Engineering Structures 101
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Transcript of Engineering Structures 101
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Engineering Structures 101
Structural Engineering: From the Beginning
Professor Martin FaheyHead, School of Civil & Resource Engineering
Room A1.10(e-mail: [email protected])
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Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. 1150 -1220. Example of Gothic Architecture
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Notre Dame de Paris. 1150 -1220.
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Notre Dame de Paris
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Notre Dame de Paris: North Rose Window.
Suspended in perfect equilibrium on a web of stone, the immense north rose window remains intact after 700 years, its intricately interlocking blocks so exact they ring when struck. Though individual blocks may be removed for repairs without collapsing the whole, only minor buckling has occurred
13 m
17 m
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Notre Dame de Paris. Schematic sections showing the “flying butresses”
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Decorative features on tops of columns (statues, pinnacles, as in
Notre Dame, below) have stabilising function
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Construction of a Gothic cathedral
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Bourges Cathedral, France, 1214. Most
efficient flying buttress system ever
constructed.
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Sections through various French Gothic Cathedrals, showing progressive development
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Amiens Cathedral, France, 1220.
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Thrusts in flying buttresses (left) and structure of a groin
vault (above)
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Dome: 3-dimensional equivalent of an arch.Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 AD. Temple to “all the gods”
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Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 AD. Construction of the dome (concrete).
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Interior of dome of Pantheon is semi- circular (hemispherical)
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Outward thrust of the dome taken by 8 m thick composite heavy wall
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Pantheon: Interior.Biggest clear span until 19th
century
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Pantheon: Interior.Light provided by circular hole (“occulus”) in the top
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Hagia, Sophia, Istanbul, 537 AD. Largest church for 9 centuries.
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Hagia, Sophia, Istanbul, 537 AD. Interior, showing support
system for central dome
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Hagia, Sophia, Istanbul, 537 AD. Schematic showing support system for central dome
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Hagia, Sophia, Istanbul, 537 AD.
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Comparison of sizes of various domes
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Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy.
Begun in 1296. “Segmented dome”
added by Brunelleschi in 1436.
42 m span, 91 m high.
Built without “centering”
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Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy.
Begun in 1296. Dome added by Brunelleschi
in 1436.
42 m span, 91 m high.
Built without “centering”
Shape is arch “a quinto acuto”
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Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, is not hemispherical, but is made up of 8 segments.
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St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Michaelangelo, 1546
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Dome of St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Michaelangelo, 1546
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Interior of St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, showing
dome resting on four arches supported by four great
pillars
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“Hanging chain” analysis of Dome of St Peter’s, by Giovani Poleni, 1742
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Gateway Arch, St Louis, USA.
This free-standing arch is 630 ft. high and the world's tallest. Built of triangular section of double-walled stainless steel, the space between the skins being filled with concrete after each section was placed.
Looks like perfect “inverted catenary” shape.
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Interior of Carmel Mission. Built in 1793 it is an interesting design in that the walls curve inward towards the top, and the roof consists of a series of inverted catenary arches built of native sandstone quarried from the nearby SantaLucia Mountains. (Carmel, California)
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St Paul’s Cathedral, London (1675-1708). Christopher Wren
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St Paul’s Cathedral Dome
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St Paul’s Cathedral Dome
(3 domes inside each other)
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Hooke’s “hanging chain” concept applied to the dome of Christopher Wren’s St Paul’s Cathedral. The “lantern” on top of
the dome distorts the “chain”
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Sources
The pictures contained in this presentation were either downloaded from the Internet, or scanned in from books. The
sources are too numerous to list.