Engine Performance and Certification Emissions 2 Engine...• CFM56-2C1 engines – 22,000 lbs...
Transcript of Engine Performance and Certification Emissions 2 Engine...• CFM56-2C1 engines – 22,000 lbs...
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Engine Performance and Certification Emissions
Dan Bulzan, Changlie Wey, and Robert Howard
NASA Glenn Research Center, ASRC Corporation, AEDC/ATA
AAFEX II Workshop Jan 13, 2012 Nashville, TN
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Engine Performance
• CFM56-2C1 engines – 22,000 lbs thrust – Bypass Ratio 6.0 – Overall PR 31
• # 2(port) engine operated on JP-8 for
reference and E-31 testing • #3(starboard) engine operated on test fuels • N1, N2, Fuel flow rate, and exhaust
temperature recorded manually
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Fuel Properties (Post-Test)
3
Test JP-8 Tallow
HRJ FT HRJ/JP-8 FT+THT Sulfur (ppm mass) 188 6 4 276 1083 Aromatics (% vol) 21.8 0.4 1.4 10.2 2.1 Initial Boiling Point (°C) 149 158 146 150 151 50% Recovered (°C) 201 209 177 204 177 End Point (°C) 268 254 226 263 224 Flash Point (°C) 46 52 43 46 43 Density @ 15°C (kg/L) 0.811 0.758 0.761 0.783 0.761 Freezing Point (°C) -47 -53 -49 -76 -54 -77 Viscosity @ -20°C (mm²/s) 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.3 3.2 Hydrogen Content (% mass) 13.5 15.3 15 14.4 15 Smoke Point 22 34 34 31 30 Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8 43.6 43.8 43.3 43.8 Olefins (% vol) 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.6 1.5
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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AAFEX 1 & 2 Comparison, JP-8
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Engine Performance
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Engine Performance
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Engine Performance
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Engine Performance
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Exhaust Gas Temperature
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Left (#2) Engine Rake Right (#3) Engine Rake
Gaseous Certification Emissions Sampling Rakes at 1 m Downstream
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Right (#3) Rake showing mounted probes
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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NOx Emissions
12 1/3/2012
Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIN
Ox
(g/k
g-fu
el)
0
5
10
15
20
25
C
C
C
C
FT2+THTHRJ BlendFT2HRJJP8ICAOC
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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NOx Emissions – HV Corrected
13 1/3/2012
Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIN
Ox
(g/k
g-fu
el)
0
5
10
15
20
25
C
C
C
C
FT2+THTHRJ BlendFT2HRJJP8ICAOC
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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CO Emissions
14 1/3/2012
Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIC
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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CO Emissions – HV Corrected
15 1/3/2012
Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIC
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Unburned Hydrocarbons
16 1/3/2012
Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIH
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Unburned Hydrocarbons – HV Corrected
17 1/3/2012
Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIH
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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NOx Emissions
18 1/3/2012
N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition0 20 40 60 80 100
EIN
Ox
(g/k
g-fu
el)
0
5
10
15
20
25
C
C
C
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
www.nasa.gov
CO Emissions
19 1/3/2012
N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition0 20 40 60 80 100
EIC
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Unburned Hycrocarbon Emissions
20 1/3/2012
N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition0 20 40 60 80 100
EIH
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
CCC
C
ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Combustion Efficiency
21 1/3/2012
N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition0 20 40 60 80 100
Com
bust
ion
Eff
icie
ncy,
%
95
96
97
98
99
100
JP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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SO2 Emissions
22
Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
EIS
O2 (g
/kg-
fuel
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
HRJFT 2 (Sasol)
JP-8
HRJ BlendFT 2 + THTICAOC
1/3/2012
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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CO Emissions – Low Power Conditions
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Ambient Temperature, F40 50 60 70 80 90
EIC
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Solid Symbol: 4%Open symbol: 7%
JP8HRJ
FT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Unburned Hydrocarbons – Low Power Conditions
24
Ambient Temperature, F40 50 60 70 80 90
EIH
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25Solid Symbol: 4%Open symbol: 7%
JP8HRJ
FT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Conclusions
• Negligible effect of fuel type on engine performance when compared on mass measurement basis and corrected for heating value within the accuracy of the measurements
• Slight reduction in NOx emissions at higher power conditions for FT fuel
• Scatter in CO and HC emissions at idle and sub idle due more to temperature effects than fuel type
• SO2 emissions correlated directly with Sulfur in the fuel as expected
• Some slight leakage under engine with neat HRJ and F-T fuels
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Acknowledgments
• Jeffrey Braun (Air Force Certification Division) and Tim Edwards (Air Force Research Laboratory) for providing the Alternative fuels for the experiments
• NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility Personnel for their assistance in performing the testing.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
EI N
Ox
(g/k
g-fu
el)
0
5
10
15
20
C
C
C
C
Engine #3
RG4
RG5RP5RG6
Rake = -8-4-20 -10
ICAOCLG5LG4LG3
Engine #2
EINOx of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)
27
AAFEX-2 AAFEX
1/3/2012
Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000
EIN
Ox
(g/k
g-fu
el)
0
5
10
15
20
C
C
C
C
Rake -6 4 6 8
JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7
ICAOC
JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC
Rake -6 -4
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
www.nasa.gov
Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
EI C
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CCC
C
Engine #3
RG4
RG5RP5RG6
Rake = -8-4-20 -10
ICAOCLG5LG4LG3
Engine #2
EICO of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)
28
AAFEX-2 AAFEX
1/3/2012
Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIC
O (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CCC
C
Rake -6 4 6 8
JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7
ICAOC
JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC
Rake -6 -4
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
www.nasa.gov
Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
EI H
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)0
5
10
15
20
25
CCC
C
Engine #3
RG4
RG5RP5RG6
Rake = -8-4-20 -10
ICAOCLG5LG4LG3
Engine #2
EIHC of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)
29
AAFEX-2 AAFEX
1/3/2012
Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
EIH
C (
g/kg
-fue
l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
CCCC
Rake -6 4 6 8
JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7
ICAOC
JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC
Rake -6 -4