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    UNIT II ENGINEERING AS

    SOCIALEXPERIMENTATION

    UNIT II ENGINEERING AS

    SOCIALEXPERIMENTATION

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    Experimentation--------------- Engineering design

    process

    Experimentation--------------- Engineering design

    process

    First listen to

    this account

    of Titanicfrom your

    book

    Sir ,please read

    for your

    students

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    New Engineering Concept

    Preliminary design

    simulation

    Experimentation

    OK?

    More detailed design

    Further tests

    Prototype design

    Finished product

    OK

    ?

    Noyes

    No yes

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    Features of an Engineering

    Project Engineering Project Experiment

    Carried out in partial ignorance

    The final outcome of an engineering project

    is generally uncertain

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    Similarities to standard

    experimentation

    Any engineering project is carried out in

    partial ignorance

    Uncertainties in the abstract model for

    design calculations. in the precise characteristics of the material

    used.

    In the nature of stresses the final product

    may encounter

    Lab testing /theoretical exploration bypassed

    for the sake of moving ahead in a project

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    The final outcome of an

    engineering project isgenerally uncertain

    Possible outcomesand risks evolve -

    uncertain even in

    benign project

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    Effective

    engineering

    Effective

    engineering

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    Engineers learn not only from theirown design & operating results but

    also from other engineers

    Learning From the PastLearning From the Past

    Lack of established channels ofcommunication, misplaced pride in notasking for information, embarrassment at failure and plain neglect

    Lack of established channels ofcommunication, misplaced pride in notasking for information, embarrassment at failure and plain neglect

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    It is not sufficient for

    engineers to rely on

    handbooks alone

    Demands engineering

    practitioners to remain alert

    and well informed at every

    stage of a projects history

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    Experimental control

    Contrasts with standard

    experiments :

    Contrasts with standard

    experiments :

    Standard experimentsStandard experimentsCarried out underCarried out under

    Controlled environmentControlled environment

    Experimental

    subjects human

    beings out ofexperimenters

    Experimental

    subjects human

    beings out ofexperimenters

    controlcontrol

    In engineering

    Work has to be

    carried out based

    on

    Available data

    Retrospectivedata

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    knowledge

    Voluntariness

    Informed consent

    Subjects participation informedconsentSubjects participation informedconsent

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    All the information to decide uponAll the information to decide uponEnter into experiment without by force/deception

    11

    22

    33

    44

    55

    Normally

    governed by

    Normally

    governed by

    Informed consentInformed consent

    (public/clients)(public/clients) (risks and benefits)(risks and benefits)

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    Primary aim

    concernabout the manner of

    conducting experiment

    Knowledge gainedKnowledge gained

    Gaining of new knowledge

    secondary aim(1) Valid consent of human subject is

    sought

    (2)Safety measures are taken.(3)Means must exist to terminate the

    experiment at any point and toprovide safe exit for all participants

    Gaining of new knowledge

    secondary aim(1) Valid consent of human subject is

    sought

    (2)Safety measures are taken.(3)Means must exist to terminate the

    experiment at any point and toprovide safe exit for all participants

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    To protect safety of human subjects and

    respect their right of consent.A constant awareness of the experimental

    nature of the project, imaginative forecasting of

    Its possible side effects and a reasonable effort

    to monitor them.

    A conscientious commitment to live by moral

    values.

    A comprehensive perspective.

    Autonomy

    Accountability

    To display technical competence and other

    attributes of professionalism

    Engineers as

    responsible

    experimenters

    Engineers as

    responsible

    experimenters

    As social

    experimentation

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    Sensitivity to full range

    of moral values

    ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

    Conscientiousness impliesconsciousness: open eyes , open earsand an open mind.

    Skill & effort to reach balance betweenvalues and responsibilities

    Conscientiousness impliesconsciousness: open eyes , open earsand an open mind.

    Skill & effort to reach balance betweenvalues and responsibilities

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    Engg social expt restores vision (guardian of

    public interest)

    ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

    Safety and welfare should not be disregarded

    In the quest for knowledge, rush for profits anda narrow adherence to rules

    Safety and welfare should not be disregarded

    In the quest for knowledge, rush for profits anda narrow adherence to rules

    -ones professional duty-ones professional duty

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    Conscientiousness is blind

    Relevant informationRelevant information

    -without relevant factualinformation

    -without relevant factualinformation

    To fully grasp context of ones work

    commitment to obtain and assess all

    available information to meet

    Ones moral obligations.

    To view the specialized activity in a

    project as part of a larger whole having

    a social impact-that may involve

    unintended effects

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    Moral attitudes criticalreflection

    Moral autonomyMoral autonomy

    As an employee under an employerCarrying out duties in companys

    Interest no longer morally and

    Personally identified with ones actions

    As an employee under an employerCarrying out duties in companys

    Interest no longer morally and

    Personally identified with ones actions

    Moral values must be integrated into the coreof ones personalityMoral values must be integrated into the coreof ones personality

    Viewing engineering as

    experimentation can help to

    overcome this tendency and can

    help restore a sense ofautonomous participation in

    ones work

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    Willingness to submit ones

    action to moral scrutiny

    AccountabilityAccountability

    Open & responsive to the

    assessment of others

    submission to employers

    authoritynarrowed

    submission to employers

    authoritynarrowed

    createssense ofresponsibility

    createssense ofresponsibility

    Ready to abandon

    personal accountability

    under authority 4

    reasons

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    AccountabilityAccountability

    Third , frequent pressure to move on to a new

    project deprive engineers to observe current projectadequately .This promotes a sense of being

    accountable only for meeting schedule.

    Fourth ,preoccupation with legalities wards off one

    to morally involve beyond institutional role.

    First , In large scale projects an engineer contributes only afragment of work and the created product is far removed fromworkplace crating a distance that lead to a lessened sense ofpersonal accountability.S

    econd , bureaucracies tend to diffuse and delimitAreas of personal accountability within the hierarchies

    of authority

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