ENGINEERING WITH NATURE: BREAKWATERS FOR SAV HABITAT CREATION Nicole Barth
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Transcript of ENGINEERING WITH NATURE: BREAKWATERS FOR SAV HABITAT CREATION Nicole Barth
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ENGINEERING WITH NATURE:BREAKWATERS FOR
SAV HABITAT CREATION
Nicole Barth
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Breakwaters can be used to create living shorelines (with SAV)
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WATER FLOW AND SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE AS CO-VARYING
SAV HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
Becky Swerida
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Field Methods
• Wave Climate• Sediment Characteristics• SAV Biomass and Morphology
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Calculated Orbital Velocity
Sassa
fras
Susqu
ehan
na
Severn
Iris
hTrip
pe
Solomon
s
Bishop
s
Tangie
r
Fleets
Pianka
tank
Hunga
rs0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35 Vegetated
Unvegetated
Max
Nea
r B
otto
m O
rbita
l Vel
ocity
(m
s-1
)
| Sheltered | Exposed | Sheltered |
*
*
*
**
*
**
NA
Sassa
fras
Susqu
ehan
na
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Orbital Velocity at Vegetated Sites
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.40
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
Orbital Velocity (m s-1)
Num
ber
of S
ites
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Sediment Grain Size Distribution
Susqu
ehan
na
Sassa
fras
Severn
Iris
hTrip
pe
Solomon
s
Bishop
s
Tangie
r
Fleets
Pianka
tank
Hunga
rs0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 VegetatedUnvegetated
Site
D50
Gra
in S
ize
(μm
)
| Sheltered | Exposed | Sheltered |
MS
FS
VFS
ClSi
* * *
*
*
* *
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Grain Size in Vegetated Sites0 25 63 75 100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
Silt Clay Very Fine Sand
Fine Sand Medium Sand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 20112010
Grain Size (μm)
Num
ber
of S
ites
Z. marina in soft sediment. Photo Evamaria Koch Z. marina in armored sediment. Photo
Chris Pickerel
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Bedload Transport
Very fine sand and fine sand
5 to 25 cm/s
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10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
10-4
10-2
100
102
104
106
Grain Size (cm)
She
ar S
tress
(dyn
es c
m-2
)
Initiation of MotionSediment ErosionUnvegetatedVegetated
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NA
The percentage of shear stress events meeting or exceeding the Shields derived critical shear stress for the mean D50 at each vegetated and unvegetated site.
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Flow-Sediment-SAV Relationship in Controlled Mesocosm Experiment
Sediment Type Water Flow Sediment MotionCoarse Sand 0 cm s-1 Deposition
Coarse Sand 4 cm s-1(±1 SE) Bedload Transport
Coarse Sand 24 cm s-1(± 3 SE) Erosion
Very Fine Sand 0 cm s-1 Deposition
Very Fine Sand 4 cm s-1 (±1 SE) Bedload Transport
Very Fine Sand 24 cm s-1 (± 3 SE) Erosion
Work on Fluid Dynamics by Daily and Harleman
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Flow-Sediment-SAV Relationship in Controlled Mesocosm Experiment
Bedload Transport
Suspended Transport
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Flow Straightening Levers,
Collimator
Motor
Collimator
Ram
pR
amp
Unvegetated Substrate
Unvegetated Substrate
Z. marina
R. maritimaCoarse Sand
Very Fine Sand
Z. marina
R. maritima
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Biomass After 6 Weeks
Zostera CS Zostera VFS Ruppia CS Ruppia VFS-70
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
70 0424
Bio
mas
s (g
m-2
)
(D) cm s-1
(B) cm s-1
(E) cm s-1
Above-ground
Below-ground
**
**
*
*
* * * *
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Shoot and Root Density
Zostera CS Zostera VFS Ruppia CS Ruppia VFS-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
1500004
Den
sity
(m-2
)
Shoots
Roots
(D) cm s-1
(B) cm s-1
(E) cm s-1
****
*
*
***
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Reproductive Shoot Density
Zostera CS Zostera VFS Ruppia CS Ruppia VFS0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
14000 424
Rep
rodu
ctiv
e Sh
oots
(m-2
)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* *
*(D) cm s-1
(B) cm s-1
(E) cm s-1
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10-3
10-2
10-1
100
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
Grain Size (cm)
She
ar S
tress
(dyn
es c
m-2
)Ecological Limitations
Excessively Fine
Excessively Coarse
Excessively Energetic
Excessively Quiescent Limiting boundary layers
Limiting nutrient concentration
Limiting toxicity Limited light,
turbidity
Limited substrate stability
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Organic Content (%)
Tota
l Bio
mas
s (g
/m2)
V. americana
Z. palustris
R. maritima
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Reflected waves may be pushing SAV bed offshore and resuspending sediments
ST. MARYS (August 2012)
1.5 m
NOAA ProjectMultiple stressors in coastal areas
with Lee and other colleagues in MD & VA
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Seed dispersal via floating reproductive shoots of
Zostera marina
(preliminary simulation results)
Dale Booth
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1. PHYSICAL – BIOLOGICAL PROCESS - On what scale should dispersal of Z. marina reproductive shoots be considered?
2. GENETICS - Are seagrass meadows within given regions of the Chesapeake Bay linked as metapopulations by seed dispersal/recruitment processes?
Research Questions
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The Model• The North et al. (2008) LTRANS model was developed to
predict the movements of larval Crassotrea virginica larvae in the Chesapeake.
• By applying similar principals we should be able to use the same model to predict the movements of passive floating Zostera marina shoots, incorporating model parameters based on buoyancy and transport velocities of floating reproductive shoots.
• Once we have model predictions of transport distances, populations identified as connected by transport processes will be tested to determine the degree of relatedness using genetic analysis.
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-76.5 -76.3 -76.1 -75.9 -75.7 -75.5 -75.3 -75.136.6
36.8
37
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
Day 1
3
1
2
4
Preliminary Tests • Used arbitrary parameters to
determine how to set up the simulation
• Sites selected based on SAV indicated in VIMS aerial photography.
• 500 initial particles at each site (x’s 4 sites)
• Hydrodynamic data from ROMS model simulations for May 1997
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-76.5 -76.3 -76.1 -75.9 -75.7 -75.5 -75.3 -75.136.6
36.8
37
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
Day 2
3
1
2
4
Preliminary Tests • Used arbitrary parameters to
determine how to set up the simulation
• Sites selected based on SAV indicated in VIMS aerial photography.
• 500 initial particles at each site (x’s 4 sites)
• Hydrodynamic data from ROMS model simulations for May 1997
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-76.5 -76.3 -76.1 -75.9 -75.7 -75.5 -75.3 -75.136.6
36.8
37
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
Day 4
3
1
2
4
Preliminary Tests • Used arbitrary parameters to
determine how to set up the simulation
• Sites selected based on SAV indicated in VIMS aerial photography.
• 500 initial particles at each site (x’s 4 sites)
• Hydrodynamic data from ROMS model simulations for May 1997
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-76.5 -76.3 -76.1 -75.9 -75.7 -75.5 -75.3 -75.136.6
36.8
37
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
Day 6
Preliminary Tests • Used arbitrary parameters to
determine how to set up the simulation
• Sites selected based on SAV indicated in VIMS aerial photography.
• 500 initial particles at each site (x’s 4 sites)
• Hydrodynamic data from ROMS model simulations for May 1997
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2013 Field Work
• May-June 2013 we attempted to determine the rate of production of floating reproductive shoots at 3 sites located around Tangier and Smith Island.
• Also performed laboratory experiments on shoot buoyancy and rate of seed dehiscence from mature spathes.
• Once these data are processed we will incorporate the numbers into the simulations and rerun them using more recent hydrodynamic inputs.
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Conclusions
30
Breakwaters can sustain SAV populations as long as some habitat requirements are met:
Water quality – regional water quality needs to be good enough to support SAV growth Water depth – deep enough so SAV can remain submersed at low tideSediment – needs to remain sandy (<35% silt+clay) with low organic matter (<5 to 8% organic matter) over time. Sedimentation rates >9mm/yr are also beneficial but no infilling (habitat becomes intertidal) Fetch – breakwaters are most beneficial to SAV in long fetch areas (> 10 km)
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Management Recommendations
breakwater construction for SAV conservation and/or restoration
31
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Management Recommendations
breakwater construction for SAV conservation and/or restoration
33
Shoreline characteristics also need to be considered:
Eroding Marshes –a layer of sand* needs to be added to cover the marsh peat in
the sub-tidal(*>2cm, Wicks et al.
2009)
Cliffs – base of cliff needs to be
stabilized to reduce sediment input and
shoaling breakwater-
protected area
Sandy Beach – breakwater
beneficial to SAV especially when fetch > 10 km