Engel Socialism 2

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682 The Later Engels

the man to whom t s granted to make even one such dscoveyBut n evey snge ed whch Marx nvestgatedand he nvest-gated very many eds, none of them supercayn every ed,even n that of mathematcs,e made ndependent dscoveres

Such was the man of scence But ths was not even haf theman Scence was for Marx a hstorcay dynamc, revoutonaryforce However great he oy th whch he wecomed a new dscovery n some theoretca scence whose practca appcaton perhapst was as yet qute mpossbe to envsage, he experenced qUteanother knd of joy when the dscovey nvoved mmedate revoutonary changes n ndusty, and n hstorca deveopment m ge� era For exampe, he foowed closey the deveopment of the dscoveres made n the ed of eectrcty and receny those of MarcDeprez

For Ma was before a ese a revoutonst. Hs rea msson nfe was to contrbute, n one way or another,to the overthrow ofcaptast socety and of the state nsttutons whch t had broughtnto beng,to contrbute to the beraton of the modern proetarat,whch he was the rst to make conscous of ts own poston and tsneeds conscous of the condtons of ts emancpaton Fghtngwas hs eement And he fought wth a passon, a tenacty and a

success such as few coud iva Hs work on the rst RheinischeZetung (1842) the Pars Vowrts' (1844) the Deutsche Brssele Zeitung 87) the Neue Rheinsche Zetung (188-9) theNew Yok Tibune ,85-6,) and n addton to these a host ofmtant pamphets, work n organsatons n Pars, Brusses andLondon,and nay,crownng a the fomaton of the great Inter-natona Workng Mens Assocatonths was ndeed an achevement of whch ts founder mght we have been proud even f hehad done nothng ese.

And, consequenty, Max was the best hated and most caumnated man of hs tme Governments, both absoutst and repubca, deported hm from ther terrtores Bourgeos, whether conservatve or utrademocratc,ved wth one another n heapmg san-ders upon hm A ths he brushed asde as thou ?h t were cobweb,gnorng t, answerng ony when extreme necessty

compeed hm.And he ded beoved, revered and mournd by mons of revou-tonay feow workersfrom the mnes of Sbera to Cafoa,nal parts of Euro pe ad Amercaand I make bod to say thatthough he may have had many opponents he had hardy one persona enemy

Hs name w endure through the ages,and so aso w hs work!

1 VOTwarts (Foad): A radial was Karl Marx It appeared in Germannewspaper of the German Sociaiss in at Paris in 1844.

emigration one of whose contribtors

Socialism: Utopian and Scientifc

FRIEDRICH ENGELS

Engels' polemica work Her Eugen Dihring's Revolution in SciencnOWN as Anti·Ding, ame out in 1878. At the request o hiPaul Lafargue, Enges arrnged three general hapters o Anti-Dhpamphlet dealing with the origins o Maxism and summarizing its

histoy riginally pubished in Frenh in '1880, ociais: UtopSienti soon appeared in many other languages and became, alothe Conist Manifesto the most inuential popular presentationMarxist position in. the ate nineteenth entury The text given hereo the authorized Engish edition of 1892

I

odern socasm s,n ts essence,the drect product of tognton,on the one hand,of the cass antagonsm exstng socety of today between propretors and nonpopretors, becaptasts and wageworkers on the other hand of the axstng n producton. But, n ts theoretca form, modern

sm orgnay appears ostensbly as a more ogca extenson prncpes ad down by the great French phosophers of theeenth centu Lke every new theory, modern socasm hrst,to connect tsef wth the nteectua stockntrade radyhand, however deepy ts roots ay n matera economc fact

The great men, who n France prepared men's mnds fcong revouton, were hemseves extreme revoutonstsrecognsed no externa authorty of any knd whatever Renatura scence,socety, potca nsttutonseverythng waected to the most unsparng crtcsm: everythng must ustexstence before the judgementseat of reason or gve up exReason became the soe measure of everythng t was thewhen, as Hege says, the wold stood upon ts head; I rst

1 This is the passage on the Fren hRevolution: !Thoght, the oncept oflaw all at one made iself fet andagainst this the old safoldn ofwrong cod ake no stand n this

coneption of aw, thereore a onstit-

tion has now been establishheneforth eveything mst bepon this. Sine the sn had the mment and the planets

round him the sight had neseen of man standing p

683



688 at nupon his sie o he quesion, now wholly belonging o he pase can leae i o he lieray small y o solemnly quibble oerhese phanasies, which oay only make us smile an o crow oerhe superioriy o heir own bal reasoning, as compare wih such/insaniy" For ourseles we eligh in he supenously granhoughs an germs o hough ha eewhere break ou hroughheir phanasic coering, an o which hese Philisines are blin

SainSimon was a son o he grea French Reoluion a heoubreak o which he was no ye hiry he Reoluion was heicory o he hir esae, ie, o he grea masses o he naion,workin in proucion an in rae, oer he priilege ide classes,he nobles an he priess Bu he icory o he hir esae soonreeale isel as eclusiely he icory o a small par o his

esae," as he conques o poliical power by he soially priilegesecion o i, i.e, he poperie bourgeoisie An he bourgeoisieha cerainl eelope rapily uring he Reoluion, parly byspeculaion in he lans o he nobiliy an o he Church, conscae an aerwas pu up or sale, an parly by raus upon henaion b means o army conracs I was he ominaion o heseswinler ha, uner he Direcorae brough France o he ergeo ruin, an hus gae Napoleon he pree or his oup d'a

Hence o SainSimon he anagonism eween he hir esaean he priilege classes ook he orm o an anagonism beweenworkers" an ilers" The ilers were no merely he ol prii�lege classes, bu also all who, wihou aking any par in prouc-ion or isribuon lie on heir incomes. An he workers wereno only he wage� workers, bu also

he manuacurers, he mer

chans, he bankers Tha he ilers ha los he capaciy or inel lecual leaership an poliical supremacy ha been proe, an was

by he Reoluion nally sele Tha he nonpossessing lassesha no his capaci seeme o SainSimon proe by he eperiences o he Reign o Terror. Then who was o lea an comman? Accoring o SainSimon, science an inusry, boh unieby a new religious bon, esine o resore ha uniy o religiousieas which ha been los since he ime o he Rermaionanecessarily mysic an rigily hierarchic new Chrisianiy" Bu science, ha was he scholars; an inusry ha was, in he rs place,he working bourgeois, manuacurers merchans bankers Thesebourgeois were, cerainly, inene by SainSimon o ransormhemseles ino a kin o public ocials, o social rusees; bu hey were sill o hol, vis-vis o he workers a commaning an eco-nomically priilege posiion The bankers especially were o becalle upon o irec h whole o social poucion by he regulaion o crei This concepion was in eac keeping wih a ime in

which mern inusry in rance an, wih i he chasm beween

bourgeoisie an prolearia was only jus coming ino eisence Bu

oiam toian and int

wha SainSimon especially lays sress upon is his: wha inhim rs, an aboe all oher hings is he lo o he class he mos numeous an he mos poor (la asse la plus nome a plus paue")

Alreay in his Genea leers, SainSimn lays own he pion ha al men ough o work" In he same work he recalso ha he Reign o Terror was he reign o he nonposmasses See" says he o hem, wha happene in Fnce ime when your comraes hel sway here: hey brough amine" Bu o recognise he French Reoluion as a class wno smply one beween nobiliy an bourgeoisie, bu bnobili, bourgeoisie, an he nonpossessors, was, in he yeaa mos pregnan iscoey In 1816 he eclares ha poliics

science o proucion, an oreells _ he complee absoppolii by economics The knowlege ha economic coniihe basis o poliical insiuions appears here only in emby wha is here alreay ery plainly epresse is he iea o heconersion o poliical rule oer men ino an aminisrahings an a irecion o processes o proucionha is he aboliion o he sae," abou which recenly here haso much noise

SainSimon shows he same superioriy oer his conemp when in 1814 immeiaely aer he eny o he allies inoan again in 185 ung he Hunre Days' ar, he prohe alliance o France wihEnglan, an hen o boh heseries wih Germany, as he onl guaranee or he prospeousopmen an peace o Europe To preach o he French in 1alliance wih he icors o aeloo reire as much couhisorical oresigh

I in SainSmon we n a comprehense breah o irue o which almos all he ieas o laer Socialiss ha asricly economic are oun in him in embryo, we n in Focriicism o he eising coniions o sociey, genuinely Fren wiy bu no upon ha accoun any he less horoughakes he bourgeoisie, heir inspire prophes beore he Reoan heir inerese eulogiss aer i, a heir own wor Hbare remorselessly he maerial an moral misery o he bo

worl He conrons i wih he ealier philosophers azzlingises o a sociey in which reason alone shoul reign, o a ciilin which happiness shoul be uniersal, o an illimiableperecibiliy, an wih he rosecoloure hraseology o hegeois ieologiss o his ime He poins ou how eerywhemos piiul reali correspons wih he mos highsophases, an he oerwhelms his hopeless asco o phrases wmoran sarcasm

Fouier is no only a criic his imperurbably serene naure



69 at nhm a sars an assur O o h gras sarss o a mH pcs wh qua powr an charm h swg spcuaonsha ossom ou upon h owa o h Rouo an hshopkpng spr pra n an characrsc o Frnch com-mrc a ha m S mor mas s hs crcsm o h ou gos on o h raons wn h ss an h poson o woman n ourgos sc. H was h rs o car ha ang soc h gr o woman's macpaon s h nauramasur o h gra mancpaon

But Fourier is at his greatest i his coceptio of the history of

society He divides its whole course thus ar into four stages of evo

lution savagey barbarism the patriarchate civilisatio. The last

is identical with the so-called civil, or bourgeois, society of today

ie., with the social order that came in with the sixteeth century. He proves "that the civilised stage raises every vice practised by bar-

barism in a simple fashion ito a form of existece complex

ambiguous, equivoca hypocritica-that civiisatio moves in a

vicious circ le," in contradictions which it constaty reproduces without being able to solve them; hence it constantly arrives at the very opposite to that which it wats to attain, or pretends to watto attain so that e.g, Hunder civiisation poverty is bor of super�auanc s.

Fourr as w s uss h acc mho h sam masrwa as hs conmpoar Hg Usg hs sam accsh argus agas h ak aou ma huma prcha hsorca phas has s pro o asc an aso spro o scn a h apps hs osrao o h ur oh who human rac As Ka nrouc no naura scnc ha o h uma srucon o h arh Fourr nrouc

o hsorca scnc ha o h uma srucon o h humanrachs n Franc h hurrcan o h Rouon swp or h

a ngan a qur u no on ha accoun ss rm-ous rouon was gong on Sam a h nw oomakngmach wr ransormng mauacur o morn nusa hus rouosg h who ounao o ourgos soctTh suggsh march o lopmn o h manuacuing prochag no a ra s an srss pro o prouconh consan ncrasng swnss h spngup o soc oarg capass an non�possssng proaras wn on Bwnhs sa o h ormr sa m class a usa mass oarsas an sma shopkps h mos ucuang poron o hpopuaon ow a prcarous snc

T nw mo o proucon was as o a h gnnngo s pro o ascn; as was h orma rguar mho o

oam toan and nt

prouconh on o poss unr sg conons Nhss hn was proucg crng soca ausshng oghr o a homss popuaon n h wors quarrsarg owns h oosnng o a raoa mora ons o pcha suornaon o am raos owork spca womn an chr o a rghu ; comp morao h workng cass su ung o aoghr nw conrom h counr o h own rom agrcuu no mnusr rom sa coos o snc o scur ochang rom a o a

A hs uncur hr cam owar as a rormr a manua29 ars oa ma o amos sum chk smpc oacr an a h sam m o o h w orn ars o

Ror wn ha aop h achg o h marasc phphrs: ha mans characr s h prouc on h o hahrt on ohr o h ronm o h ua hs m a spca urng hs pro o opmn usra rouon mos o hs ca ss saw on chaos an conan h opporun o shng hs rou wars an marg oruns quck H saw n h opporu o punpracc hs aou ho a so o rngng orr ou o cH ha ara r wh succss as suprn o mor hunr mn a Machsr acor From 800 o 182rc h gra coo m a Nw anark Scoan asagng parr aong h sam ns u wh grar roaco an wh a succss ha ma hm a uropan rpuapopuao orgna conssng o h mos rs a omos pa r moras mns a popuao ha gragrw o 2,500, h ur o a mo coo n whch ru

nss poc magsras awsus poor aws char wr uknA a s smp pacng h pop conos worhuman gs an spca caru rgg up h gnraon H was h ounr o an schoos a nrohm rs a Nw Lanark A h ag o o h chrn caschoo whr h jo hmsels so much ha hscarc go hom agan hs hs compors work pop hrn or ourn hous a a n Nw Lanark h ga was o n a a ha hous Vhn a crss csopp work or our mohs hs workrs rc hr u a h m A wh a hs h usnss mor han ouau a o h as arg pos o s proprors

In sp o a hs w was o con Th sc wh scur or hs workrs was n hs s s ar rom worh o huma ngs Th pop wr sas a m mTh ra aoua conons n whch h ha pac



2 a n

were still far frm allwing a atinal eelpment f the characteran f the intellect in all irectins mch less f the free eercise fall their faclties An yet the wrking pat f this pplatin f00 persns was aily prcing as mch real wealth f scietas less tha half a centy efe, it wl hae reqire the wr ing pat f a pplatin f 600000 t create I aske myself whatecame f the ieence etween the wealth cnsme y ,500persns an that which wl hae een cnsme y oo,OOO?"

e answer was clear. It ha een se t pay the prpietrs fthe estalishment 5 pe cent n the capital they ha lai t inaitin t er £300,000 clear pt An that which hel frNew anak hel t a still greate etent fr all the factries in

Englan If this new wealth ha nt een create y machinery,ipefectly as it has een applie the wars f Epe, in ppsitn t Naplen an t spprt the aristcratic pinciples fsciety, cl nt hae een maintaine An yet this new pwer was the ceatin f the wking class T them therefre thefits f this new pwe elnge The newly create gigantic p-ctie frces, hithert se nly t enrich iniials an tenslae the masses, ere t wen the fnatins fr a recnstctin f sciety they wee estine as the cmmn prperty fall t e wrke fr the cmmn g f all

wen's cmmnism was ase pn this prely siness fnatin, the tcme s t say, f cmmercial calclatin Thght, it maintaine this practical chaacte Ths, i 183, wenprpse the relief f the istress in Irelan y cmmnist clnies,an rew p cmplete estimates f csts f fning them yearlyepenite an pale eene An in his enite lan fr thefte, the technical wking t f etails is manage with schpractical knwlegegrn plan, frnt an sie an i'seyeiews all inclethat the wen meth f scial refm nceaccepte thee is frm the practical pint f iew little t e saiagainst the actal arangement f etails

His aance in the iectin f cmmnism was the tingpint in wens life As lng as he was simply a philanthrpist, he was ewae with nthing t wealth applase, hnr, an glyHe was the mst pplar man inErpe Nt nly men f his wnclass, t statesmen an princes listene t him appingly. Bt

when he came t with his cmmnist theies that was qteanthe thing Three geat stacles seeme t him especially tlck the path t scial refrm piate prpety, religin, the pres

3. Fom "Th Rvolution in Mid adPactiI> p 21 a mmoial adddto all th d Rublian Communit ad Soialit of Euop ad

't to t poiional govnmt o

a 188 ad alo Ut Q Victoia ad poibl adirI[n Not l.c, p. 22 [Ees

oiaim oian and ii

ent frm f marriage He knew what cnfrnte him if he atthestlawy ecmmnicatin frm cial sciety, thehis w�le scial psitin Bt nthing f this preente himattackg them witht fea f cnseqences an what he haseen happene Banishe frm cial sciety with a cnspisilenc against him in the pres, rine y his nsccessfmnist eperiments in Ameica in which he scrice all htne he trne irectly t the wrking class an cntine win thei mist fr thirty yeas. Eey scial mement eeaance in Englan n ehalf f the wkes links itself nnamef Rert wen. He frce thrgh n 181, after eghting, the st law limiting the hs f lar f wmechilren in factries He was pesient f the st Cng

which all the Tae Unins f Englan nite in a singltrae assciatin He intce as tansitin measres t thplete cmmnistic ganisatin f sciety n the ne han, caie scieties fr retail trae an pctin These hae sintime at least, gien pactical prf that the merchant an thfactrer ae scially qite nnecessary n the the haintrce lar azaars f the echange f the pr lar thgh the meim f lantes, whse nit was ah f wk instittins necessarily me t failre, pletely anticipating Phns ank f echange f a mcpei an iering entiely frm this in that it i nt claimthe panacea f all scial ills nly a st step twars amre raical reltinf sciety

The Utpians me f thght has f a lng time gernscialist ieas f the ninetenth centry an still gens sthem Until ery recently all Fench an English Scialis

hmage t it The earie German cmmnism incling teitling, was f the same schl T al these scialism epressin f aslte trth easn an stice a has nlyiscee t cnqer all the wrl y irte f its wn pwea aslte tth is inepenent f time space an f the hiseelpment f man, it is a mee accient when an where itcee it all this aslte trt, easn, an stice areent with the fne each ieent schl n as eachspecial kin f aslte trth, easn, an jstice is again tine y his sjectie nerstaning, is cnitins f eisthe mease f his knwlege an his intellectal taining tn ther ening pOile in tis cnict f aslte trths thathey shall e mtally eclsie ne f the ther Hence, frnthing cl cme t a kin f eclectic aeage scialim as a matte f fact, has p t the pesent time minate thef mst f the scialist wkers in France an Englan He



69 at nmo ss, rspctabl llow that h is, i th homly ralm o hisow or walls, has ry worl atrs irctly h trsot ito th wi wor o rsarch A th mtaphysal mo othoght, jstiabl a cssa as it is i a mbr o omais

whos tt aris accorig to th atr o th particlar objcto istigatio, soor or latr rachs a limit, byo which itbcoms osi, rstrict, abstract, lost i isolbl cotraictios I th cotmplatio o iiial thigs, it orgts thcoctio btw thm i th cotmplatio o thir istc,it orgts th bgiig a o that istc o thir rpos, itorgts thir motio It caot s th woo or th trs

For yay prposs w kow a ca say, g, whthr aaimal is ali or ot Bt, po closr iqiry, w that this is,

i may cass, a y compl qstio, as th rists kow ry wll Thy ha cgll thir brais i ai to iscor a ratOal limit byo which th killig o th chil i its mothrs womb ismrr It is jst as impossibl to trmi absoltly th momto ath, or physiology pros that at is ot a istataos,momtary phomo, bt a ry protract procss

lik mar, y orgaic big is ry momt th sama ot th sam y momt it assimilats mattr sppli rom

withot, a gts ri o othr mattr y omt som clls oits boy i a othrs bil thmsls aw i a logr or shortrtim th mattr o its boy is compltly rw, a is rplacb othr molcls o mattr, so that ry orgaic big is alwaysit l, a yt somthig othr tha itsl

Frthr, w po closr istigatio that th two pols oa atithsis, positi a gati, g, ar a isparabl as thyar oppos, a that spit al thir oppositio, thy mtaly

itrptrat A w , i li mar, that cas a ctar cocptios which oly hol goo i thir applicaio to iiial cass bt as soo as w cosir th iiial cass i thirgral coctio with th irs as a whol, thy r ito achothr, a thy bcom coo w w cotmplat that irsal actio a ractio i which cass a cts ar tallychagig placs, so that what is ct hr a ow will b casthr a th, a ce ra

No o ths procsss a mos o thoght trs ito thramwork o mtaphysical rasoig Dialctics, o th othr ha,comprhs thigs a thir rprstatios, ias, i thir ss�tial coctio, cocatatio, motio, origi, a ig Schprocss as thos mtio abo ar, thror, so may coroboratios o is ow mtho o procr

Natr is th proo o ialctics, a it mst b sai or morscic that it has rish this pro with y rich matrials

oiaim toian and inti 6

icrasig aily, a ths has show that, i th last rsort, Nat works ialcticaly a ot mtaphysicaly that sh os ot moi th tal oss o a pptaly rcrrig circl, bt gothrogh a ral historical oltio I this coctio Darwi mb am bor all oths H alt th mtaphysical cocptio Natr th haist blow by his proo that all orgaic biplats, aimals a ma himsl, ar th procts o a procssoltio goig o throgh millios o yars Bt th atrali

who ha la to thik ialctically ar w a ar btwa this coict o th rslts o icory wi th prcoci moo thikig lais th lss cosio ow rigig i thorcal atral scic, th spair o tachrs as wll as larrs, athos a rars alik

A act rprstatio o th irs, o its oltio, o tlopmt o maki, a o th rctio o this oltio th mis o m, ca thror oly b obtai by th mthoo ialctics with its costat rgar to th imrabl actios aractios o a ath, o progrssi or rtrogrssi chagA i this spirit th w Grma philosophy has work abga his carr by rsolig th stabl solar systm o Nwto aits tral ratio, atr th amos iitial impls ha oc bgi, io th rslt o a historic procss, th ormatio o th sa all th plats ot o a rotatig blos mass From this hth sam tim rw th coclsio that, gi this origi o tsolar systm, its tr ath ollow o cssity His thoy halcty latr was stablish mathmatically by aplac, a halctry atr that th spctroscop pro th istc i spacsch icasct masss o gas i arios stags o cosatio

This w Grma philosophy clmiat i th Hglia syst

I this systma hri is its grat mritor th rst tim t whol worl, atral, historcal, itlltal is rprst asprocss, i, as i costat motio, chag, trasormatio, lomt a th attmpt is ma to trac ot th itral coctiothat maks a cotios whol o all this momt a lomt From this poit o iw th history o maki o logappar as a wil whir o sslss s o iolc, all qacomabl at th jgmtsat o matr philosophic rasa which ar bst orgott as qickly as pibl, bt as th pross o oltio o ma himsl It was ow th task o th itllto ollow th graal march o this procss throgh all its io ways, a to trac ot h ir law rig throgh all its appatly accital phoma

Tat th Hglia systm i ot sol th problm it prpo is hr immatrial Its pochmakig mrit was that it prpo th problm his problm is o that o sigl iii



at n

From ha ime orward socialism was no longer an accidenal discovery o his or ha ingenious brain, bu he necessary oucome ohe sruggle beween wo hisorically developed classeshe proleaa and he bourgeoisie Is ask was no longer o manuacure

sysem o sociey as perec as possible, bu o eamine he hisoricoeconomic succession o evens rom which hese classes, and heiranagonism had o necessiy sprung, and o discover in he economic condiions hus creaed he meanso ending he conic. Buhe sociaism o earlier days was as incompaible wih his maerialisic concepion as he concepion o Naure o he French maerialiss was wih dialecics and modern naural science The socialismo earlier days cerainly criicised he eising capialisic mode oproducion and is consequences Bu i could no eplain hem,

and, hereore, could no ge he masery o hem I could onlysimply rejec hem as bad. The more srongly his earlier socialismdenounced he eploiaion o he working class, ineviable undercapialism, he less able was i clearly o show in wha his eploia-ion consised and how i arose. Bu or his i was necessay 1)o presen he capialisic mehod o producion in is hisoricalconnecion and is ineviableness during a paricular hisoricalperiod, and hereore, also, o presen is ineviable downall; and(2 o lay bare is essenial characer, which was sill a secre. This

was done by he discovery o uplu vaue was shown ha heappropriaion o unpaid labour is he basis o he capialis mode oproducion and o he eploiaion o he worker ha occurs underi ha even i he capialis buys he labour power o his labourera is u value as a commodiy on he marke, he ye eracs morevalue rom i han he paid or; and ha in he uliae analysis hissurplus value orms hose ms o value rom which are heaped up

he consanly increasing masses o capial in he hands o he possessing casses. The genesis o capialis producion and he producion o capial were boh eplained.

ese wo grea discoveries, he maerialisic concepion o hiso and he revelaion o he secre o capialisic producionhrough surplus value, we owe o Mar. Wih hese discoveriessocialism became a science The ne hing was o work ou all isdeails and relaions

III

The maerialis cocepion o isory sars rom he proposiionha he producion o he means o suppor human lie and, neo producion, he echange o hings prodced, is he basis o allsocial srucure; ha in every sociey ha has appeared in hisoy,he manner in which wealh is disribued and sociey divided ino

oiaim: toian and intif

classes or orders is dependen upon wha is produce, how i isduced, and how he producs are echanged. From his poinview he nal causes o all social changes and poliical revoluare o be sough, no in men's brains, no in mens beer inino eernal ruh and jusice, bu in changes in he modes oducion and echange. They are o e sough no in he phbu in he ecnc o each paricular epoch. The growing peion ha eising social insiuions are unreasonable and unha reason has become unreason and righ wrng, is only pha in he modes o producion and echange changes have silaken place wih which he social order, adaped o earlier econcondiions, is no longer in keeping From his i also ollows he means o geing rid o he incongruiies ha have been bro

o ligh mus also be presen in a m<re or less developed cond wihin he changed modes o producion hemselves These mare no o be invened by deducion rom undamenal princibu are o be discovered in he subborn acs o he eising syo producion

ha is, hen, he posiion o mode socialism in his conion

The presn srucure o socieyhi is now prey geneconcededis he creaion o he ruling class o oday, o he bgeoisie The mode o producion peculiar o he bourgeoisie, knsince Mar, as he capialis mode o producion, was incompa wih he eudal sysem, wi he privileges i conered uponviduals, enire social ranks and local corporaions, as well as he herediary ies o subordinaion which consiued he rameo is social organisaion The bourgeoisie broke up he esysem and buil upon is ruins he capialis order o sociey

kingdom o ree compeiion, o personal libery, o he equbeore he law, o all commodiy ownes, o all he res o he alis blessings. Thenceoward he capialis mode o produccould develop in reedo Since seam, machiney, and he mao machines by machinery ransormed he older manuacuremodern indusr, he producive orces evolved under he guido he bourgeoisie devloped wih a rapidiy and in a deunheard o beore. Bu us as he older manuacure, in is and handicra, becoming more developed under is inuence,come ino collision wih he eudal rammels o he guilds, somodern indusry, in is more complee developmen, comes ino

lision wih he bounds wihin which he capialisic mode oducion holds i conned. The new producive orces have alrougrown he capialisic mode o using hem. And his cobeween producive orces and modes o poducion is no a co6 Mphistophs, Goths Fafst.



2 at n

ngndd n th mnd of man k that btwn ogna sn anddvn justc. It ss, n fact, objctvl, outsd us ndpnd-n of th w and actons vn of th mn that hav bought ton Mod socasm s othng but th , n thought, of thsconct n fact ts da cton n th mnds, st, of th cassdct sung und t th wokng ass.

Now n what dos hs conct consst?Bfo captastc poducton, .., n th Md gs h

sstm of ptt ndust obtand gna, basd upon pvatpopt of th abous n th mans of poducton n th coun-t th agcutu of th sma pasant, fman o sf; n thtowns th handcafts ogansd n guds. Th nstumnts ofabouand, agcutua mpmnts th wokshop th too

w th nstumnts f abou of Sng ndvduas adaptd fo thus of on wok and, thfo of ncss sma ash c-cumscbd. But, fo ths v ason th bongd as a u to thpoduc hmsf To concntat hs scattd mtd mans ofpoducton, to nag thm, to tum thm nto th powfu vsof poducton of th psnt daths was pcs th hstoco of captast poducton and of s uphod h bougos. Inth fouth scton of Capt/ Ma as pand n dtal howsnc th ftnth cntu ths has bn hstoca okd outthough th th phass of sp oopaton manufactu andmon ndust. Bu th bogos as s aso show th,cDudnot tansfon ths pun mans o poducton nto mght pouctv focs wthout tansfomn thm, t th sam tm, fommans f poducton of th ndvdua nto soamans of poducton on wokab b a octvt of mn. Th pnnngwhl,th handoom t backsmth's hamm w pacd b th spn

nngman powoo, h stamhamm t ndvduawokshop, b th fato mpng th coopaon o hundds andthousands of wkmn In k mann poducton tsf changdfom a ss of nddua nto a ss of soca acts and h poducts fom ndvdua t soca poducts. Th an th clot, thmta atcs that now cam ou of th facto w th jont pod-uct of man woks, though whos hands th had succssv topass bfo th w ad No on pson oud sa of thm "Imad that ths s my poduct

But wh, n a gvn soct th fndanta fom of podu-ton s that spontanous dvso of abou whch cps gaduaand not upon an pconcvd pan, th th poducts tak on thfom of comodes whos mutua chang, bug and sngnab th ndvdua poducs to satsf h manfo wants Andths was th cas n th Mdd Ags. h pasant, .g, sod to th7 See pp 384-40, by IR T]

ociaim toia and cintic

atsan agcutua poducts and ught fo hm h poducthandcat Int ths soct of ndvdua podus, of ommopoducs, th n mod of poducton thut tsf In th mdsth od dvson o abou, gown up spontanous and uponde pa whch had govnd th who of soct, now advson of abou upon a pan, as ogansd n th factsd b sd wth idividua poducton appad s poductTh poducts of oth w sod n th sam makt, and thfat pcs at ast appomat uaL But ogansaton upodnt pan was song than spontanous dvson of abu factoswokng wth th combn soca focs of a coctvtndvduas poducd th commodts a mo chap thanndvdua sma poducs. Indvdua poducton succumbd n

dpamnt aft ·anoth ocasd poucton voutonsdth od mthods of poducton. But ts voutona chaact at th sam tm, so tt cognsd that t was, on th contntoducd as a mans of ncasng and dvopng th poducof commodts. Whn t aos, t found admad, and mada us of, ctan machny J th poducton and changcommodts: mchants' capta, handcaft, wag�abou ocapoducton thus ntodUCng tsf a a nw fom of th poducof commodts t was a matt of cous that und t th foms of appopaon mand n fu swng, and w appts poducts as w.

In mdava stag of vouton of th oducton o cmodts, th uston as to th own of th poduct of abcoud not as. Th ndvdua poduc as a u had, fom mata bogng to mf and gna s own handwpoducd t wth hs own toos b th aou of hs own hands

of hs am h was no nd fo hm to appopat th poduct It bongd who to hm as a matt of cous Hs pt n h poduct was thfo basd uo· hs on �bour Ew tna hp ws usd ths was, as a u, of tt mtanc, and vy gna was compnsatd b somthng oth twags. h appncs and jounmn of th guds wokd fo boad and wags than fo ducaton, n od that th m bcom mast caftsmn hmsvs.

Thn cam th concntaton of th mans o poducton anth poducs n ag wokshops and manufactos, th tanmaton nto actua socasd mans of poducton and socapoducs. But th socasd poducs and mans of poducand th poducts w stl tad, aft ths chang, just as ad n bfo, .., as th mans of poducton and th odof ndvdua Hthto, th own o th nstumnts af abou hmsf appopatd th pouct, bcausas a u t was hs




it aone orbid the mean o prodction to ction the worker towork and ie On the one hand hereor the cpitaitic mode prodction tand conited o it own incapacity to rther directthee prodctie orce. On the othe, thee prodctie orce themee with incraing nergy, pre oward to the remoa o theexiting contradiction to the aboition o their qaity a capita, tothe pctcl ecgnt f te ccte scl pducvefces

Thi rebeion o the rodctie orce, a they grow more andmore power againt their qaity a capita hi tonger andtronger command that their ocia character ha be recognied,orce the capitait ca ite to treat them more and more aocia prodctie orce, o ar a thi i poibe nder capitait

condtion. he peod o indtria high prere with itnbonded ination o credit not e than the crah ite, by thecoape o great capitait etabihent tend to bring abot thatorm o the ociaiation o great mae o mean o prodctionwhich we meet with in the dierent kind o jointtock comanie.Many thee mean o prodtion and o ditibtion are, om theotet, o cooa that, ike the raiway, they excde a otherorm o capitaitic expoitation. At a rther tage o eoton thiorm ao become icient. The prodcer on a arge cae in aparticar branh o indtry in a particar conty nite in a trta nion or the prpoe o regatng prodtion. They determinehe tota amont to be prodced, parce it ot among emee,and th enorce the eing price xed beorehand. t trt othi kind a oon a bine become bad are generay iabe to break p, and on thi ey accont compe a yet greater cncentration o aociation. The whoe o the particar indty i trned

into one gigantic jointtock company intea ompetition giepace to the interna onopooy o thi one company. Ti ha happned in with the ngi akai rodction, which i nowater the ion o arge ork in the hand o one company,condcted pon a inge pan, and with a capita o £,,

n the trt, reedo o competition change into it ery oppo-itinto monopoy and the prodction withot any denite pano capitaitic ocity capitate to the prodction pon a denitepan o he inading ociaitic ociety. ertany thi i o ar tito he benet and adanage o the capitait. t in thi cae theepoitation i o papabe tat it mt brea down. No nation wipt p wth prodction concted by trt with o bareaced anexpoitatio o the comnity by a ma band o diidendmonger

In any ae with trt or withot, the ocia repreentatie ocapitait ocietythe tatewi timatey hae to ndertake e

Siaim: Utopian. and Scintifdirection o prodction Thi neceity or conrion into prperty i et t in the great intittion or intercorecommnicationthe pot oce the teegraph, the raiway.

the crie demontrate the incapacity o the borgeoiimanaging any onger modern odctie orce the tranormo the great etabihment or prodction and ditrbtionjoint tock companie trt and tate property how how nnay the borgeoiie are or that ppoe A the ocia nctiohe capitait are now perormed by aaried empoyee. he cait ha no rther ocia nction than that o pocketing diidtearing o copon and gambing on the tock Exchange, wthe dierent capitait depoi one another o their capita the capitaitic mode o prodction orce ot the worker. N

orce ot he capitait and redce them, jt a it redceworker to the rank o the rp popation athogh not imdiatey into thoe o the indta reere army

t he tranormation eiter into jointtock companietrt or into tate ownerhip, doe not do away with the captic natre o the prodcte orce. n the onttock companetrt thi i obio. And the modern ate, agn i onorganiation that borgeoi ociety take on in order to ppoextea condition o the capitait mode o procion againencroachment a we o the worker a o indiida capithe modern tate no matter what it orm, i eentiaya capmachine the tate o the capitait the idea peroncation otota nationa capita. The more it proceed to he taking opodctie orce, the more doe it actay beome the natcapitait, the more citizen de it epoit. he worker reageorkerproetarian. The capitait reation< i not done

with. It i rather broght to a head. t boght to a head, it2'Isay ave to1 For oly wen temeas of productio and distributiohae actly outgrown te form ofmaagement by joint-stock companiesand we, terefore, te takig temoer by te state as become eoomi-c, ieitable oly teneen f itis te state of today tat effecstisis tere a ecoomic adace teattaimet of anoter . step pelimiaryto te taking over of all productie

Jorces by society iself "But of latesice Bismarck went in for state ow:eship of industrial establisment aki of spurious socialism as aisedegenerating now and agai; intosometing of ukeyism at witoutore ado declares a state owersip,ev of te Bismarckia sort to be soialistic Certaily, if te taking overbe state of te tobacco indust issoialisti ten Napoleon and Metteric must e umbered among te

foundes of socialism f te Bstate, for quit ordinary politicnanial reasons itself construccief railway li if Bismarcuder ay economic compulsionover for te state te cief Pline simply to be te bete ae tem n and case of brig up te railway employees ig cattle for te govermeespecially to create for imselfsource of income idepedent ofmetary votestis was, i n o ssocialistic measure, directly orectly consciously or unconsOterwise te Royal Maritimepay, te Royal porcelain manuad e te regimetal tailor ste Army would also be socialistitutions or ee as as sproposed by a sly dog i rWilliam s reign te taking te state of te brotels [E"gs



at npes ve Sae wneshp he pdve es s n he sn he n _b neaed whn ae he ehna ndns ha m he eemens ha sn

Ths sn an n nss n he paa egnn hesa nae he mden es pdn and heee nhe hamnsng he mdes pdin apppian andexhange wh he sased haae he means pdnAnd hs an n me ab b se pen and de angpssessn he pdve es whh have gwn a nexep ha set as a whe The sa haae he means pdn and he pds da eas agans he pdes peda dsps a pdn and exhange as ne a aw Nae wng bnd b desve B

wh he ang ve b se he pdve es he sahaae he means pdn and he pds w besed b he pdes wh a pee ndesandng s naeand nsead beng a se dsbane and peda apse

w beme he ms pwe eve pdn seAve sa es w exa e naa es: nd

b desve s ng as we d n ndesand and en wh hem B when ne we ndesand hem when ne wegasp he an he den he ees depends npn seves sbje hem me andme wn w andb means hem eah wn ends And hs hds qe espea he mgh pdve es da As ng as we bsnae ese ndesand he nae and he haae hesesa means anand hs ndesandng ges agans hegan he apas mde pdin and s deendessng hese es ae a w n spe s n ppsn s s

ng he mase s as we have shwn abve n deaB when ne he nae s ndesd he an n he hands he pdes wng gehe be ansmed masedemns n wng sevans The deene s as ha beween hedesve e eet n he ghnng he sm andee nde mmand n he eegaph and he va a hedeene beween a nagan nd e wng n he seve man Wh hs egnn a as he ea nae he pdve es da he sa anah pdn gves pae a sa egan pdn pn a dene pan adng he needs he mmn and eah ndvda. Then heapas mde apppan n whh he pd ensaves she pde and hen he apppa s epaed b he mde apppan he pds ha s based pn he nae hemden means pdn pn he ne hand de saapppan as means he manenane and exensn p·

oiaim: toian and inti

dnn he he de ndvda apppan as measbssene and enjmen

Whs he apas mde pdn me and mepee ansms he gea maj h ppan n aans eaes he pwe whh nde pena sdesn s ed ampsh hs evn Whs n me and me he ansman he vas means pn aead sased n sae ppe shws se he wampshng hs evn. Th poltaiat szs potca ad ts th mas of podctio ito stat pop

B n dng hs abshes se as peaa abshass dsnns and ass anagnsms abshes as he ssae. Se hs a based pn ass anagnsms had ne

he sae Tha s an gansan he paa ass w was po tmpo he expng ass an gansan hepse pevenng an neeene m wh wh he exndns pdn and heee espea he p b eepng he exped asses n he ndn psn espndng wh he gven mde pdn savedm, wageab) The sae was he a epesenase as a whe he gaheng gehe n a vsbe emmen B was hs n n s a as was he sae ha

whh se epesened he me beng se as a whanen mes he sae savewnng zens n he Mdde he eda ds; n wn me he bgese When a bemes he ea epesenave he whe se ese nneessa As n as hee s n nge an s abe hed n sbjen; as sn as ass e and he ndvda ge exsee based pn pesen anah n pd

wh he sns and exesses asng m hese ae emnhng me emans be epessed and a spe epe a sae, s n nge neessa The s a b ve whe sae ea nses se he epesenave he whsehs s a he same me s as ndependen a as a Sae neeene n sa eans bemes n ne dmananhe spes and hen des se he gvenmepesns s epaed b he admnsan hngs and b hed pesses pdn The sae s n absedds ot Ths gves he mease he vae he phase stat, bh as s jsabe s a mes b agas and asmae sen nsen; and as he demands haed anahss he abn he sae hand

Sne he hsa appeaane he apas mde pn he apppan b se a he means pden been deamed me ess vage b ndvdas as




imsef mre a? mre c?siusy make his wn histryyrm that tme W the SIa causes set i mvemet by him have the ma ad i a cnstaty grwig measure, the resutsteded by him. t is the ascent f man from he kingdm fnecessity t the kingdm f freedm.

Let us briey sum up ur skech f histrica evuti. Mediaeal Society diviua prducti a sma scae.

Meas f prductin adapted fr idividua use; hence primitiveugay petty dwarfed i acti. Prductin fr immediate n·sumpi,either f the prducer himsef r f his feuda rd Ony

where a excess f prducti ver"this csumptin ccurs is sch cess ered fr sae enters int exchage. Productin f cmmd-

es herefre, y i its ifacy But aready it cntains withi

sef, emb anachy in the poduction o society at lage Capitalist Revolution. ransfrmatin f idusty at rst by

means f simpe cperatin ad mafacture Cncentratin fthe meas f prductin hithert scattered, it gret wrkshpsAs a cnsequence their trasfrmati frm idividua t sciameas f prductina trasfrmatin which des t th wh,aect the frm f exchange The d frms f appropiatinrema frce The caitaist appeas. his capaciy as wer fthe meas f prductin, he as apppriates the poducts andturns them int cmmdities. rductin has becme a social act.

Exchage ad apprpriatin cntiue t be individual acts the actsf idiiduas The social poduct is appopiated by the i�diidualcapItalIst Fundameta ctradicti, whe 'ce arise a1 the ctradictis i which ur presentday sciety mves,and which mderindustry brings t ight

A evrance f the prducer rm the meas f prductin

Cndemat f the wrker t wageabur fr ife Antagonismbetween the poletaiat and the bougeoisie.

B Grwing predmiace and icreasing eectiveness f the ws gvering the prductin f cmmdities Ubrided cmpeti Co ntadtOn between socialised oganisation n the indiid-ual actoy and social anachy in poduction as a whole.

C O the ne hand, perfectig f machiery made by cmpe

tt cmpusy fr each idividua manufacturer, and cmpemented by a cstaty grwig dispacemet f aburersndustzal esee amy. O the ther hand,unimited extensi fprductin as cmpusy under cmpetitin,fr every manufacturer O bth sides unheardf devepmet f prductive frces,excess f suppy ver demand,verprductin guttig f the mar-kets cses evey ten years,the vicius circe: excess here, f meansf prductin and prductsexcess there f aburers, withutempyment and withut meas f existence. But these tw evers

Socialism: Utopian and Scientifc

f prducti and f scia webeig are uabe t wrk tgbecause the capitaist frm f prductin prevents the prdfrces fom wrkig ad the prducts frm circuatig uneare rst tued it capitawhich their vey superabudanvents. Te ctradicti has gwn int a absurdity. The mproduction ses in ebellion aganst the om o exchangeburgeisie are cnvicted f incapacity further t maage thescia prductive frces.

D. Partia recgniti f the scia character f the prfrces frced up the capitaists themseves Takig ver great institutis fr prducti ad cmmunicati, rst bystck cmpanies, ater by trusts, then by the state Thegeisie demnstrated t be a superuus cass. All its scia

tis are w perfrmed by saaried empyees. Poletaian Relution uti f the ctradictinpretariat seizes the pubic pwer, ad by meas f this trathe sciaised means f prductin sipping frm the hadsburgeisie, int pubic prperty. By this act, the poetariathe meas f prductin fom the character f capita thetus far be, and gives their sciaised character cmpetdm t wrk itsef ut. ciaised prducti up a predeterpa becmes hecefrth pssibe The devepment f prdmakes the existence f dierent classes f sciety thencefanachrnism n proprti as aarchy i scia prductiishes, the pitica authty f he state dies ut Ma, at master f his w f f scia rgaisatin becmes at thtime the rd ver Nature,his w masterfree

T accmpish this act f uiversa emacipatin is the himissin f the mder proetariat T thrughy cmprehe

histrica cditis ad thus the vey ture f this ct t t e new ppressed pretarian cas a fu knwedge f tditins and f the meaing f the mmetus act it is caet accmpish, this is the task f the theretica expressipretaria mvement,scientic sciaism.



Books by Roert C. Tucker

Philosophy and Myth in Karl MarxThe Soviet Poitica Mind

The Great Purge Trial (co-editor)The Marxian Revoutionary Idea

tain as Revoutionary, 1879-929: A Stdy in History and PersonaityThe Lenin Anthoogy (ditor)

Stainism: Essays in Histrica nterpretation (editor)

THE

MARX,ENGELS

RADER

SECOND DION

Edid

O UK

PRINCETON UNVERSY

w · W . NN & MPANY

N Y Lnn



W W Norton Compay. Ic , 500 Fiflh Avenue ew Yok, 10036

W W olo Comn y Ltd 25 ew Seet Sqe Lodo EC4 J

Copyright © 1978, '972 by W W Norton & Company, Inc.AU Rgts Reserved

Seecions from Grundisse: Foudatns 01 th Crtq of Poitcl EQTIO)" byKal Marx, tanae by Ma Nioaus. Copygh @ by Mai NioaRepine by pemiio of Rando Houe Inc an Pei Book Ld

Seleton from On Rvolution b Kar Marx edted b Sau K Padover Copyrght © 197 b Sa K Padover. Used wth permsson o McGraw-Hil BookCompan

Marx's 83 etter to hs father, and seectons from Maxs doctoral issertaton,from the "Contrbton to ·the Crtqe o Hees Posophy of Right, andfrom Crta Mara Not on the Atie The g o Pussa and SoaReorm, are from Kar Max and Frederc Enges, Coecd Work. Voumes and 3. Coprht @ 95 b Inteatona Pbshers,

Library of Congress Caaloging n Pubaon DaaMan enty under ile:Te Marx-Engels reader.

ncudes bbliograca reerenes and ndex.1 CommunismColected works. 2. SoiasmColeted works.

. Ma Karl 1818188 Seetions. Engis 1978 . Enges, Fred·ric 181895. Selecons. Engs. 1978 . Tucker Rober C.HX95M374 1978 33504 771665

PRNT,ED N H UNTE SAE OF MCA

5 6 7 8 9 0

SBN -334X

Contents

Preface to the Second EditionChronology: The Lives o Marx and EngelsIn trouctonNote on Tex and Terminology

Part 1. The Early Max

Marx on the History of His Opinions (Preface toA Contribution to the Citique of PoliticalEonomy

Discovering Hegel (Mar to his fater)To Make the World Philosophical (from Marx's

doctoral dissertation)For a Ruthless Criticism of Eerything Existing

(Marx to rnold Ruge)Contribution to the Crtique of Hegels

Philosoph of RightOn the Jewish QuestionContribution to the Critique of Hegels

Philosoph of Rght: IntroductionEconomic and Phlosopc Manuscri of 1844Critical Marginal Notes n the rticle "The King

of Prussia and Social Reformlienation and Social Classes (from The Hol

Famil)Society and Economy in History (Marx to

P. V nnenko)Theses on FeuerbachThe German Ideology: Part I

Par t II. Te Critque of Capitasm

Wage abour and CapitalThe Coming nheaal (From The Povert of

Philosoph)

v



Engels "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific

1 Engels finds the beginnings of the future (that he believes to be scientific socialism) i n the

past. What utopian socialist writings or movements does he identify and why? According to

him, why did they fail?

2 How does Engels define marriage (686)? Does it surprise you?

3 On page 698 Engels terms scientific socialism - mode materialism. He outlines its specific

philosophy of history here. As best as you can try to summarize how mode materialism

sees history differently i n your own words.

4. Why is the notion of surplus value so imporant to Engels?

5 How has technology changed the means of production? Define hi s terms individual, social

commodities labo(u)r capitalists supply and demand economic cycles. (Use any

knowledge you have of economics).

6 According to Engels what is the later stage of a bourgeois society? This could be termed a

form of late capitalism - a term that is in use today

7 What does Engels promise with the proletarian revolution? How will it come about and what

will result from it?

8. Is Engels' aricle utopian/dystopian/anti-utopian? Why? Why not?

9. In a nutshell - what do you understand to be scientific socialism?

10 Marx and Engels believed economics to be the basis of all societies/cultures. Do you agree

or disagree with this? Wy or why not?

Engel Socialism 2

Documents

Transcript of Engel Socialism 2