledge and experience
How we accommodate, or change our previous way of organizing material
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7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking: Refers to how we see the world,
approach problems and use the different parts of our brain.
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7.7 Learning Styles
We all have different learning styles
Memory Languages: Auditory Visual Kinesthetic
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7.7 Learning Styles Auditory Learner:
Buy a small tape recorder and record lectures
Sit where you can hear the professor well
Focus on what is said in class, take notes from the tape recorder later
Ask the professor questions Read out loud to yourself Keep visual distractions to a minimum
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7.7 Learning Styles Visual Learner:
Sit where you can see the professor and board or screen clearly
Write notes during lecture with lots of pictures and meaningful doodles
Rewrite notes later in a more organized fashion and highlight main ideas
Write out questions to ask the professor Highlight and take notes in your book
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7.7 Learning Styles
Kinesthetic Learners: TAKE Labs! Make connections between what is
being said and what you’ve done in the past
Talk to professor about ways to gain more hands-on experience, such as volunteering in his/her lab
Use models or experiments at home
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7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking Skills: Refers to how we see the world,
approach problems and use the different parts of our brain
Different people think differently Two hemispheres in our brain, and
four quadrants generally categorize how we think
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7.7 Learning Styles
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7.8 Well Rounded Equals Effective
Make sure to balance social, intellectual, and physical activities in your schedule
Well rounded students are generally more effective than students with a “one-track” mind
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7.9 Your Effective Use of Time Decide in advance what to study and
when Make schedules Use calendars effectively Organize tasks by priority level Stay focused on task **Remember, everyone will “fail” at some
point, it’s how you respond to a failure that determines your future success or failure
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Chapter 8
Problem Solving
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8.1 Introduction
Problem solving requires many “tools” and skills. Make sure that you have them, or at least know where to find them and how to use them
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8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving
Two basic types of problem solving involved in design process: creative and analytic
More students familiar with analytic, where there is one right answer
Creative problem solving has no right answers
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8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving
Steps that typically help w/ problem solving Make a model/figure Identify necessary, desired and given
info Work backwards from answers Restate problem in one’s own words Check the solution and validate it
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8.3 Analytic Problem Solving
Six steps to analytic problem solving: Define the problem and create a
problem statement Diagram and describe the problem Apply theory and any known equations Simplify assumptions Solve necessary problems Verify accuracy of answer to desired
level
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8.4 Creative Problem Solving Use divergence and convergence to
gather and analyze ideas. Divergence is brainstorming. Convergence is analyzing and evaluating the ideas, seeking out the best possible solutions
What is wrong? What do we know? What is the real problem? What is the best solution? How do we implement the solution?
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Chapter 9
Visualization and Graphics
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9.1-9.2 Visualization
Visualization is often used as a mode of communication between engineers
Sketches, tables, graphs, computer generated drawings, blueprints are various ways in which engineers communicate via visual mediums
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9.3 Sketching Although most final drawings are
computer generated, initial and freehand sketches are vital to the design process
Freehand does not mean messy. Sketches should display an adequate amount of detail, and any pertinent notes/comments pertaining to the drawing For instance, if a line is supposed to be
straight, make it as straight as possible. A square will not pass for a circle.
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9.7 Graphical Communication
Oblique and isometric drawings are 3D and general
Orthographic drawings are 2D, more detailed, and often have dimensions for the part
Object, Hidden, Centerline, and Construction are 4 common types of lines used in engineering graphics
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Chapter 10
Computer Tools
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10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for Engineers There are many aspects to the design
process of a product Engineers must be competent in basic
computer tools such as the internet, word processing, and basic spreadsheets
Engineers will most likely be required to have some knowledge of mathematical software, such as MatLab
Engineers also make computer presentations using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint
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10.7-10.8 Operating Systems and Programming Language
Engineers may be required to have experience or be expected to be able to work in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft Windows System
Computers work on series of 1’s and 0’s, called binary code
FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are all programming languages used by engineers to communicate with the computer
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Chapter 11
Teamwork Skills
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11.1 Teamwork
Corporations develop teams for many reasons Projects are becoming increasingly
complex Projects often span international
borders, and require workers all over Projects are requiring more speed,
which require more workers
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11.2 What Makes a SuccessfulTeam?
A common goal Leadership Each member makes unique
contributions Effective communication Creativity Good planning and use of resources
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11.4 Team Leadership Structures
Traditional: One leader, who directs subordinates. Leader typically is the only one who “speaks”.
Participative: Leader is closer to individual workers.
Flat: There is no “leader”. All members are equal. The leadership “moves” with the situation to the worker with the most expertise in a given subject
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11.5 Decisions within a Team
Consensus: All team members agree on a decision
Majority Rule Minority/Committee decision Expert input
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11.7 Grading a Team Effort Did the team accomplish its goal? Were results of a high quality? If not, why? Did the team grow throughout the process? Evaluate the team leader Evaluate the other members of the team Evaluate your own contribution to the
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Chapter 12
Project Management
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12.1 Introduction
“Failure to plan is planning to fail.” A good plan is one of the most
important attributes of successful teams and projects.
Projects should be organized systematically.
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12.1 Eight Questions that can be Addressed with a Plan What to do first? Next? How many people? What resources? How long? Time table? Deadlines? Objectives?
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12.2 Creating a Project Charter A project summary Defining what your project is and
when you will know when it is done Elements include
Deliverables Duration Stakeholders Team members
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12.3 Task Definitions
Identify the completion tasks to achieve the objectives and outcomes Plan Design Build Deliver
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12.3 Plans
Plans should include: Who to hold accountable for progress Needed materials, resources, etc. How to determine if the project is on
schedule Manage people and resources Determine the end!
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12.4 Milestones
Monitoring of your plans progress Deadlines for deliverables Completion of subcomponents
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12.5 Defining Times Include the full time needed for
tasks As a student, you don’t have a full
eight-hour work day every day Break tasks into week segments
Weekday and/or weekend Class periods
Break tasks into short time periods No more than a week or two
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12.6 Organizing the Tasks
Determine task relationships and sequencing
Relate the task groups from your outline
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12.7 PERT Charts
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12.7 PERT Charts
Each task is represented by a box containing a brief description of and duration for the task
The boxes can be laid out just as the project plan is laid out
Useful as a “what if” tool during planning stages
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12.8 Critical Paths
The longest string of dependant project tasks Ex. – prerequisites such as the math
curriculum for engineering Some tasks can be accelerated by
using more people, others cannot Ex. – nine people cannot have the
same baby in one month
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12.9 Gantt Charts
Popular project management charting method
Horizontal bar chart Tasks vs. dates
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12.9 Gantt Charts
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12.10 Details, Details
Remember Murphy’s Law - “Anything that can go wrong, will.”
Leave time to fix debug or fix errors
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12.10 Details, Details Don’t assume things will fit together
the first time Order parts well in advance to leave
time for shipping, errors, or backorders
Leave time for parts malfunction Push delivery times back to a week
before they’re actually due – this will help to avoid panic if things go badly
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12.11 Personnel Distribution
Get the right people on the right tasks Assign people after developing a draft
of the plan Balance the work between everyone Weekly updates – does everyone
understand what they’re doing and is everyone still on task?
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12.12 Money and Resources Develop a budget
Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality products – offer a range of solutions
Extra costs Shipping Travel Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors Material costs and labor
Have someone be responsible for managing the budgets and financial aspects
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12.13 Document As You Go
Document milestones as they occur
Leave time at the end for reviewing, not writing
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12.14 Team Roles
Roles Project Leader or Monitor Procurement Financial Officer Liaison
Project Management Software
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12.14 – Project Leader or Monitor
Designate a leader, or rotate leaders
Monitor and track progress of milestones
Maintains timelines Increases likelihood of meeting
goals
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12.14 – Procurement
Learns purchasing system Tracks team orders
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12.14 – Financial Officer
Manages teams expenses Creates original budget Makes identifying budgetary
problems easier
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12.14 – Liaison
Responsible for keeping everyone informed about the progress of the plan and any changes
This includes outside customers, management, professors, etc.
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Chapter 13
Engineering Design
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13.1 Engineering Design Engineering design is the process of
devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process in which the basic sciences and mathematics and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, and testing….
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13.2 The Design Process1. Identify the problem2. Define the working criteria/goals3. Research and gather data4. Brainstorm ideas5. Analyze potential solutions6. Develop and test models7. Make decision8. Communicate decision9. Implement and commercialize decision10. Perform post-implementation review
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Chapter 14
Communication Skills
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14.1 Why do we Communicate?
Transfers important information Provides basis for judging one’s
knowledge Conveys interest and competence Identifies gaps in your own knowledge
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14.2-14.3 Oral and Written Communication Skills
Present communication on a level that you believe will be easily understood by whomever is to be receiving your communication Don’t use big words if a smaller,
easier-to-understand word will suffice.
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14.5 Power of Language
Be as clear as possible Avoid clichés Avoid redundancy Avoid using jargon specific to a
certain group of people Don’t make sexual generalizations,
I.e. his, hers, he, she
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14.6 Technical Writing
Identify thesis early Follows a specific format Follows a problem solving approach Uses specialized vocabulary Often incorporates visual aids Complete set of references Be objective, not biased either way
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14.9 Formal Reports Should include:
Title; short and concise
Summary of what will be discussed
Table of Contents (not including abstract)
Introduction
Analysis Procedure and
Results Discussion of
results Conclusions References Appendices
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14.10 Other forms of Communication
E-mail Progress reports Problem statements Cover letters Resumes
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Chapter 15
Ethics
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15. The Nature of Ethics
Ethics is generally concerned with rules or guidelines for morals and/or socially approved conduct
Ethical standards generally apply to conduct that can or does have a substantial effect on people’s lives
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Chapter 16
Units
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16.1 History of Units A common denomination of units is
essential for the development of trade and economics around the world
National Bureau of Standards, established by Congress, adopted the English system of measurement (12 inches, etc)
Majority of nations in the world today operate on the metric system because of its simplicity (multiples of 10)
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16.1 History of Units - SI Units
Le Systeme International d’Unites, French for the International System of Units
Improvements in the definitions of the base units continue to be made by the General Conference of Weights and Measures as science dictates
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16.2 The SI System of Units Modernized metric system adopted
by the General Conference, a multi-national organization which includes the United States
Built on a foundation of seven base units, plus two supplementary ones
All other SI units are derived from these nine units
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16.2 The SI System of Units
Multiples and sub-multiples are expressed using a decimal system
Generally, the first letter of a symbol is capitalized if the name of the symbol is derived from a person’s name, otherwise it is lowercase
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16.2 The SI System of Units Base Units in the SI system
Meter = m Kilogram = kg Seconds = s Ampere = A Kelvin = K Mole = mol Candela = cd
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16.3 Derived Units
Expressed algebraically in terms of base and supplementary units
Several derived units have been given special names and symbols, such as the newton (N).
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16.3 Derived Units Quantities whose units are expressed in
terms of base and supplementary units
Quantity
SI Unit SI Symbol
Area Square meter
m2
Speed, velocit
y
Meter per second
m/s
Density Kilogram per cubic
meter
Kg/m3
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16.3 Derived Units
Quantities whose units have special names
Quantity SI Name SI Symbol
Other SI Units
Frequency
hertz Hz cycle/s
Force newton N kg*m/s2
Electrical Resistanc
e
ohm V/A
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16.3 Derived Units Units used with the SI System
Name Symbol
Value in SI Units
Minute min 1 min = 60 s
Hour h 1 h = 3600 s
Degree ° 1° = /180 rad
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16.4 Prefixes
Defined for the SI system Used instead of writing extremely
large or very small numbers All items in a given context should
use the same prefix, for example in a table
Notation in powers of 10 is often used in place of a prefix
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16.4 Prefixes
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
Symbol
Term (USA)
1000000 = 106
mega
M One million
1000 = 103 kilo k One thousand
.001 = 10-3 milli m One thousandth
.000001 = 10-6
micro
One millionth
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16.5 Numerals A space is always left between the
numeral and the unit name or symbol, except when we write a degree symbol 3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds
SI units a space is used to separate groups of three in a long number 3,000,000 = 3 000 000 .000005 = .000 005
This is optional when there are four digits in a number (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)
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16.5 Numerals
A zero is used for numbers between -1 and 1 to prevent a faint decimal point from being missed
Rounding Significant Digits
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16.6 Conversions
To convert from:
To: Multiply by:
Degrees Radians 0.017 453
Inches Centimeters 2.54
Newtons Pounds 0.224 81
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Chapter 17
Mathematics Review
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17.1 Algebra
Three basic laws Commutative: a + b = b + a Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) +
c
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17.1 Algebra Exponents
Used for many manipulations Examples
xa xb=xa+b
xab=(xa)b
Logarithms Related to exponents
bx = y then x = logby Table 17.1.5
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17.1 Algebra Quadratic Formula
Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0 Formula 17.1.6
Binomial Theorem Used to expand (a+x)n
Formula 17.1.7 Partial Fractions
Used for simplifying rational fractions Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11
Examples
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17.2 Trigonometry Involves the ratios between sides of a right
triangle sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and
cosecant are the primary functions Trigonometry identities are often used
17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7 For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines
and cosines Some other equations that can be found in your
book are Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11
Examples
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17.3 Geometry Used to analyze a variety of shapes and
lines The equation for a straight line
Ax + By + C = 0 This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slope-
intercept, and Two-intercept forms
Distance between a line and a point is given in Formula 17.3.5
The general equation of the second degree is 0222 22 FEyDxCyBxyAx
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17.3 Geometry
This equation is used to represent conic sections Classified on page 473 Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola
More information on pages 474-475
Examples
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17.4 Complex Numbers Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and
imaginary (y) part x+iy where i= In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i
is used for current Useful to express in polar form Euler’s equation is also commonly used
Other useful equations can be found on page 477
Examples
ireiyx
sincos iei
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17.5 Linear Algebra Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns
Uses m x n matrices Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown
on page 479 Determinants of matrices are often used in
calculations Illustrated on page 480
Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differential equations
Examples
n
kkjikij bac
1
n
jijijij Aaa
1
0)( xIA
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17.6 Calculus
We first write derivatives using limits Some basic derivatives are shown on
pages 484-485 Used to indicate points of inflection,
maxima, and minima L’Hospial’s rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or
infinity 17.6.6
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17.6 Calculus Inversely we have integration
Used for finding the area under a curve Equation 17.6.7 Can be used to find the length of a curve Used to find volumes Definite when there are limits When indefinite a constant is added to the
solution Basic Integrals on page 486
Examples
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17.7 Probability and Statistics The probability of one events’
occurrence effects the probability of another event
Probabilities
Many combinations can occur P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B) P(A and B)=P(A)P(B) P(not A) = 1-P(A) P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)
)!(
)!1(),(
rn
nrnP
)!(
!),(
rn
nrnP
)!(!
!),(
rnr
nrnC
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17.7 Probability and Statistics Probability ranges from 0 to 1 Additional equations on page 490
Arithmetic Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation Variance
Examples
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Chapter 18
Engineering Fundamentals
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18.1 Statics
Concerned with equilibrium of bodies subjected to force systems
The two entities that are of the most interest in statics are forces and moments.
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18.1 Statics
Force: The manifestation of the action of one
body upon another. Arise from the direct action of two
bodies in contact with one another, or from the “action at a distance” of one body upon another.
Represented by vectors
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18.1 Statics
Moment: Can be thought of as a tendency to
rotate the body upon which it acts about a certain axis.
Equilibrium: The system of forces acting on a body
is one whose resultant is absolutely zero
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18.1 Statics Free Body
Diagrams (FBD): Neat sketch of the
body showing all forces and moments acting on the body, together with all important linear and angular dimensions.
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18.2 Dynamics
Separated into two sections: Kinematics
Study of motion without reference to the forces causing the motion
Kinetics Relates the forces on bodies to their
resulting motions
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18.2 Dynamics
Newton’s laws of motion: 1st Law – The Law of Inertia 2nd Law – F=ma 3rd Law – Fab=-Fba
Law of Gravitation
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18.3 Thermodynamics
Involves the storage, transformation and transfer of energy. Stored as internal energy, kinetic
energy, and potential energy Transformed between these various
forms Transferred as work or heat transfer
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18.3 Thermodynamics
There are many definitions, laws, and other terms that are useful to know when studying thermodynamics.
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18.3 Thermodynamics
A few useful definitions: System
A fixed quantity of matter Control Volume (open system)
A volume into which and/or from which a substance flows
Universe A system and its surrounding
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18.3 Thermodynamics Some Laws of ideal gases:
Boyle’s Law Volume varies inversely with pressure
Charles’ Law Volume varies directly with temperature
Avagadro’s Law Equal volumes of different ideal gasses
with the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Interconnection of electrical components for the purpose of: Generating and distributing electrical
power Converting electrical power to some
other useful form Processing information contained in
an electrical form
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Steady State Transient circuit
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Quantity Symbol Unit
Charge Q coulomb
Current I ampere
Voltage V volt
Energy W joule
Power P watt
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Circuit Components: Resistors Inductors Capacitors
Sources of Electrical Energy Voltage Current
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Kirchhoff’s Laws Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Ohm’s Law V=IR
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18.4 Electrical Circuits
Reference Voltage Polarity and Current Direction
Circuit Equations Using Branch Currents Using Mesh Currents
Circuit Simplification DC Circuits
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18.5 Economics
Value and Interest The value of a dollar given to you
today is of greater value than that of a dollar given to you one year from today
Cash Flow Diagrams Cash Flow Patterns Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns
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Chapter 19
The Campus Experience
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19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus
Introduction to Campus Life Tools to assist students to
adjusting to the college lifestyle
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19.2 Exploring
Begin by becoming familiar with some different locations on campus Offices Dorms Classroom Buildings
Engineering Building
Sample map of Michigan State University Campus
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19.3 Determining and planning your Major
Narrow down to a few different majors
Ask questions of insightful people Look for any opportunity to learn
more about each field
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19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions
Active questioners learn the most Questions help students
understand and complete tasks Communication skills are vital to
engineers Understanding information given Giving information that is
understandable
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19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Meeting People
Make friends of other engineers Helpful as study partners Offer perspective on engineering
Academic Advisor Advisors are an excellent resource
Discuss problems Information about the school, classes, and
instructors Offer guidance for graduating and careers
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19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Instructors
Ask other students about an Instructor before signing up for the class
Sit in on a class to see their teaching style
Networking Keep in contact with friends and
acquaintances Useful for assistance and support in and
out of the classroom
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19.6 Searching for Campus Resources Every school has a document or website
that lists activities and opportunities Examples
Things to Do, Places to Go Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union
What’s Happening Academic calendar, calendar of events
Library locations and hours Services
Legal aid, counseling, financial aid Extracurricular Activities
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19.7 Other Important Issues
Managing Time Control time to achieve success Recommended Reading
The Usefulness of Reading Engineering requires the extensive use
of technical and non-technical materials Read each paragraph for its central point Create outlines for each reading
assignment
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19.7 Other Important Issues Fulfilling Duties
Engineers have a responsibility to society Contributing to Society brings its own reward
Using the Web Use the internet to look up more information
on topics of interest outside the classroom Sending e-mail
Most contacts use email for some part of their interaction
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19.7 Other Important Issues Test-taking Skills
Preparing outlines as subject matter is presented will make studying easier
Form study groups Ask questions
Taking Notes Organize information Highlight essential information
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19.7 Other Important Issues Study Skills
Should be calm, structured, and routine Remember to get up and move a few times in
an hour Reward yourself for studying
Teaching Styles Variety of Instructors including graduate
students Fully engage professors and ask questions
Learning Styles Discover your Learning Style and use it to
your advantage
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19.7 Other Important Issues Perspectives of others
Learn to listen to others respectfully Be open to discussion of a variety of
topics Listening Skills
Dialogue does not need to be confrontational
Allow others to express their opinions Listen carefully to what other people say
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19.7 Other Important Issues Handling Stress
Include time to relax in your schedule Take classes for the right reason Do not resent required classes Approach weak points with a positive attitude Focus on learning instead of grades Be patient for results of increased studying Stress can not be avoided Talking out problems can help
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19.8 Final Thoughts
Use the concepts from this chapter to make the college experience all it can be.
Don’t forget to ask questions!!!
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Chapter 20
Financial Aid
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20.1 Intro
What costs are involved in going to college? Tuition Other college or university fees Cost-of-living expenses Other “extras”
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20.2 Parental Assistance
Some parents are able and willing to cover all of your college expenses
On average, nine million students must find ways to fund their college education every fall
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20.3 Is Financial Assistance for You?
Applying for Financial Aid Three areas:
Grants and scholarships Loans Work
Need vs. Non-need Academic qualifications
Why apply?
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20.3 Is Financial Assistance for You?
Budgeting Advisors available to assist with
personal budgeting Help estimate costs and income and
develop a plan How to apply
Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)
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20.3 Is Financial Assistance for You?
FAFSA http://www.fafsa.gov First thing to complete to become
eligible for aid Can apply as early as January for the
following fall semester Look up the information required
before starting to fill out the form
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20.4 Scholarships
Educational funds that do not need to be repaid
Public, private, or university sources Local high school, professional groups,
corporations, service organizations, government, college, etc.
It is your responsibility to seek out private scholarships/grants
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20.5 Loans May be secured from lending institutions
and state and federal loan programs Students who apply for financial aid will
be notified of their eligibility for both student and parent federal loans
Loans can be obtained from parents or relative who feel that you should repay the money that is required to put you through school
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20.6 Work-Study
“Earning money the old-fashioned way” On- or off-campus employment during
school Summer jobs Internships Co-ops
Requires careful management of time
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20.6 Work-Study Work-Study:
Employment subsidized by the federal or state government
Will be listed on your financial aid award letter is you are eligible
“Just Plain Work” Volunteering Full Semester Off-Campus
Employment
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20.6 Work-Study
Cooperative Education Academic program in which college
students are employed in positions directly related to their major field of study
Alternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back semesters
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20.7 Scams to Beware
Do your own homework to avoid scholarship service rip-offs
Check with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm
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20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits
Examine the many different sources available to you for obtaining the funds needed for your college expenses
How much do you actually need? Correct forms and deadlines
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Chapter 21
Engineering Work Experience
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21.1 A Job and Experience “How do you get experience without a job, and how do
you get a job without experience?” Graduate schools and employers look for experiences
outside the classroom Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile
consideration May extend college to 6 years
Many Economic shifts have happened in a college students lifetime
1980-1983: Major Recession 1983-1986: Revival of U.S. Economy 1988-1994: Restructuring of Corporate America 1994-2001: Vigorous Rebound of Economy 2001-2003: Recession 2004- : Signs of improvement in the labor market for
engineers
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21.1 A Job and Experience
In good and bad times employers look for Engineers with job-related experience Engineers require less training Faster results
Many different Experiences are available
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21.2 Summer Jobs Even jobs such as baby-sitting and
mowing lawns is a place to start All jobs help develop basic employable
skills Provide stepping stone to better, more career
related jobs Skills include teamwork, communication, and
problem solving Help you discover what working
environments you like
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21.3 Volunteer Especially useful to freshmen and
sophomores to gain experience Generally volunteer positions are
with non-profit organizations Not a paid experience Useful in developing skills Able to experiment with different
career related fields
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21.4 Supervised Independent Study Designed for the advanced undergraduate
Preparatory for grad school or a career in Research
Some are paid and others award credit Provides a unique experience Challenging in many different areas To learn more
Talk to professors that share similar interests
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21.5 Internships Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of
time Usually during the summer No obligations for future employment
Sometimes they support other engineers Other times they are given individual projects No official evaluation or credit given Short term projects
Obtain a description of these projects prior to employment to assure it is of interest
Great for students with time, curriculum, and location constraints
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21.6 Co-operative Education Cooperative Education is often the preferred form
of experimental Learning Co-ops are considered to be academic and are
administered by the college Assignments are directly related to field of study
Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best possible matches
School and work are closely integrated Alternating terms of school with work at the same
company Projects become more extensive throughout the experience Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a
term at school and so on
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21.6 Co-operative Education
Parallel co-ops is an alternative Students are partially enrolled in classes and spend
20 to 25 hours at work Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both areas
Sometimes a longer alternating approach is used
Students work two consecutive semesters then attend class for a semester or two
Allows for longer projects Some schools use all three methods Co-ops are rarely summer only
Break between work assignments is too long Requires a three or four semester commitment
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21.6 Co-operative Education Advantages for Students
Consideration for employment and grad school Improved technical skills Helps determine career path Excellent pay
Advantages for Employers Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient Many students accept full time positions with their
employer More diverse and dedicated students Students free up other engineers and bring in fresh
approaches
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21.6 Co-operative Education Advantages for Schools
Integrates theory and practice Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry Creates relationships between schools and
businesses Improves a schools reputation
Other Benefits Communication Skills Networking Self-discipline Management Experience Interactions with a variety of people
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21.7 Which is Best for You? Some Questions to help determine
which is best for you Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the
best experience? How flexible can I be? How committed do I want to be?
Seek out advice from professors, academic advisors, and campus placement officers
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Chapter 22
Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering
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22.1 What are Connections? Connections exist between
engineering and liberal arts Literature History Music Art Social studies Philosophy
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22.1 What are Connections? Look closely at what engineers really are
and what they really do “liberal” comes from liberty, so that
liberal arts means “works befitting a free man”
Need for a general education Developed because people have a need for a
strong, open mind in addition to a specialty in order to be well-rounded
Not trapped by cultural blind-spots
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22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
Liberal arts help improve your broadness Look in many directions at once Questions about areas that do not
have pre-set answers Expected to be a leader
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22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
The Arts Improve: Your Perspective
See the “big picture” Your Balance
Practice dealing with a variety of diverse ideas
Your People Skills Be aware of things that modern
tendencies avoid or neglect
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22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
The Arts Improve: Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility
Elevate, integrate, and unify the standards of the profession
Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects you more
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Appendix A:
The Basics of Power Point
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A.1 Introduction
The purpose of this section is to introduce a user to PowerPoint Learn 20 key procedures Be able to do 80% of everything you
will ever need to do To learn more experiment with the
software
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A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint To begin open a blank presentation
Activate the standard, formatting, drawing, picture, and WordArt toolbars
Select a slide type for the first slide Select a background Enter text into given text blocks
Edit the text and box sizes and shapes Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-
TextBox Insert WordArt as necessary
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A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint Insert any pictures
Click Insert-Picture-From File Format the picture using the Picture toolbar
Insert Clip Art Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art Picture Toolbar is used for formatting
Change visibility of an object by right clicking on an object and then selecting Order from the menu
To Delete objects click on it and press backspace or delete
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A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint To begin a new slide click the new slide button
Repeat from the beginning to format View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter
View Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides
Save your work when finished Change slide transitions and animations View the entire Show
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Appendix B:
Introduction to MATLAB
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B.1 Introduction MATRIX LABORATORY Powerful tool in performing engineering
computations Many engineering curricula have moved
to making MATLAB the primary computing tool in its undergraduate program
Can be run on many different platforms, including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.
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B.2 MATLAB Environment Command window
Use to run your programs and see the results Command History window
Shows a history of the commands that have been entered into the command window
Launch Pad window Allows you to start applications and
demonstrations by clicking the icons in the window
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B.2 MATLAB Environment Demonstration Programs
>>demo Help Files
>>help <command name> >>lookfor topic >>helpwin
MATLAB is case sensitive Apple ≠ apple ≠ APPLE ≠ aPPle
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B.2 MATLAB Environment
Helpful commands >>who
Allows the user to see the variables currently in memory
>>clear Erase the memory
>>clear <variable> Clears just that variable
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B.2 MATLAB Environment MATLAB has some predefined functions
that should not be used to name variables A few variable names to avoid:
ans Inf NaN i j realmin
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B.3 Symbolic Manipulations To declare variables as a symbol
>> syms x y Algebraic expressions
>>solve (x^2-4) Symbolic derivatives
>>diff (y^3) Symbolic integrals
>>int (sin(x))
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B.4 Saving and Loading Files
To find out the identity of your working directory, type pwd (print working directory)
Use cd to change the working directory >>cd c:\matlab\mystuff
The file can be saved using save at the MATLAB prompt
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B.4 Saving and Loading Files
Use the command load followed by the file name to retrieve your file. >>load my_workspace
path lists the directories that MATLA will search for files
addpath <pathname> will add the location to the path listing
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B.5 Vectors
A vector is simply a row or column of numbers
Vectors are enclosed in square brackets >>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12] >>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]
To change a column vector into a row vector and vice versa, use transpose
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B.5 Vectors
For vectors to be added and subtracted, they must be of the same type and size
To multiply or divide vectors, special MATLAB symbols must be used “.*” is used for multiplication “./” is used for division
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B.6 Matrices A matrix is a group of numbers
arranged in columns and rows Each element in a matrix is identified
by the use of two numbers or indices The first index is the row number The second index is the column number
MATLAB can extract an entire row or column, or specific elements
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B.7 Simultaneous Equations
Put the equations to be solved into standard form
To solve for matrix x from Ax=b X=A\b
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B.9 Plotting To generate linear xy plots use plot
>>plot(x axis values, y axis values, ‘symbol or line type’)
Use hold on to plot multiple data sets
The axes can be labeled using the commands xlabel, ylabel, and title
To generate multiple plots on a single figure use subplot
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B.9 Plotting
Semi-log and log plots semilogx semilogy loglog
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B.9 Plotting
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B.10 Programming Programs, called scripts, consist of a
series of MATLAB commands that can be saved to run later
Select new, M-file to open the programming editor
Enter MATLAB commands just like you would type them into the workspace
Add comments by using the % symbol
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B.10 Programming
Save the file with a .m extension Remember to avoid file names that
MATLAB already uses The file can then be executed by
typing the file name at the MATLAB prompt
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B.10 Programming
Input commands To ask the user to input a number
>>W=input(‘Enter a number to be used by the program’)
To ask the user to enter a string >>my_word=input(‘Enter a word:’,’s’)
The function disp can be used to display data