Engineering Materials

Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No.65, ANAND 388 001 IndiaTelephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: [email protected], Website:www.cphbooks.com Back

About the book CoNteNt

Charotar

ByS. C. RANGWALA & P.S. Rangwala

Edition : 38th Edition : 2011ISBN : 978 - 93 - 80358 - 26 - 0Size : 170 mm × 240 mmBinding : Paperback with 4 color Jacket CoverPages : 448 + 20 ` 130.00

This well-known text-book provides an up-to-date account of the basic knowledge of all types of Building Materials or Materials of Construction.The subject matter is expressed in a simple language and practical manner. The treatment is clear, methodical as well as interesting and easy to follow.The entire subject matter is systematically canvassed in the chapters like: Properties of Engineering Materials, Stones, Clay Products and Refractories, Bricks, Lime, Cement, Mortar, Cement Concrete, Timber, Ferrous Metals, Steel, Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys, Corrosion, Glass, Paints, Varnishes and Distempers, Plastics, Miscellaneous Materials, Material Science of Metals.Appendix I showing latest B.I.S. codes of important engineering materials and Appendix II showing abbreviated terms used in this book are added at the end of the book. All the articles have been given the numbers to enhance the readability and convenience of the reader.The book now contains 131 self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches, 67 useful tables and more than 408 questions at the end of the chapters.The book should prove to be extremely useful to the Engineering students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examinations. It is also useful for the preparation of NATA (National Aptitude Test for Architecture), CEPT (Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology), SBST (School of Building Science and Technology), SID (School of Interior Design), AIEEE (Architecture), etc. It should also prove of interest to the practising professionals.

1 : PRoPERTIES oF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2 : SToNES 3 : CLAy PRoDUCTES AND REFRACToRIES 4 : BRICkS 5 : LIME 6 : CEMENT 7 : MoRTAR 8 : CEMENT CoNCRETE 9 : TIMBER 10 : FERRoUS METALS 11 : STEEL 12 : NoN-FERRoUS METALS AND ALLoyS 13 : CoRRoSIoN 14 : GLASS 15 : PAINTS, VARNIShES AND DISTEMBERS 16 : PLASTICS 17 : MISCELLNEoUS MATERIALS 18 : MATERIAL SCIENCE oF METALS APPENDIx I B.I.S CoDES FoR IMPoRTANT ENGINEERING MATERIALS APPENDIx II ABBREVIATED TERMS USED IN ThIS Book

[ MATERIAL SCIENCS ]

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

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Chapter 1 : PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS1-1 General1-2 Physical properties1-3 Mechanical properties Questions 1Chapter 2 : stones2-1 General 2-2 Classification of rocks2-3 Sources of stones2-4 Rock-forming minerals2-5 Texture or structure of a rock2-6 Fracture of a rock2-7 Uses of stones2-8 Natural bed of stones2-9 Tests for stones2-10 Qualities of a good building stone2-11 Stone quarrying2-12 Tools for blasting2-13 Materials for blasting2-14 Process of blasting2-15 Precautions in blasting2-16 Machines for quarrying2-17 Dressing of stones2-18 Deterioration of stones2-19 Retardation of decay of stones2-20 Preservation of stones2-21 Artificial stones2-22 Common building stones of India Questions 2Chapter 3 : CERAMIC MATERIALS3-1 Ceramics3-2 Clay products3-3 Tiles3-3-1 Common tiles3-3-2 Encaustic tiles3-4 Terra-cotta3-5 Earthenware3-6 Stoneware3-7 Porcelain3-8 Glazing3-9 Clay blocks3-10 Refractories Questions 3Chapter 4 : bricks4-1 General4-2 Comparison of brickwork and stonework 4-3 Composition of good brick earth4-4 harmful ingredients in brick earth4-5 Classification of brick earth4-6 Manufacture of bricks4-7 Clamps4-8 kilns4-9 Qualities of good bricks4-10 Comparison between clamp-burning and kiln-burning4-11 Factors affecting quality of bricks4-12 Tests for bricks4-13 Classification of bricks4-14 Uses of bricks4-15 Colours of bricks4-16 Size and weight of bricks4-17 Shape of bricks4-18 Fire-clays4-19 Fire-bricks4-20 Substitutes for bricks4-20-1 Concrete blocks 4-20-2 Fly-ash bricks4-20-3 Sand-lime or calcium silicate bricks Questions 4

Chapter 5 : lime5-1 General5-2 Some definitions5-3 Classification of binding materials5-4 Sources of lime5-5 Constituents of limestones5-6 Classification of limes5-7 I.S. Specifications of lime5-8 Comparison between fat lime and hydraulic lime5-9 Manufacture of fat lime5-10 Manufacture of natural hydraulic lime5-11 Manufacture of artificial hydraulic lime5-12 Precautions to be taken in handling lime5-13 Uses of lime5-14 Tests for limestones Questions 5Chapter 6 : Cement 6-1 General6-2 Indian cement industry6-3 Cement and lime6-4 Physical Properties of cement6-5 Composition of ordinary cement6-6 Functions of cement ingredients6-7 harmful constituents of cement6-8 Setting action of cement 6-9 Site for cement factory6-10 Manufacture of ordinary cement6-10-1 Mixing of raw materials6-10-2 Burning6-10-3 Grinding6-11 Packing of cement6-12 Ball mills and tube mills6-13 Field tests for cement6-14 Laboratory tests for cement6-15 Storage of cement6-16 Uses of cement6-17 Varieties of cement6-18 I.S. Specifications of ordinary cement Questions 6Chapter 7 : Mortar7-1 General7-2 Sand7-3 Natural sources of sand 7-4 Classification of sand7-5 Bulking of sand7-6 Properties of good sand 7-7 Function of sand in mortar7-8 Tests for sand7-9 Substitutes for sand7-10 Classification of mortars7-11 Properties of good mortar mix and mortar7-12 Preparation of mortar7-13 Uses of mortar7-14 Precautions in using mortar7-15 Selection of mortar7-16 Tests for mortars Questions 7

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Chapter 8 : CEMENT CONCRETE8-1 General8-2 Properties of cement concrete8-3 Materials used in R.C.C. work8-4 Sea water for making concrete8-5 Proportioning concrete8-6 Grading of aggregates8-7 Water-cement ratio8-8 Workability8-9 Slump test8-10 Estimating yield of concrete8-11 Importance of bulking of sand8-12 Mixing the materials of concrete8-13 Transporting and placing of concrete8-14 Consolidation of concrete8-14-1 hand consolidation8-14-2 Vibrators8-15 Curing of concrete8-16 Types of cement concrete8-16-1 Water-proofing cement concrete8-16-2 Coloured concrete8-16-3 Lightweight concrete8-16-4 No-fines concrete8-16-5 Pre-cast concrete8-16-6 Ready-mix concrete8-16-7 Transit-mix concrete8-17 Joints in concrete structures8-18 Guniting8-19 Formwork8-20 Quality control of concrete Questions 8Chapter 9 : TIMBER9-1 General9-2 Trees for life9-3 Classification of trees9-4 Structure of a tree9-4-1 Macrostructure9-4-2 Microstructure9-5 Processing of timber9-5-1 Felling of trees9-5-2 Seasoning of timber9-5-3 Conversion of timber9-5-4 Preservation of timber9-6 Fire-resistance of timber9-7 Defects in timber9-8 Qualities of good timber 9-9 Factors affecting the strength of timber9-10 Decay of timber 9-11 Storage of timber9-12 Market forms of timber9-13 Industrial timber9-14 Advantages of timber construction9-15 Uses of timber9-16 Indian timber trees9-17 Plantation of teak trees Questions 9

Chapter 10 : Ferrous Metals10-1 General 10-2 Iron ores10-3. Pig-iron 10-4. Manufacture of pig-iron10-4-1 Essential parts and equipment of a blast furnace10-4-2 Working of a blast furnace10-4-3 Precautions to be taken for working of blast furnace10-5 Properties of pig-iron10-6 Types of pig-iron10-7 other methods of pig-iron manufacture10-8 Some terms describing the nature and properties of metals 10-9 Cast-iron10-9-1 Composition of cast-iron 10-9-2 Types of cast-iron10-9-3 Properties of cast-iron10-9-4 Uses of cast-iron10-10 Castings10-10-1 Types of castings10-10-2 Characteristics of a good casting10-10-3 Defects in casting10-11 Wrought-iron10-11-1 Manufacture of wrought-iron10-11-2 Aston’s process10-11-3 Properties of wrought-iron10-11-4 Defects in wrought-iron10-11-5 Use of wrought-iron Questions 10Chapter 11 : Steel11-1 General 11-2 Manufacture of steel11-3 Uses of steel11-4 Factors affecting physical properties of steel11-5 Magnetic properties of steel11-6 Defects in steel11-7 Properties of mild steel11-8 Properties of hard steel11-9 Mechanical treatment of steel11-10 heat treatment processes11-11 Market forms of steel Questions 11Chapter 12 : Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys12-1 Non-ferrous metals12-2 Aluminium12-2-1 Manufacture of aluminium12-2-2 Properties of aluminium12-2-3 Evaluation as building material12-2-4 Economics of using aluminium12-2-5 Forms of aluminium12-2-6 Uses of aluminium12-2-7 Conclusion12-3 Cobalt12-3-1 Manufacture of cobalt12-3-2 Properties of cobalt12-3-3 Uses of cobalt12-4 Copper12-4-1 Manufacture of Copper12-4-2 Properties of Copper12-4-3 Uses of Copper 12-5 Lead12-5-1 Manufacture of Lead12-5-2 Properties of Lead12-5-3 Uses of Lead12-6 Magnesium12-6-1 Manufacture of Magnesium12-6-2 Properties of Magnesium

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12-6-3 Uses of Magnesium12-7 Nickel12-7-1 Manufacture of Nickel12-7-2 Properties of Nickel12-7-3 Uses of Nickel12-8 Tin12-8-1 Manufacture of Tin12-8-2 Properties of Tin12-8-3 Uses of Tin12-9 Zinc12-9-1 Manufacture of Zinc12-9-2 Properties of Zinc12-9-3 Uses of Zinc12-10 Alloys12-11 Aluminium alloys12-12 Copper alloys12-13 Magnesium alloys12-14 Nickel alloy12-15 Steel alloys Questions 12Chapter 13 : CORROSION13-1 General13-2 Causes of corrosion13-3 Factors influencing corrosion13-4 Theories of corrosion13-5 Forms of corrosion13-6 Effect of corrosion13-7 Corrosion of ferrous metals13-8 Corrosion of non-ferrous metals13-9 Standard electrode potential13-10 Prevention of corrosion of steel in concrete13-11 Preventive measures for corrosion Questions 13Chapter 14 : Glass14-1 General14-2 Classification of glass14-3 Composition of glass14-4 Properties of glass14-5 Types of glass14-6 Manufacture of glass14-7 Treatment of glass14-8 Coloured glass14-9 Special varieties of glass14-10 Glass industry in India Questions 14Chapter 15 : PAINTS, VARNISHES AND DISTEMPERS15-1 General 15-2 Painting15-2-1 Characteristics of an ideal paint15-2-2 Pigment volume concentration number (P.V.C.N.)15-2-3 Ingredients of an oil borne paint15-2-4 Types of paints 15-2-5 Notes for guidance in the process of painting15-2-6 Painting on different surfaces15-2-7 Failure of paint15-2-8 Defects in painting15-3 Varnishing15-3-1 Characteristics of an ideal varnish15-3-2 Ingredients of a varnish15-3-3 Types of varnishes15-3-4 Process of varnishing15-4 Distempering15-4-1 Properties of distempers15-4-2 Ingredients of a distemper15-4-3 Process of distempering 15-5 Wall paper15-6 Whitewashing15-7 Colourwashing Questions 15

Chapter 16 : PLASTICS16-1 Brief history16-2 Composition16-3 Polymerization16-4 Classification of plastics16-5 Resins16-5-1 Thermo-plastic resins16-5-2 Thermo-setting resins16-6 Moulding compounds16-7 Fabrication16-8 Properties of plastics16-9 Uses of plastics16-10 PVC pipes in buildings16-11 Biodegradable plastic16-12 Fibre glass reinforced plastic16-12-1 Properties of FRP16-12-2 Applications of FRP in building industry16-13 Conclusion Questions 16Chapter 17 : MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS17-1 General 17-2 Abrasives17-3 Adhesives17-4 Asbestos17-4-1 Properties of asbestos17-4-2 Uses of asbestos17-4-3 Asbestos cement products17-5 Asphalt17-5-1 Classification of asphalt17-5-2 Forms of asphalt17-5-3 Properties of asphalt17-5-4 Uses of asphalt 17-6 Belts17-7 Bitumen17-7-1 Forms of bitumen17-8 Cork17-8-1 Properties of cork17-8-2 Uses of cork17-9 Electrical insulators17-10 Fly-ash17-10-1 Use of Fly-ash17-10-2 Use of Fly-ash for miscellaneous purposes 17-11 Fuels17-11-1 Classification of fuels17-11-2 Advantages of gaseous fuels17-12 Gypsum17-13 Gypsum plaster17-14 Plaster boards17-15 Pyrocell 17-16 heat insulating materials17-17 Lubricants17-17-1 Types of lubricants17-17-2 Varieties of liquid lubricants17-17-3 Methods of applying lubricants17-17-4 Lubricant industry in India17-18 Rubber17-18-1 Types of rubber17-18-2 Vulcanization17-18-3 Compounding of rubber17-18-4 Properties of rubber17-18-5 Uses of rubber17-18-6 Forms of rubber17-18-7 Reclaimed rubber17-19 Sealants for joints17-19-1 Polysulphide based sealants17-19-2 Application equipment17-19-3 Application accessories17-19-4 Working criteria17-20 Sheets for pitched roof coverings17-21 Solder17-22 Sound absorbent materials17-23 Tar17-24 Turpentine Questions

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Chapter 18 : MATERIAL SCIENCE OF METALS18-1 General18-2 Structure of atom18-3 Atomic number and atomic weight18-4 Avogadro’s number18-5 orbit and orbital18-6 Quantum Numbers18-7 Electron Configuration18-8 Atomic theories and atomic models18-9 Isotopes and isobars18-10 Periodic table18-11 Bonding in solids18-11-1 Primary bonds18-11-2 Secondary bonds18-11-3 Mixed bonds18-12 Crystal structure18-13 Space lattice and unit cell18-14 Bravais lattices18-15 Crystal structures for metallic elements18-16 Co-ordination number18-17 Atomic radius18-18 Atomic packing factor18-19 Miller indices

18-20 Linear and planar densities18-21 Plastic deformation of a single crystal18-22 Types of imperfections18-23 Electrical conductivity Questions 18Appendix I B.I.S Codes for important Engineering Materials Building stones Bricks and other clay products Lime Cement Mortar Concrate Timber and wood-based products Metals Paints and varnishes Asphalt, Tar and Bitumen Insulating materialsAppendix II ABBREVIATED TERMS USED IN ThIS BookBIBLIOGRAPHY

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