Engineering Lecture 3 Digital Electronics by Jaroslaw Karcz.

Engineering Lecture 3Engineering Lecture 3

Digital ElectronicsDigital Electronics

by Jaroslaw Karcz

1. BASIC LOGIC CONCEPTS

2. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC

3. SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

OverviewOverview

Analogue SignalsAnalogue Signals

1.1. BASIC LOGIC CONCEPTSBASIC LOGIC CONCEPTS

• Representation of a quantity that varies over a continuous range of values e.g. sound, light, temperature, and pressure

• These may be represented electrically by an analogue voltage/current

• A device that is used to convert an analogue signal into an analogue voltage or current is known as a transducer

Digital SignalsDigital Signals

• Representation of a quantity that varies in discrete steps over a range of values

Logic StatesLogic States• Digital Electronics = circuits in which only 2 states possible at any point e.g. transistor can either be in saturation or be non-conducting

• Choose to talk about voltages, calling a level HIGH or LOW

• Depending on context, can be represented as following for example:

one bit (binary digit) of a number (0 or 1) whether switch is opened or closed whether signal is present or absent some analogue level is above/below some preset limit (threshold) whether some event has occurred yet whether some action should be performed etcetera….

• HIGH and LOW states represent the TRUE and FALSE states of Boolean logic, in some predefined way

• Digital Electronics = circuits in which only 2 states possible at any point e.g. transistor can either be in saturation or be non-conducting

• Choose to talk about voltages, calling a level HIGH or LOW

• Depending on context, can be represented as following for example:

one bit (binary digit) of a number (0 or 1) whether switch is opened or closed whether signal is present or absent some analogue level is above/below some preset limit (threshold) whether some event has occurred yet whether some action should be performed etcetera….

Analogue to Digital ConversionAnalogue to Digital Conversion

• In real world, signals appear in analogue form.

• It is often desirable to convert continuous (analogue) data to digital (discrete) form

• Conversion to digital format requires definition of threshold values

e.g.

in electronics, the voltage levels corresponding to HIGH or LOW are allowed to fall in some range

• Typical LOW- and HIGH-state output voltages are usually within

a tenth of a volt of 0 and +5 volts, respectively

2.2. COMBINATORIAL LOGICCOMBINATORIAL LOGIC

Circuits composed of combinations of logic gates,

with NO FEEDBACK from outputs to inputs

Gates and Truth Tables - Gates and Truth Tables - BASICBASIC

The AND gate

IEEE /ANSI SymbolOlder (Mil-Spec) Symbol

111

001

010

000

Output FInput YInput X

• Output is HIGH (1) if and only if all inputs are HIGH (1).

• If any input(s) are LOW (0), the output is guaranteed to be in a LOW state

..\Pictures\Digital Gates\or.gif

The OR gate

Gates and Truth TablesGates and Truth Tables

111

101

110

000


• Output will be HIGH (1) if any of the inputs are HIGH (1)

• Output goes LOW (0) if and only if all inputs are LOW (0).

The OR gate


111

101

110

000


The OR gate


• Output will be HIGH (1) if any of the inputs are HIGH (1)

• Output goes LOW (0) if and only if all inputs are LOW (0).

111

101

110

000


The OR gate


• Whatever logical state is applied to the input, the opposite state will

appear at the output

The NOT gate (inversion)


01

10

Output FInput X

Also denoted as X’ – inverse of X

Gates and Truth Tables - Gates and Truth Tables - DERIVEDDERIVEDThe NAND gate

011

101

110

100

Output FInput YInput X • With the gate shown above, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in order for the output to be a logic 0.

• With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to logic 1.

(derived from AND & NOT gates)

Gates and Truth Tables - Gates and Truth Tables - DERIVEDDERIVED

The NOR gate (same principle applies)

011

001

010

100


•NOR gate is an OR gate with the output inverted

•Where OR gate allows the output to be HIGH (1), if any input is true, the NOR gate inverts this and forces the output to logic 0 (LOW).

Gates and Truth Tables – Gates and Truth Tables – still more??still more??

The XOR gate

The XNOR gate

011

101

110

000


111

001

010

100


• Output HIGH when inputs are inverses of each other

• Output HIGH when inputs are exactly the same

3.3. SEQUENTIAL LOGICSEQUENTIAL LOGIC

• Use of devices in such a manner that the new state of an output may depend not only on the existing state of its inputs, but also on previous conditions imposed upon the inputs. In other words, capacity for MEMORY

• This allows for construction of devices such as:

Counters

Arithmetic Accumulators

Frequency Dividers, etc.

• The most fundamental unit of sequential logic is the FLIP-FLOP

Operation of NAND Gate Flip-Flop

“Setting the latch”

The time sequence displays the conditions under which the set (S) and reset (R) inputs cause a state change, and those for which they remain unaltered.

D Flip-flop Divide-by-2-Circuit

Ripple-Down Counter

Flip-flopsFlip-flops

Flip-flopsFlip-flops

• Q+ indicates the value of Q after the next clock pulse (output only changes upon

a particular state of the clock pulse) – here PGT

• If J and K are different, Q takes on the value of J

• If J and K are both 0, Q remains unchanged

• If J and K are both 1, Q changes to its inverse (it "toggles")

• Information from J and K is read in on the rising edge of the clock, and is

translated into action at the Q outputs on the FALLING edge of the clock

Truth TableJ-K Flip-flop

Applications of Flip-flopsApplications of Flip-flops

T-Flip Flop

Synchronous Counter (created through use of T-flip flop : slightly modified J-K Flip-Flop)

A circuit which can store temporarily all bits of a binary number

(a typical personal computer will have several 16-bit and 32-bit data registers in its arithmetic unit)

Applications of Flip-flopsApplications of Flip-flops

Symbol“Anatomy” of Data Register composed of D Flip-flops

3-bit register

Data Register

Engineering Lecture 3 Digital Electronics by Jaroslaw Karcz.

Documents

Transcript of Engineering Lecture 3 Digital Electronics by Jaroslaw Karcz.